In the United States, "defund the police" is a slogan advocating for reallocating funds frompolice departments to non-policing forms ofpublic safety and community support initiatives, such associal services, youth programs, housing, education, healthcare, and other community resources. The goals of those using the slogan vary; some support modest budget reductions, while others advocate for full divestment as part of a broader effort toabolish contemporary policing systems.
Proponents of defunding police departments argue that investing in community-based programs can more effectively address the root causes of crime, such aspoverty,homelessness,[1][2] and mental health conditions, thereby serving as a better deterrent. Police abolitionists propose replacing traditional police forces with alternative public safety models, emphasizing housing, employment,community health, education, and other social support systems.[3][4][5]
The "defund the police" slogan became common during theGeorge Floyd protests starting in May 2020.[6] According toJ Wortham andMatthew Yglesias, the slogan was popularized by theBlack Visions Collective shortly afterthe murder ofGeorge Floyd.[7][8]
Black Lives Matter (BLM), theMovement for Black Lives, and other activists have used the phrase to advocate for reallocating police budgets and delegating certain responsibilities to alternative organizations.[9][10][11] InBlack Reconstruction in America, first published in 1935,W. E. B. Du Bois wrote about "abolition-democracy", which advocated for the removal of institutions that were rooted in racist and repressive practices, including prisons,convict leasing, and white police forces. In the 1960s, activists such asAngela Davis advocated for the defunding or abolition of police departments.[12] The 2017 bookThe End of Policing byAlex S. Vitale has been described as a guide for the defund movement.[13]
The police defunding movement has faced criticism from sociologists,criminologists, and journalists.[14][15][16] In the United States, despite its association with left-wing andDemocratic Party policies,[17][18] politicians from both the Democratic andRepublican parties have opposed the concept, sometimes torefund the police.[19] Republicans have sought to link Democrats to the movement during political campaigns.[20] Public opinion in the United States has generally been unfavorable toward defunding, with a May 2021 poll indicating 18% support and 58% opposition.[21][22][20][23] Todefend the police is also as opposed to defund.[24]
A 2024 study found no evidence of significant police defunding in major U.S. cities following theGeorge Floyd protests, while cities with higher Republican vote shares often increased police budgets.[25] According toThe New York Times, the movement has failed to achieve substantial policy change, partly due to a lack of clear goals. The slogan itself was deemed unpopular and used to portray activists as lenient on crime.[26]
Since the 1960s, municipal governments have increasingly spent larger portions of their budgets on law enforcement. This is partially rooted in the "war on crime", launched by PresidentLyndon B. Johnson, which prioritized crime control via law enforcement and prisons.[27] Meanwhile,police unions have wielded significant power in local politics,[28] due to direct endorsements of political candidates and funding of campaigns.[28] Police department budgets have been considered "untouchable" for decades.[29][30][27]
By 2020, U.S. cities collectively spent approximately $115 billion per year on policing. In particular, in Los Angeles in 2020, theLAPD budget constituted about 18% of the city's budget ($1.86 billion out of $10.5 billion) and about 54% of the city's general funds (i.e., tax revenues that are not designated for special purposes).[31][32] In Chicago in 2020, theCPD constituted about 18% of the city's budget and 40% of the city's general funds ($1.6 billion).[33][34][35] In New York City in 2020, theNYPD budget constituted about 6% of the city's budget ($5.9 billion out of $97.8 billion), the third largest budget after theDepartment of Education and the Department of Social Services.[36] In Minneapolis, the budget for the police and corrections departments grew 41% between 2009 and 2019.[37]
As of 2017, state and local government spending on policing has remained just under 4% of general expenditures for the past 40 years. In 2017, over 95% went towards operational costs, such as salaries and benefits.[38] While the officers per capita in major cities have not significantly changed, they have been equipped with more technology, gear, and training in the last few decades. On average, large cities spend about 8% of their general expenditures on policing, 5% on housing, and 3% on parks.[27] Most cities' police budgets are larger than other public safety departments, especially during theCOVID-19 pandemic, where other budgets lessened but policing budgets were largely untouched.[1][39][40]
Police defunding and abolition activists argue that the police have a poor track record of resolving cases related to murder, rape, and domestic abuse.[1] Some further argue that police social work intervention leads to mass incarceration, risk of physical and mental harm, exposure to violence, and in some instances, death.[41]
A 2020 study byThe Washington Post found no correlation between annual per capita police funding and per capita rates of violent crime or overall crime.[42]
