Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture | |
|---|---|
| Name transcription(s) | |
| • Chinese | 德宏傣族景颇族自治州 |
| • Tai Nuea | ᥟᥪᥒᥱ ᥙᥪᥴ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥙᥩᥒ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥓᥤᥒ ᥚᥨᥝᥲ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ |
| • Jingpo | Sakhkung Sam Jinghpo Amyu Madu Uphkang Mungdo |
| Etymology: FromTai NueaTaue Xoong (ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ), meaning "the lower reaches of theNu River" | |
| Nickname: Home of thepeafowls | |
 Dehong in Yunnan | |
| Coordinates (Dehong Prefecture government):24°25′59″N98°35′08″E / 24.4331°N 98.5856°E /24.4331; 98.5856 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Yunnan |
| Founded | 24 July 1953 |
| Seat | Mangshi |
| Divisions |
|
| Government | |
| • Prefecture governor | Wei Gang (卫岗)[1] |
| • Secretary ofCCP Prefecture Committee | Wang Junqiang (王俊强)[2] |
| Area [3]: 536 | |
• Total | 11,172.24 km2 (4,313.63 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 16 |
| Dimensions [4]: 97 | |
| • Length | 170 km (110 mi) |
| • Width | 122 km (76 mi) |
| Elevation | 920 m (3,020 ft) |
| Highest elevation [4]: 106 (Daniang Mountain) | 3,404.6 m (11,170 ft) |
| Lowest elevation [4]: 106 (Jieyang river valley) | 210 m (690 ft) |
| Population | |
• Total | 1,211,440 |
• Estimate (2016)[6]: 38 | 1,294,000 |
| • Rank | 13 |
| • Density | 108.433/km2 (280.840/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 9 |
| Ethnic groups [6]: 38 | |
| • Han Chinese | 704,000 – 52.24% |
| • Dai | 368,100 – 28.45% |
| • Jingpo | 141,200 – 10.91% |
| • Lisu | 33,400 – 2.58% |
| • Achang | 32,100 – 2.48% |
| • Palaung (De'ang) | 15,200 – 1.17% |
| • Male[5]: 101–160 | 624,774 – 51.57% |
| • Female | 586,666 – 48.43% |
| GDP[7] | |
| • Total | CN¥ 58.7 billion US$ 8.7 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 44,530 US$ 6,568 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 |
| Postal code | |
| Area code | (0)692 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-YN-31 |
| Vehicle registration | 云N |
| Website | www |
| Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 德宏傣族景颇族自治州 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 德宏傣族景頗族自治州 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Burmese name | |||||||
| Burmese | တယ်ဟုန် ရှမ်း နှင့် ဂျိမ်းဖော ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ စီရင်စု | ||||||
| Tai Nuea name | |||||||
| Tai Nuea | ᥟᥪᥒᥱ ᥙᥪᥴ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥙᥩᥒ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥓᥤᥒ ᥚᥨᥝᥲ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ | ||||||
| Jingpo name | |||||||
| Jingpo | Sakhkung Sam Jinghpo Amyu Madu Uphkang Mungd | ||||||
| Zaiwa name | |||||||
| Zaiwa | Sikung Sam Zaizo Byumyu Yumsing Upkang Mau | ||||||
TheDehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture[a] is anautonomous prefecture in westernYunnan province, China. It is bordered byBaoshan to the east and Myanmar'sKachin State to the west. Itstitular ethnic minorities are theDai andJingpo, who make up 28 and 11 percent of the prefecture's population, respectively.
Tai Nuea is the origin language of the word "Dehong", inTai Le script (the script used to write the Tai Nüa language by theTai Nua people) is written as "ᥖᥬᥳ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ", transliterated toLatin asTaue Xoong. Dehong means the lower reaches of theNu River.[8]: 38
The Chinese characters for Dehong are "德宏". These two characters are a compound of德, "moral" or "value"; and宏, "magnificent" or "great".
Dianyue and Ailao were the ancient countries recorded in Chinese literature in the Dehong area, and Guozhanbi (Kawsampi) was an ancient country established by the Dai people and recorded in Dai legends.
