 Seal of the DIA | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | October 1, 1961; 64 years ago (1961-10-01)[1] |
| Headquarters | DIA Headquarters,Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling,Washington, D.C.[2] |
| Motto | Committed to Excellence in Defense of the Nation |
| Employees | More than 16,500[3] |
| Annual budget | Classified[3] |
| Agency executives |
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| Parent department | Department of Defense |
| Website | dia.mil |
| United States Armed Forces |
|---|
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| Executive departments |
| Staff |
| Military departments |
| Military services |
| Command structure |
TheDefense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is anintelligence agency andcombat support agency of theUnited States Department of Defense (DoD) specializing inmilitary intelligence.
A component of the Department of Defense and theIntelligence Community (IC), DIA informs national civilian anddefense policymakers about the military intentions and capabilities of foreign governments andnon-state actors. It also provides intelligence assistance, integration and coordination across uniformedmilitary service intelligence components, which remain structurally separate from DIA.[5] The agency's role encompasses the collection and analysis of military-related foreign political, economic, industrial, geographic, andmedical and health intelligence.[6] DIA produces approximately one-quarter of all intelligence content that goes into thePresident's Daily Brief.[7]
DIA's intelligence operations extend beyond the zones of combat, and approximately half of its employees serve overseas at hundreds of locations and inU.S. embassies in 140 countries.[8] The agency specializes in the collection and analysis ofhuman-source intelligence (HUMINT), both overt andclandestine, while also handling U.S.military-diplomatic relations abroad.[9] DIA concurrently serves as the national manager for the highly technicalmeasurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) and as the Defense Department manager forcounterintelligence programs. The agency has nolaw enforcement authority, contrary to occasional portrayals in American popular culture.
DIA is a national-level intelligence organization which does not belong to a single military element or within the traditionalchain of command, instead answering to thesecretary of defense directly through theunder secretary of defense for intelligence. Around 2008, three-quarters of the agency's 17,000 employees were career civilians who were experts in various fields of defense and military interest or application;[10][11] and although no military background is required, 48% of agency employees have some past military service.[12] DIA has a tradition of markingunclassified deaths of its employees on the organization'sMemorial Wall.
Established in 1961 under PresidentJohn F. Kennedy by Defense SecretaryRobert McNamara, DIA was involved in U.S. intelligence efforts throughout theCold War and rapidly expanded, both in size and scope, after theSeptember 11 attacks.[13] Because of the sensitive nature of its work, the spy organization has been embroiled in numerous controversies[14], including those related to its intelligence-gathering activities, to its role intorture[15], as well as to attempts to expand its activities on U.S. soil.[16][17]
Thedirector of the Defense Intelligence Agency is an intelligence officer who is nominated by theU.S. president and confirmed by theU.S. Senate. He or she is the primary intelligence adviser to thesecretary of defense and also answers to thedirector of national intelligence. The director is also the commander of theJoint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, a subordinate command ofUnited States Strategic Command, which is headquarteredin Omaha, Nebraska. Additionally, he or she chairs theMilitary Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the entireUS defense intelligence community.[18]
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DIA isheadquartered inWashington, D.C., onJoint Base Anacostia–Bolling with major operational activities atthe Pentagon and at eachUnified Combatant Command, as well as in more than a hundredU.S. embassies around the world, where it deploys alongside other government partners (e.g., the CIA) and also operates theU.S. Defense Attache Offices.[19] Additionally, the agency has staff deployed at the Col. James N. Rowe Building at Rivanna Station inCharlottesville, Virginia,National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI) inFort Detrick, Maryland,Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC) inHuntsville, Alabama, Russell-Knox Building onMarine Corps Base Quantico, National Center for Credibility Assessment atFort Jackson, South Carolina, and Defense Intelligence Support Center (DISC) inReston, Virginia. Since 2012, theIntelligence Community Campus-Bethesda in Maryland serves as the location of theNational Intelligence University as well as a facility for DIA and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.[20][21]
Less known than itscivilian equivalent or itscryptologic counterpart,[22] DIA and its personnel have at times been portrayed in works ofAmerican popular culture. As with other U.S. foreign intelligence organizations, the agency's role has occasionally been confused with those oflaw enforcement agencies. DIA's parent organization, the Department of Defense, features in fiction and media much more prominently due to the public's greater awareness of its existence and the general association of military organizations withwarfare, rather than spycraft.