Critics of policing argue that its history is rooted in racist practices, citingslave patrols, enforcement ofJim Crow laws, and repression of thecivil rights movement, such as theSelma to Montgomery marches and the government's violent campaign againstBlack Panther Party leaders such asFred Hampton.[43][44][45][46]
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Critics argue that police officers and departments are tasked with an overly broad range of responsibilities, leading to an over-reliance on law enforcement to address complex social issues such as homelessness, mental health crises, and substance abuse.[47][48][2] To address this, some activists advocate for the "unbundling" of services, a model in which specialized response teams take over many responsibilities traditionally assigned to police. These teams could includesocial workers,emergency medical technicians,conflict resolution specialists,restorative justice teams, and other community-based professionals.[49][50][51][52]
Police officers may be particularly badly suited for some community issues, such as mental health crises.[50] One in four people who are killed by the police have severe mental illness. Some activists argue that mental health professionals may be more appropriate responders in non-emergency situations involving mental health crises. They also suggest that diverting funds to mental health treatment and support could lead to improved outcomes.[53][54]
A 2020 paper by researchers at theRAND Corporation argues that the police are often given too many roles in society and asked to solve issues that they are not properly trained for and that would be better suited for professionals such asmental health, homelessness,drug abuse, and school related violence.[55] A September 2020 paper by Taleed El-Sabawi ofElon University School of Law and Jennifer J. Carroll of North Carolina State University outlines the considerations in setting up such programs and includes model legislation.[56]
The 2021American Rescue Plan allocated approximately $1 billion to reimburse 85% of costs for local governments implementing such programs. As of April 2021, at least 14 cities had expressed interest in these initiatives.[57]
While the movement primarily originates from left-wingpolice abolition scholars and activists, it has also garnered support fromlibertarians. Although libertarians typically avoid using the slogan "defund the police," they support the movement due to concerns about constitutional rights and opposition to the expanding powers of state actors, such asqualified immunity.[58]
The connection between defunding police and increases in crime rates has been debated by scholars and policy experts.[59][60] CriminologistRichard Rosenfeld argued that the rise in violent crime following theGeorge Floyd protests was more linked to theCOVID-19 pandemic than to calls for police defunding. He noted that while violent crime rates increased, property crime rates decreased, suggesting a connection toCOVID-19 lockdowns rather than policing policies.[59]
Patrick Sharkey, another criminologist, attributed the increase in crime to theFerguson effect, suggesting that when police reduce their active presence in public spaces, violence can rise due to the absence of that control.[60] In 2021, after Republican U.S. RepresentativeMichael McCaul said reallocating police resources had led to an increased rate of homicides inAustin, Texas, fact-checkers concluded that it was difficult to attribute the rise in the homicide rate solely to reallocations of police funding.[61] A 2013 study found decreased policing leads to increased crime with highest increases for homicide and robbery through decreaseddeterrence.[62]
SociologistPatrick Sharkey has argued that police are effective at reducing violence and that there is substantial evidence that community organizations can play a central role in maintaining public safety.[14] Sharkey stated, "Police presence can reduce violence, but there are lots of other things that reduce violence, too," includingbusiness improvement districts and university security organizations. He suggested that relying less on police could lead to safer communities, emphasizing the potential for residents and local organizations to take over many policing functions, thereby building stronger neighborhoods. Sharkey claimed thatlaw-and-order policies and mass incarceration had been effective in reducing violence and highlighted their "staggering costs," proposing a model where residents and local organizations are the primary actors in ensuring safety, with police playing a more limited role focused on violent crime.[51][63]
Criminologists Justin Nix and Scott Wolfe cautioned against drastic budget cuts or disbanding police departments writing forThe Washington Post, arguing that such actions could increase crime and disproportionately harm minority communities. They wrote that cities with more police officers per capita often have lower crime rates. They advocated for greater accountability in police spending, the use of evidence-based practices, and a reconsideration of the wide range of responsibilities currently assigned to police. They stressed that infrastructure must be in place to handle social issues before reallocating police funds.[15]
Kevin Robinson, a retired police chief and lecturer of criminology and criminal justice atArizona State University, described the slogan "defund the police" as misguided. He suggested that "re-allocation" of specific portions of police department budgets would be a more accurate term. Robinson argued that a thorough review of police department spending was essential and that program effectiveness should determine whether a program continues.