In the history bookRecords of the Grand Historian written bySima Qian during theHan dynasty, a paragraph in volume 123 describesDianyue as whenZhang Qian visitedDaxia inCentral Asia, he found some merchandise that was produced inSichuan. And the Daxia merchant said it was purchased fromYuandu (India). There was a trade route,Shu-Yuandu Road (蜀身毒道), between Yuandu and Sichuan. The road passed a kingdom named "Dianyue" (滇越).[9] The country is also called "Dianyue Chengxiang" (滇越乘象国) in modern books.[6]: 37 Chinese historians generally saidTengyue was the center of Dianyue Chengxiang, and the territory included the Dehong area. However, some historians disagree with this opinion. Lou Zichang believes Dianyue Chengxiang was not a country in western Yunnan, nor was it a country established by the Dai people.[10]
Ai Lao (哀牢) was an ancient tribal alliance country in the west of Yunnan from theSpring and Autumn to theEastern Han periods, and modern historians say the area included Dehong. InChronicles of Huayang, the record of Ailao mentions its territory "3,000li from west to east, and 4,600 li from south to north",[11] approximately equal to 1,300 km west to east and 1,994 km south to north in modern units.[12] It includes the southwest of Yunnan and most ofMyanmar, and in modern research, it is called the generalized area of Ailao.[12]
In the Han period, Ailao was an influential tribal country with a population of 20,000.[12]Baoshan historian Xiao Zhengwei believes the kingdom of Dianyue was a powerful tribe under Ailao.[13]
In 69 AD, Liu Mao (柳貌), the king of Ailao, led the tribal alliance to surrender to the Han dynasty, and Han set "Ailao County" here.[14] During theSouthern dynastyQi period, the name was changed to "Xicheng County" (西城县).[15]: 1950 During the end of theLiang dynasty, Xicheng County was abolished.[15]: 933
Between 568 BC and 424 BC, during theEastern Zhou dynasty in China, the ancestors of the Dai people had settled in theShweli River valley area and entered the tribal period. In 364 BC, grand chief Gelaba (葛拉叭) unified the tribes in the Shweli basin. He became the chief of the tribal alliance and set the capital at Hansa (喊萨, in modernRuili). It was the early stage of the "Guozhanbi"(果占璧) Kingdom, also called "Kawsampi" (憍赏弥).
In 364 AD, a descendant of Gelaba named Zhaowuding (召武定) inherited the throne. He became a famousdeity, sovereign, andculture hero of the Dai people.[16]: 5 In the 7th century, the Dai area was in chaos, and the descendants of Zhaowuding could not effectively control the area. At the same time, the kingdom ofNanzhao was rising and conquered the Dehong area.Piluoge, the king of Nanzhao, canonized another Dai tribe chief named Hundeng (混等) to be the "King ofMong Mao" and managed the whole Dai area in 762.[17]: 28–29
In 1995, Dehong historian Yang Yongsheng published research on the ancient Dai civilization. He put forward a new opinion during the Dai legend research — The "Kingdom of Daguang" (达光) is the first country of the Dai people which was established in 424 BC, and the country "Dianyue Chengxiang" is another name for "Daguang". In 233 BC, the capital of Daguang moved toPagan, and finally perished in 586 AD.[18] The research was countered by He Ping, a history professor atYunnan University. He Ping says that the Kingdom of Daguang is the legendary kingdom ofTagaung in Burmese history and there was no kingdom of "Daguang" in the ancient Dai civilization. The Dai legend of Daguang is the story of pre-period of thePyu city-states. The story of the Pyu city-states spread to the Dehong Dai area, localized to a Dai legend, and was recorded in Dai literature.[19]
In Yang Yongsheng's research, the kingdom of "Guozhanbi" was the second kingdom established by the Dai people after Daguang. Dai language literatures were his sources of research. He said the kingdom of Guozhanbi was in existence from 567 to 1488. According to the research of He Ping, "Guozhanbi" is the ancient state "Kawsampi" orKosambi. There are many legends about Kawsampi inThai-Shan folklore. The origin of the legend was a story inBuddhist texts. Therefore, He Ping thought the Kingdom of "Guozhanbi" or "Kawsampi" is an untrustworthy history.[20]
Whether or not the early history of Dehong is controversial, it can be determined that Dehong belonged toNanzhao andDali in the medieval period of Yunnan. In Nanzhao, it was divided into "Yongchang Jiedu" (永昌节度, south of Dehong) and "Lishui Jiedu" (丽水节度, north of Dehong).[4]: 10 In Dali, it was under the division of "Zhenxi Zhen" (镇西镇).[21]: 115