DIA and theCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) are distinct organizations with different functions. DIA focuses on national level defense-military topics, while CIA is concentrated on broader, more general intelligence needs of the US President andhis Cabinet. Additionally, due to DIA's designation as acombat support agency, it has special responsibilities in meeting intelligence requirements specifically for the Secretary of Defense, theJoint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), and Combatant Commanders, both in peace and at war. Although there are misconceptions in the media and public about the DIA–CIA rivalry, the two agencies have a mutually beneficial relationship anddivision of labor. According to a former senior U.S official who worked with both agencies, "the CIA doesn't want to be looking for surface-to-air missiles inLibya" while it is also tasked with evaluating theSyrian opposition.[9] CIA and DIA Operations Officers all go through the same type of clandestine training atCamp Peary, an interagency Defense installation under CIA administration better known in popular culture by its CIA nickname "The Farm".[9]
DIA is not a collective of all U.S. military intelligence units and the work it performs is not in lieu of that falling under intelligence components of individualservices. Unlike the RussianGRU, which encompasses equivalents of nearly all joint U.S. military intelligence operations, DIA assists and coordinates the activities of individual service-level intelligence units (i.e.25 AF,INSCOM, etc.), but they nevertheless remain separate entities. As a general rule, DIA handles national-level, long-term and strategic intelligence needs, whereas service-level intelligence components handle tactical, short-term goals pertinent to their respective services.[23] DIA does, however, lead coordination efforts with the military intelligence units and with the national DOD intelligence services (NSA,NGA,NRO) in its role as chair of the Military Intelligence Board and through the co-locatedJoint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance.
The Military Intelligence Integrated Database (MIDB) is due to be replaced by the Machine-Assisted Analytic Rapid-Repository System (MARS) beginning in spring 2024.[24][25]
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DIA is organized into four directorates and five regional centers[26]
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Directorate for Operations:
Directorate for Analysis: The Directorate of Analysis manages the all-source analysis elements of DIA, and is responsible for developing and deploying analytic tradecraft throughout the Defense Intelligence Enterprise. Analysts analyze and disseminate finalized intelligence products, focusing on national, strategic and operational-level military issues that may arise from worldwide political, economic, medical,natural or other related processes. Analysts contribute to thePresident's Daily Brief and theNational Intelligence Estimates. Analysts serve DIA in all of the agency's facilities and DIA has the most forward deployed analysts in the Intelligence Community.[32]
Directorate for Science and Technology: The Directorate for Science and Technology manages DIA's technical assets and personnel. These assets gather and analyzeMeasurement and Signature Intelligence, which is a technical intelligence discipline that serves to detect, track, identify or describe the signatures (distinctive characteristics) of fixed or dynamic target sources. This often includes radar intelligence, acoustic intelligence, nuclear intelligence, and chemical and biological intelligence. DIA is designated the national manager forMASINT collection within theUnited States Intelligence Community, coordinating all MASINT gathering across agencies. DIA is also the national manager of theJoint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS), the centralTop Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) processing network for the United States, andStone Ghost, a network for US and partner nations.[33]
Directorate for Mission Services: The Directorate for Mission Services provides administrative, technical, and programmatic support to the agency's domestic and global operations and analytic efforts. The Directorate also manages DIA's training centers—theJoint Military Intelligence Training Center and theJoint Military Attaché School. This includes providing counterintelligence to the agency as well as serving as the counterintelligence executive agent for the Department of Defense.