Robinson noted that criminals often consider the likelihood of apprehension when committing crimes, stating that "if there is a low likelihood of apprehension, there will be more crimes committed—more people victimized." He emphasized that studies show effective social programs can reduce criminality in both adults and juveniles and encouraged police departments to integrate social programs into their work to address underlying causes of crime.[16]
SociologistRashawn Ray, writing for theBrookings Institution, stated that much of what police do was misaligned with their skillset and training, and suggests that a reduction in their workload would increase their ability to solve violent crimes. He further stated:
One consistent finding in the social science literature is that if we really want to reduce crime, education equity and the establishment of a work infrastructure is the best approach. A study using 60 years of data found that an increase in funding for police did not significantly relate to a decrease in crime. Throwing more police on the street to solve a structural problem is one of the reasons why people are protesting in the streets. Defunding police—reallocating funding away from police departments to other sectors of government—may be more beneficial for reducing crime and police violence.[64]
In June 2020,Matthew Yglesias, writing forVox, criticized police defunding and abolition activists for not presenting a clear plan to address violent crime and for disregarding research showing that increased police presence correlates with reduced violent crime. He argued that dismissingpolice reform overlooked evidence that modest reforms can reduce misconduct. Yglesias suggested that increased social spending to reduce crime does not necessarily have to come from police budgets. He highlighted that the United States has 35% fewer police officers per capita than the global average and warned that abolishing public police services could lead to increased reliance onprivate security.[65]
Christy E. Lopez, in a November 2020 column forThe Washington Post, supported defunding the police, emphasizing that reform alone is insufficient. She explained that defunding involves narrowing the scope of police responsibilities and shifting many public safety functions to other entities better equipped to handle them. This includes increased investments in mental health care, housing, community mediation, and violence interruption programs.[66]
In September 2020,Al Sharpton remarked:[67]
"We need to reimagine how we do policing. But to take all policing off is something alatte liberal may go for as they sit around the Hamptons discussing this as an academic problem. But people living on the ground need proper policing."
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(September 2024) |
AYouGov poll conducted on May 29–30, 2020, found that fewer than 20% of American adults supported reducing funding for police departments, with similar levels of support across Republicans and Democrats.[68]
An ABC News/Ipsos poll conducted on June 10–11, 2020, with 686 participants, found that 34% of U.S. adults supported "the movement to 'defund the police,'" while 64% opposed it.[69] Support was higher among Black respondents (57%) compared to White (26%) and Hispanic respondents (42%) and higher among Democrats (55%) than Republicans or Independents.[69]
AGallup survey conducted between June 23 and July 6, 2020, found that 81% of Black Americans and 86% of respondents overall wanted police to spend the same or more time in their neighborhoods.[21] The survey also found that 47% of Americans supported diverting police funds to other social services. Support varied by race and ethnicity, with 70% of Black Americans, 49% of Hispanic Americans, and 41% of White Americans in favor.[70]
A 2021Pew Research Center found that 15% of U.S. adults supported decreasing police funding, including 23% of Black Americans, 16% of Hispanic Americans, and 13% of White Americans.[71] A 2022Gallup poll found that 35% of Americans supported reallocating police funds to other services, with 50% of Black Americans favoring this policy.[72]
Joe Biden, the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee who would go on to win the 2020 election, opposed defunding police forces, arguing instead that policing needed substantial reform.[73] In hisState of the Union Address of 2022, Biden drewbipartisan approval when he said: "We should all agree: The answer is not to defund the police. It's to fund the police".[74] U.S. SenatorBernie Sanders also opposed defunding, arguing for more accountability for police, along with better education and training, and making their job better defined.[75] U.S. SenatorCory Booker said he understood the sentiment behind the slogan but would not use it.[47] U.S. Representative andCongressional Black Caucus chairKaren Bass said, "I do think that, in cities, in states, we need to look at how we are spending the resources and invest more in our communities. Maybe this is an opportunity to re-envision public safety."