In 1253,Kublai Khan conquered the Dali Kingdom, and the Dehong Dai people capitulated to theMongol Empire. The Mongols set up an administrative division called "Jinchi Anfu Si" (金齿安抚司) to manage the west of Yunnan. In 1276, during theYuan dynasty, the Anfu Si was upgraded to "Jinchi Xuanfu Si" (金齿宣抚司), and established the agency "6Lu governorFu" (六路总管府) to manage the Dehong area. The 6 Lu were: Luchuan Lu (麓川路, modernRuili andLongchuan), Pingmian Lu (平缅路, modern southernLianghe and northern Longchuan), Zhenxi Lu (镇西路, modernYingjiang), Zhenkang Lu (镇康路, modernZhenkang, out of Dehong), Mangshi Lu (茫施路, modernMangshi), and Rouyuan Lu (柔远路, modernLujiang, out of Dehong). In addition, the special divisions named "Nan Dan" (南赕) and Nandian Fu (南甸府, modernLianghe) were established. The scope of "6 Lu general manager Fu" was close to the modern Dehong territory.[4]: 11
In 1277,Narathihapate,the king of the BurmesePagan Kingdom, invaded the modern Dehong area. TheBattle of Ngasaunggyan occurred on the bank of theTaping River, presently inYingjiang County. The Yuan army only had 700 soldiers but eventually repelled the Burmese military of 40,000 to 50,000 soldiers with 10,000 horses and 800 elephants.[22]: 104 It was the prelude to theFirst Mongol invasion of Burma.[23]: 26–27
During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Dehong Dai people immigrated to modernAssam inIndia and built up the kingdom ofAhom. They formed the latter-dayAhom people.[24]
The local Dai chief was the leader of Luchuan Lu, and they were the successors of "Guozhanbi". "Luchuan" is the name denoted by Yuan, and "Möng Mao" is a self-claimed name.[25]
Si Kefa enthroned the chieftain of Luchuan Lu in 1340[26] and sent troops to the surrounding states suchHsenwi,Möng Yang, andMöng Mit. After that, he attackedMangshi,Zhenxi,Pingmian, andNandian. The Yuan dynasty initiated wars in 1342, 1345, 1346, and 1347 to counterattack Luchuan, but all the attempts failed. Luchuan conquered the surrounding states successively. In 1355, Si Kefa asked the Yuan dynasty to canonize him. The Yuan central government admitted his local regime and canonized Si Kefa to be the first Möng MaoTusi. The central government set a division of "Pingmian Xuanwei Si" (平缅宣慰司) at Möng Mao to legalize the regime, and Möng Mao Tusi was the leader of Xuanwei Si.[16]: 9–10
In 1382, theMing dynasty military arrived at the Möng Mao Tusi andSi Lunfa surrendered. Ming granted him the title "Xuanwei Commissioner of Luchuan Pingmian" (麓川平缅宣慰使) and changed the division name "Luchuan Pingmian Xuanwei Si". In 1385, the leader ofJingdong renegaded the Möng Mao regime, and Si Lunfa sent troops to attack Jingdong.[27] However,Mu Ying, the general of Yunnan, was protecting the Jingdong leader.
The wars between the Möng Mao regime and the Yunnan local government occurred in 1387 and 1388. Finally, Möng Mao failed. In order to maintain the relationship with Ming, Si Lunfa sent a mission toKunming to make peace. Möng Mao consented to compensate for the losses, and peace was restored.
After Si Lunfa died in 1399, a minister of Möng Mao launched a rebellion. The Ming government felt threatened and separated 14 Tusi regions from the Luchuan territory.[16]: 11–13 During Si Xingfa's rule in the 1410s, the Möng Mao territory decreased to include only modernRuili,Mangshi, andNamhkam.[28]
After Si Xingfa,Si Renfa was enthroned in 1413, and he tried to restore the kingdom to its former glory. In 1439, a conflict between Möng Mao and Ming reoccurred. This was the beginning of theLuchuan–Pingmian campaigns. In 1441, Ming sent troops to Möng Mao, and Si Renfa fled toMöng Yang. Several wars occurred between 1443 and 1449, and finally, Möng Mao lost Dehong. The imperial family continued to live in Möng Yang until they were attacked in 1604 by theToungoo dynasty.[16]: 13–16
After the Mong Mao kingdom declined, the Chinese central government gained efficient control in the Dehong area. During theMing andQing dynasties, the central government canonized 10Tusi in Dehong:[16]
| Tusi | established | title | family name | modern |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mong Mao | 1604[29]: 80 | Mongmao Anfu Si 勐卯安抚司 | Kan (衎) | Ruili |
| Longchuan | 1444[30]: 44 | Longchuan Xuanfu Si 陇川宣抚司 | Duo (多) | Longchuan |
| Nandian | 1444[31]: 73 | Nandian Xuanfu Si 南甸宣抚司 | Dao (刀) Gong (龚) | Lianghe |
| Ganya | 1403[32]: 91 | Ganya Zhangguan Si 干崖长官司 (1403-1444) Ganya Xuanfu Si 干崖宣抚司 (1444-1955) | Dao (刀) | Yingjiang |