Centers: DIA is divided into five regional centers and two functional centers which manage the agency's efforts in these areas of responsibility. These centers are the Americas and Transnational Threats Center, the Indo-Pacific Regional Center, the Europe/Eurasia Regional Center, the Middle East/Africa Regional Center, the China Mission Group, the Defense Resources and Infrastructure Center, and the Defense Combating Terrorism Center. DIA also manages Community-wide centers such as theNational Center for Medical Intelligence, theMissile and Space Intelligence Center, theNational Media Exploitation Center, and the Underground Facilities Analysis Center (UFAC).
Further, DIA is responsible for administering theJIOCEUR and variousJoint Intelligence Centers which serve and are co-located with each of theUnified Combatant Commands. Additionally, DIA manages theDirectorate for Intelligence, Joint Staff (J2) which advises and supports theJoint Chiefs of Staff with foreignmilitary intelligence for defense policy and war planning.
DIA also managed theNational Intelligence University (NIU) on behalf of the Intelligence Community before transitioning it to theOffice of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) in June 2021. NIU and theJohn T. Hughes Library is housed at the Intelligence Community campus inBethesda, Maryland and has several branch campuses atRAF Molesworth,MacDill Air Force Base, andMarine Corps Base Quantico as well as academic programs at theNSA andNGA.[34]
The DIA has its own police force (established in 1963), made up of federal officers who protect DIA people and property. DIA Police provide law enforcement and police services, emergency response and physical security at DIA campuses.[35]
DIA Police have 170 sworn, uniformed officers that protect and police the six DIA sites (Headquarters, Reston, Charlottesville, DIA Logistics Operation Center, National Center for Medical Intelligence and Missile and Space Intelligence Center).[35]
DIA Police Officers are trained at theFederal Law Enforcement Training Center for three months before being certified.[35]
DIA Police operate under the U.S. Marshal's Office Special Deputation and jurisdictional and functional authority within theDistrict of Columbia under a cooperative agreement with theMetropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.[35]
DIA Police have the following rank structure:
DIA Police have K9, HAZMAT, SRT and also support DIA field operations.[35]
FromWorld War II until the creation of DIA in 1961, the three Military Departments collected, produced and distributed their intelligence for individual use. This turned out to be duplicative, costly, and ineffective as each department provided their own, often conflicting estimates to theSecretary of Defense and other Federal agencies.[36]
While theDefense Reorganization Act of 1958 aimed to correct these deficiencies, the intelligence responsibilities remained unclear, the coordination was poor and the results fell short of national reliability and focus. As a result of this poor organization, PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower appointed the Joint Study Group in 1960 to find better ways for organizing the nation'smilitary intelligence activities.[36]
Acting on the recommendations of the Joint Study Group, Defense SecretaryRobert S. McNamara advised theJoint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) of his decision to establish the DIA in February 1961. He ordered them to develop a plan that would integrate all the military intelligence of the DoD, a move that met strong resistance from the service intelligence units, whose commanders viewed DIA as undesirable encroachment on their turf. Despite this resistance, during the spring and summer of 1961, asCold War tensions flared over theBerlin Wall,Air Force Lieutenant GeneralJoseph Carroll took the lead in planning and organizing this new agency. The JCS published Directive 5105.21, "Defense Intelligence Agency" on August 1, and DIA began operations with a handful of employees in borrowed office space on October 1, 1961.[36]
The foundation of the DIA institutionalized the revoking of the CIA's paramilitary and other duties, and their transfer to the Department of Defense. This revocation had occurred following the failure of theBay of Pigs Invasion.[37]
DIA originally reported to the Secretary through the JCS. The new agency's mission was the continuous task of collecting, processing, evaluating, analyzing, integrating, producing, and disseminating military intelligence for DoD and related national stakeholders. Other objectives included more efficiently allocating scarce intelligence resources, more effectively managing all DoD intelligence activities, and eliminating redundancies in facilities, organizations, and tasks.[36]