On November 9, 2020, House Majority WhipJim Clyburn stated that the slogan "Defund the police" was "killing our party" and urged Democrats to stop using it.[76] Clyburn compared the phrase to the 1960s protest slogan "burn, baby, burn," arguing that such rhetoric had undermined broader support for addressing racial injustice.[76]
A minority of theprogressive lawmakers within the Democratic Party includingIlhan Omar,Rashida Tlaib, andAlexandria Ocasio-Cortez support defunding the police. They argue that "policing in our country is inherently and intentionally racist" and have called for dismantling police departments.[77][78]
In a December 2020 interview with journalistPeter Hamby, former U.S. PresidentBarack Obama said that using "defund the police" may cause politicians to lose support and make their statements less effective.[79]
In 2021, theBiden administration argued that Republicans were trying to defund the police, due to their opposition to theAmerican Rescue Plan in Congress.[80] A Republican bill in theHouse of Representatives would cut funding for theFederal Bureau of Investigation and theJustice Department, prompting RepresentativeMatt Cartwright (D-PA) to ask, "Who's defunding the police now?"[81]
U.S. PresidentDonald Trump on June 4, 2020, tweeted "The Radical Left Democrats new theme is 'Defund the Police'. Remember that when you don't want Crime, especially against you and your family. This is whereSleepy Joe is being dragged by the socialists. I am the complete opposite, more money for Law Enforcement!#LAWANDORDER".[82]
Both Democrats and Republicans have cited association with the defunding movement as a contributing factor in the Democrats' loss of seats in the2020 House elections and the poorer-than-expected results in other Democratic campaigns.[83][84][85] In House andSenate races, Republican campaigns frequently attacked Democratic opponents by claiming they supported defunding the police.[86]
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In April 2020, activists and lawmakers inNew York City urged MayorBill de Blasio to address budget shortfalls caused by the COVID-19 pandemic by reducing the police budget.[87] During the George Floyd protests in June 2020, a group of 48 city office candidates, along with Brooklyn College's Policing and Social Justice Project, called on the city council to cut $1 billion from the NYPD budget over four years.[87] City ComptrollerScott Stringer proposed a plan to save $1.1 billion over four years by reducing the number of officers and cutting overtime, reallocating the funds to social workers, counselors, community-basedviolence interrupters, and other trained professionals.[88]
On June 15, 2020, Police CommissionerDermot Shea announced that the NYPD would eliminate itsplainclothes police units in the precinct-level and Housing Bureau anti-crime teams, and the officers would be reassigned to community policing and detective work.[89][90] By August 2020, New York City had nominally cut $1 billion from the police budget, though most of the changes involved shifting responsibilities to other city agencies, with minimal impact on the size of the police force.[91]
Black and Hispanic members of the city council were divided on major cuts to policing.[91] The winner of the2021 New York City mayoral election,Eric Adams, promised to increase the city's police force.[92]
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In Los Angeles, MayorEric Garcetti has said he would cut as much as $150 million from the Los Angeles Police Department's (LAPD) budget,[47][93] a reversal of his planned increase of $120 million.[87] Garcetti announced the funds would be redirected to community initiatives.[87]
In San Francisco, MayorLondon Breed announced a plan to redirect some police funds to the city's Black community,[94] and she announced that police will no longer respond to non-criminal calls.[95] In December 2021, following reports of increased crime and drug activity in theTenderloin, Breed announced her intention to deploy additional police to the area to address the emergency.[96]
In Minneapolis, activist groups Reclaim the Block andBlack Visions Collective requested for the police budget to be cut by $45 million.[87] Members of theMinneapolis City Council signed a pledge to dismantle the police and create new public safety systems.[97][98] City council member Lisa Bender explained, "Our commitment is to end policing as we know it and to recreate systems of public safety that actually keep us safe."[99] In September, the pledge was set aside. Pledge signer Andrew Johnson clarified that he had supported the pledge only in spirit, not literally. Lisa Bender, the council president, said that different interpretations of the pledge by different council members had created confusion.[100]The New York Times reported that the pledge "has been rejected by the city's mayor, a plurality of residents in recent public opinion polls, and an increasing number of community groups. Taking its place have been the types of incremental reforms that the city's progressive politicians had denounced."[100]