| Mangshih | 1443[33]: 21 | Mangshi Yuyi Zhangguan Si 芒市御夷长官司 (1443-1640) Mangshi Anfu Si 芒市安抚司 (1640-1950) | Fang (放→方) | Mangshi |
| Zhanda | Chongzhen period[16]: 180 | Zhanda Vice Xuanfu Si 盏达副宣抚司 | Si (思) | Yingjiang |
| Zhefang | 1584[33]: 21 | Zhefang Vice Xuanfu Si 遮放副宣抚司 | Duo (多) | Mangshi |
| Husa | 1770[16]: 227 | Husa Zhangguan Si 户撒长官司 | Lai (赖) | Longchuan |
| Lasa | 1653[16]: 240 | Lasa Zhangguan Si 腊撒长官司 | Gai (盖) | Longchuan |
| Mengban | 1899[33]: 21 | Mengban Tu Qianzong 勐板土千总 | Jiang (蒋) | Mangshi |
During the Ming dynasty, two Sino-Burmese wars occurred in Dehong.[4]: 18–19 In 1594, Yunnangrand coordinator Chen Yongbin (陈用宾) built up 8 border defense military checkpoints to guard the international border between Dehong and the BurmeseToungoo dynasty; these checkpoints formed the early border between China and Myanmar.[34]
In 1658, the last emperor of theSouthern Ming dynasty,Zhu Youlang, passed the Nandian and Ganya Tusi and fled to Myanmar. He granted Ganya Tusi amarquess title. Ganya Tusi helped Youlang to flee but was completely annihilated in the tussle. Thereafter, all the Tusi in Dehong surrendered to the Qing dynasty in 1659. The war between the Qing andKonbaung dynasties from1765 to 1769 also extended to the Dehong area.[4]: 19–21
In 1875, a British translator,Augustus Raymond Margary, and his four personal staff members were murdered in the west ofYingjiang County. This was an important non-governmental crisis inSino-British relations and came to be known as the "Margary Affair". This event was followed by the signing of theYantai Treaty.[4]: 22
In 1894, during a Britain-China border convention,[b] certain sections ofthe China–Myanmar border to the south of the "High Conical Peak" (尖高山) were delimited,[35]: 192 and an agreement was reached that the Qing dynasty would open two border ports between Burma and China: Manyun (蛮允) and Zhanxi (盏西).[36]: 578 [4]: 23
In 1897, another agreement was signed[c] and three parts of the area around Dehong were incorporated into Burma, although the convention in 1894 had determined they were part of China,[35]: 190 and four of the border checkpoints which were established by Chen Yongbin in the Ming dynasty were also incorporated into Burma.[4]: 23 Under this agreement, the British government leased the "Namwan Assigned Tract" in the southwest of Dehong with the rent of 1,000Rupees a year.[35]: 194 Finally, China didn't get this region back and used it to exchange another area in the west ofCangyuan in 1960.[37]
After theWuchang Uprising occurred in October 1911, Ganya TusiDao Anren (刀安仁) launched an uprising atTengyue on 27 October 1911. Under the Republic of China, the Yunnan government tried to eliminate theTusi system and replace Tusi with state-appointed officials, but the Tusi officials opposed the change. Therefore, special administrative divisions were formed to support the period of transition. The administrative titles included Suppress Committee (弹压委员) and Deputy County (县佐) between 1911 and 1917, District and Deputy County between 1917 and 1932, and Administrative Bureau (设治局) after 1932.
The Tusi system existed until the land reform movement in 1955. The administrative bureaus after 1932 includedLuxi,Ruili,Longchuan,Yingjiang,Lianshan, andLianghe — they were the predecessors of future counties.[4]: 24–25
DuringWorld War II, Dehong was an important strategic location for China. By 1938, theBurma Road was built, and it was an important international transit channel after the Japanese army blocked the eastern coast of China.[38] In 1939, theCentral Aircraft Manufacturing Company moved to Loiwing in the south-west corner of Ruili, and it was the biggest aircraft manufacturing plant in China at that time.[39]
The area was declared an autonomous region in 1953. In May 1956, it became an autonomous prefecture. In 1960, when inter-provincial migration took place, many farmers came toYunnan to farm bananas. This was during the "Great Leap Forward" when a biologist working forMao Zedong wrote an article about the weather in Yunnan being very suitable forbananas to be planted. Before this, many Chinese were scared of going there because of an illness that lurked about. It was later discovered that this was an identifiable tropical disease. The farmers helped to get rid of the disease. They made clearings, roads, and space for fields andplantations.[citation needed]
Among the resident population, theHan population is 629,147, accounting for 51.93% of the total population; theethnic minorities population is 582,293, accounting for 48.07% of the total population.