Following DIA's establishment, the Services reluctantly transferred intelligence functions and resources to it on a time-phased basis to avoid rapidly degrading the overall effectiveness of defense intelligence. A year after its formation, in October 1962, the agency faced its first major intelligence test during the superpowerCuban Missile Crisis confrontation that developed afterSoviet missiles were discovered at bases inCuba by Air Force spy planes.[36]
In late 1962, DIA established the Defense Intelligence School (now theNational Intelligence University), and on January 1, 1963, it activated a new Production Center. Several Service elements were merged to form this production facility, which occupied the "A" and "B" Buildings atArlington Hall Station,Virginia.[36]
The agency also added an Automated Data Processing (ADP) Center on February 19, a Dissemination Center on March 31, and a Scientific and Technical Intelligence Directorate on April 30, 1963. DIA assumed the staff support functions of the J-2, Joint Staff, on July 1, 1963. Two years later, on July 1, 1965, DIA accepted responsibility for theDefense Attaché System—the last function the Services transferred to DIA.[36]
During the 1960s, DIA analysts focused on China's detonation of anatomic bomb and the launching of itsCultural Revolution; increasing unrest amongAfrican andSouth Asian nations; fighting inCyprus andKashmir; and themissile gap between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In the late 1960s, crises that tested intelligence responsiveness included: theTet Offensive inVietnam; theSix-Day War betweenEgypt andIsrael; continuing troubles in Africa, particularlyNigeria;North Korea's seizure of theUSS Pueblo; and theWarsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.[36]
The early 1970s were transitional years as the agency shifted its focus from consolidating its functions to establishing itself as a credible producer of national-level intelligence. This proved difficult at first since sweeping manpower decrements between 1968 and 1975 had reduced agency manpower by 31 percent and precipitated mission reductions and a broad organizational restructuring. Challenges facing DIA at this time included the rise ofOstpolitik in Germany; the emergence of thePalestine Liberation Organization in theMiddle East; and theU.S. incursion into Cambodia from South Vietnam.[36]
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The agency's reputation grew considerably by the mid-1970s, as decision makers increasingly recognized the value of its products. Agency analysts in 1972 concentrated onLebanon, PresidentRichard Nixon'svisit to China, the1973 Chilean coup d'état, the formation ofSri Lanka, and theprisoners of war being held in Southeast Asia. Subsequent challenges involved:détente; the development of arms control agreements; theParis peace talks (Vietnam); theYom Kippur War; and global energy concerns.[36]
Intense Congressional review during 1975–76 created turbulence within the Intelligence Community. The Murphy andRockefeller Commission investigations of charges of intelligence abuse ultimately led to an Executive Order that modified many Intelligence Community functions. At the same time, with U.S. involvement in Vietnam ending, defense intelligence faced a significant decline in resources. During this period, DIA conducted numerous studies on ways of improving its intelligence products. Despite these and other Community-wide efforts to improve intelligence support, the loss of resources during the 1970s limited the Community's ability to collect and produce timely intelligence and ultimately contributed to intelligence shortcomings inIran,Afghanistan, and other strategic areas.[36]
Special DIA task forces were set up to monitor crises such as theSoviet invasion of Afghanistan, theoverthrow of Iranian monarchy, and thetaking of American hostages from the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979. Also, of serious concern were theVietnamese takeover in Phnom Penh, theChina–Vietnam border war, theoverthrow of Idi Amin in Uganda, the north–southYemen dispute, troubles inPakistan,border clashes between Libya and Egypt, theSandinista takeover inNicaragua, and the Soviet movement of combat troops to Cuba during the signing of theStrategic Arms Limitation Treaty II.[36]
Following the promulgation in 1979 ofExecutive Order 12036, which restructured the Intelligence Community and better outlined DIA's national and departmental responsibilities, the agency was reorganized around five major directorates: production, operations, resources, external affairs, and J-2 support.