By the end of 2020, as the city was dealing with a spike in violent crime, Minneapolis officials agreed to a 4.5 percent shift of the city's $179 million annual police budget to violence prevention programs and non-emergency services, which was far short of the sweeping changes demanded by activists and pledged by local lawmakers in the wake of Floyd's murder.[101] In the2021 Minneapolis municipal election, voters rejected theQuestion 2 ballot measure to amend thecity's charter to eliminate a required minimum number of police officers based on the city's population and that would have replaced the police department with a department of public safety.[102] By the end of 2021, city officials had restored police funding in Minneapolis to $191 million—the funding level prior the resource diversion following the murder of George Floyd in 2020.[103]
In 2020, local policymakers in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., San Francisco and other major US cities have supported some form of defunding or opposing budget increases. But all those cities have reversed their stance of defunding their local police departments after historic crime spikes following 2020.[1][104][105][106]
In Nashville on June 2, 2020, a city budget hearing lasted over ten hours to accommodate the large numbers of residents waiting to take their turn to ask the city to defund the police.[87]
In Milwaukee, an activist group called African-American Roundtable, formed by 65 organizations, asked the city to divert $75 million from the police budget to public health and housing.[87]
In August 2020, theAustin City Council unanimously voted to cut $150 million, about one third, from theAustin Police Departments budget. About $80 million of the cuts consists of moving several civilian functions from the police department to other parts of city government, and $50 million is for "alternative forms of public safety". The other $20 million is to be reallocated to other city programs including violence prevention,abortion access, and food access.[107]
On November 2, 2021, the city ofDes Moines, Iowa, electedIndira Sheumaker to the office ofCity Council representing Ward 1 of the city—comprising the most diverse neighborhoods in the city.[108][109] She defeated incumbent Bill Gray on a platform of defunding the police, decentralizing city government, and establishing community owned utilities.[110] During her campaign, Indira was fighting felony charges stemming from an altercation with a police officer at theIowa State Capitol.
TheLos Angeles Police Protective League said defunding the police would be the "quickest way to make our neighborhoods more dangerous" and that "at this time ... 'defunding' the LAPD is the most irresponsible thing anyone can propose."[47]
In Canada, politicians in major cities have expressed interest in diverting some police funds. In Toronto, city councilorsJosh Matlow andKristyn Wong-Tam have planned to propose a 10% cut to the police budget.Doctors for Defunding the Police have advocated for widespread reforms.[111] In Montreal, MayorValérie Plante has said she is in talks about the police budget.[112] In the year 1969, Montreal was briefly without a police force entirely resulting in wide spread looting, sixbank robberies and at least one death from asniper.[113]
In Scotland, aviolence reduction unit run by Police was set up in 2005, which aims to prevent violence with educational and outreach programs.[114][115]
Former British Prime MinisterTony Blair criticizeddefund the police in a 2021 article for theNew Statesman, describing it as "voter-repellent" and "the left's most damaging political slogan since 'the dictatorship of the proletariat.'" Blair furthermore claimed that the slogan "leaves the right with an economic message which seems more practical and a powerful cultural message around defending flag, family and fireside traditional values."[116] Both the leaderships of the BritishLabour Party and theConservative Party have pledged not to defund any British police forces.[117]
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