Most of the Dai people in Dehong Prefecture and nearby counties and cities belong toTai Nua and speakTai Nua Language.
| National name | Han | Dai | Jingpo | Lisu | Achang | De'ang | Bai | Yi | Hui | Wa | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 629,147 | 349,840 | 134,373 | 31,530 | 30,389 | 14,436 | 7,754 | 4,177 | 2,800 | 1,203 | 5,791 |
| Proportion of total population (%) | 51.93 | 28.88 | 11.09 | 2.60 | 2.51 | 1.19 | 0.64 | 0.34 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.48 |
| Proportion of minority population (%) | --- | 60.08 | 23.08 | 5.41 | 5.22 | 2.48 | 1.33 | 0.72 | 0.48 | 0.21 | 0.99 |
Dehong extends 122 km (76 mi) from east to west and 170 km (110 mi) from north to south, and its area is 11,526 km2 (4,450 sq mi).
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.0 (80.6) | 31.0 (87.8) | 33.4 (92.1) | 35.2 (95.4) | 35.6 (96.1) | 34.9 (94.8) | 34.4 (93.9) | 35.3 (95.5) | 35.0 (95.0) | 33.4 (92.1) | 29.7 (85.5) | 27.4 (81.3) | 35.6 (96.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) | 23.9 (75.0) | 27.3 (81.1) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.5 (85.1) | 28.7 (83.7) | 28.0 (82.4) | 29.0 (84.2) | 29.1 (84.4) | 27.8 (82.0) | 25.0 (77.0) | 22.4 (72.3) | 26.9 (80.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) | 14.5 (58.1) | 17.9 (64.2) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.3 (73.9) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.9 (75.0) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.5 (74.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 17.3 (63.1) | 13.7 (56.7) | 19.8 (67.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) | 7.7 (45.9) | 10.7 (51.3) | 14.7 (58.5) | 18.7 (65.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.5 (70.7) | 20.4 (68.7) | 17.8 (64.0) | 12.5 (54.5) | 8.1 (46.6) | 15.1 (59.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) | 1.5 (34.7) | 3.6 (38.5) | 7.5 (45.5) | 13.2 (55.8) | 16.8 (62.2) | 15.9 (60.6) | 17.6 (63.7) | 14.5 (58.1) | 9.3 (48.7) | 5.5 (41.9) | 1.0 (33.8) | −0.2 (31.6) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 13.7 (0.54) | 26.6 (1.05) | 26.9 (1.06) | 65.4 (2.57) | 154.3 (6.07) | 287.5 (11.32) | 360.1 (14.18) | 317.7 (12.51) | 187.0 (7.36) | 137.9 (5.43) | 49.8 (1.96) | 11.8 (0.46) | 1,638.7 (64.51) |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 78 | 72 | 66 | 67 | 75 | 84 | 87 | 86 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 79 |
| Source:China Meteorological Data Service Center | |||||||||||||
Dehong is divided into threecounties and twocounty level cities:
| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Tai Nuea | Jingpo | Seat |
| Mangshi City | 芒市 | Máng Shì | ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ | Mangshi Myu | Menghuan Subdistrict |
| Ruili City | 瑞丽市 | Ruìlì Shì | ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ | Shuili Myu | Mengmao Subdistrict |
| Lianghe County | 梁河县 | Liánghé Xiàn | ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ | Lengho Ginwang | Zhedao Town |
| Yingjiang County | 盈江县 | Yíngjiāng Xiàn | ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ | Yinkyang Ginwang | Pingyuan Town |
| Longchuan County | 陇川县 | Lǒngchuān Xiàn | ᥔᥦᥢᥱ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥝᥢᥰ | Nshon Ginwang | Zhangfeng Town |
Theprefectural government seat isMangshi.
Dehong is one of the 3 primary regions forcoffee cultivation in Yunnan.[41] The main coffee planter and processor isHogood Coffee, which operates a contracting scheme with local farmers. Hogood contracts farm land fromsmallholders on which it plants seedlings, and then re-contracts with farmers to purchase the coffee beans at harvest.[citation needed]
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