By the 1980s, DIA had transformed into a fully integrated national-level intelligence agency. Its 1981 flagship publicationSoviet Military Power, the most comprehensive overview of Soviet military strength and capabilities at the time, was met with wide acclaim; SMP continued to be produced by DIA as a serialized publication roughly over the next decade. In 1983, in order to research the flow of technology to the Soviet Union, theReagan Administration createdProject Socrates within the agency. Over the following years Project Socrates's scope broadened to include monitoring of foreign advanced technology as a whole. Project Socrates ended in 1990 with Michael Sekora, the project's director, leaving in protest when the Bush Administration reduced funding.[citation needed]
In 1984, the Clandestine Services organization, designated STAR WATCHER, was created under DIA with the mission of conducting intelligence collection on perceived areas of conflict and against potential adversaries in developing countries. A critical objective was to create a Joint Services career path for case officers, since individual Services were inconsistent in their support of clandestine operations, and case officers were routinely sacrificed during reductions in force. Ultimately, the organization was created to balance CIA's espionage operations which primarily targeted SovietKGB/GRU officers, but ignored and were dismissive of Third World targets in areas of potential military conflict.[36]
Although there were previous attempts to establish such a DoD level espionage organization, there was no authorization document by which it could be established. This changed when Gregory Davis, a military intelligence officer, defined and established a clandestine services program under theU.S. Southern Command's "Plan Green". The program was then authorized by JCS ChairmanJohn Vessey, and sanctioned by theSenate Select Committee on Intelligence ("SSCI"), with the sponsorship of SenatorJesse Helms (R-NC) and SenatorBarry Goldwater (R-AZ). TheGoldwater–Nichols DoD Reorganization Act was crafted partly to force military officers to serve in a Joint Services assignment in order to qualify for flag rank—ensuring the future of case officers from each Service. The clandestine organization within DIA grew and flourished, and was cited by the SSCI for its intelligence achievements. Personnel selection and training were rigorous, and the case officers were notable for their advanced educations, area knowledge, and multilingual capabilities. The program was partially gutted under PresidentBill Clinton as he foresaw no conflict which would justify its existence, but, it was resurrected under PresidentGeorge W. Bush.[36]
Designated acombat support agency under the Goldwater–Nichols Act, DIA moved to increase cooperation with the Unified & Specified Commands and to begin developing a body of joint intelligence doctrine. Intelligence support to U.S. allies in theMiddle East intensified as the Iran–Iraq War spilled into thePersian Gulf. DIA provided significant intelligence support toOperation Earnest Will while closely monitoring incidents such as the Iraqi rocket attack on theUSS Stark, the destruction of Iranian oil platforms, and Iranian attacks on Kuwaiti oil tankers. The"Toyota War" between Libya and Chad and the turmoil inHaiti added to DIA's heavy production workload, as did unrest in other parts ofLatin America,Somalia,Ethiopia,Burma,Pakistan, and thePhilippines.[36]
With theend of the Cold War, defense intelligence began a period of reevaluation following thefall of the Soviet system in many Eastern European countries, thereunification of Germany (1990), and ongoing economic reforms in the region. In response toIraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, DIA set up an extensive, 24-hour, crisis management cell designed to tailor national-level intelligence support to the coalition forces assembled to expelIraq fromKuwait.
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By the timeOperation Desert Storm began, some 2,000 agency personnel were involved in the intelligence support effort. Most of them associated in some way with the national-levelJoint Intelligence Center (JIC), which DIA established atThe Pentagon to integrate the intelligence being produced throughout the Community. DIA sent more than 100 employees into the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations to provide intelligence support.
TheArmed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC), and theMissile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC), associated with the Army for over 20 and 50 years respectively, became part of DIA in January 1992. This was part of the continuing effort to consolidate intelligence production and make it more efficient.[36]
On September 11, 2001, seven DIA employees died[38] along with 118 other victims at the Pentagon in aterrorist attack whenAmerican Airlines Flight 77 piloted by fiveAl-Qaedahijackers plowed into the western side of the building, as part of theSeptember 11 attacks. The death of seven employees at once was the largest combined loss in DIA's history. On September 11, 2009, DIA dedicated a memorial to the seven employees lost in the terrorist attacks on the Pentagon. The memorial is located in the garden at the DIA Analysis Center in Washington, D.C.[38]
Since the September 11 attacks, DIA has been active innuclear proliferation intelligence collection and analysis with particular interests inNorth Korea andIran as well ascounter-terrorism. DIA was also involved with the intelligence build-up to theinvasion of Iraq in 2003 and was a subject in theSenate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq. After the invasion, DIA led theIraq Survey Group to find the allegedWeapons of Mass Destruction. The agency has conflicted with the CIA in collection and analysis on the existence ofweapons of mass destruction inIraq and has often represented the Pentagon in the CIA–DoD intelligence rivalry due to DIA's ownClandestine HUMINT collection.[36]
In 2012, DIA announced an expansion of clandestine collection efforts. The newly consolidatedDefense Clandestine Service (DCS) would absorb the Defense HUMINT Service and expand DIA's overseas espionage apparatus to complement the work of corresponding elements at CIA. DCS would focus on military intelligence concerns—issues that the CIA has been unable to manage due to lack of personnel, expertise or time—and would initially deal with Islamist militia groups in Africa, weapons transfers between North Korea and Iran, and Chinese military modernization. The DCS works in conjunction with CIA'sDirectorate of Operations and theJoint Special Operations Command in overseas operations.[39]
In October 2015, the Pentagon said that DIA appointed a BritishRoyal Air Force officer as its first deputy director in charge of improving integration between U.S. intelligence units and spy agencies of other English-speaking countries in theFive Eyes alliance. This was the first time that a foreign national was appointed to a senior position at a U.S. intelligence agency.[40][41]
Today, corporations carry out a large amount of DIA's workload. In fiscal year 2020 alone, such activity included work in DIA's Science & Technology Directorate,[42] National Media Exploitation Center,[43] and Missile & Space Intelligence Center.[44] Corporations also worked on technology transfer analysis and assessments at DIA's Charlottesville branch,[45] planned and analyzed DIA's workforce,[46] carried out technical support,[47] and conducted polygraph examinations and background investigations.[48]
Due to the sensitive nature of DIA's work, all of its personnel, includinginterns and contractors, are subject to the same security standards and must obtain aTop Secret clearance withSensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) access.[49]Collateral Top Secret clearances granted by the DoD are not sufficient to grant access to DIA's SCI information. Additionally, the SCI access granted by other intelligence agencies, such asCIA orNSA, do not transfer to DIA and vice versa.
In addition to the rigorous background investigations, psychological and drug screening, as well as security interviews, DIA requires that its applicants pass the agencypolygraph. In fact, DIA exercises operational control over the National Center for Credibility Assessment (NCCA), which establishes polygraphing standards and trains polygraphers for placement across the entire intelligence community. In 2008, the agency started expanding its polygraph program in an attempt to screen 5,700 prospective and current employees every year.[50] This was a several fold increase from 2002 when, according to information provided to Congress, DIA conducted 1,345 polygraphs. According to the unclassified DIA document cited in the news report, since the mid-2000s the agency started hiring contract polygraphers in addition to the permanent DIA polygraphers and added 13 polygraphing studios to those the spy organization already operated. This expanded polygraph screening at DIA continued notwithstanding documented technical problems discovered in the Lafayette computerized polygraph system used by the agency; the organization allegedly refused to change the flawed Lafayette polygraph but declined to comment as to the reasoning.[51]
Unlike the CIA and NSA polygraphs, DIApolygraphs are only of Counterintelligence Scope (CI), rather than Full Scope (FS) (also known as Expanded Scope Screening or ESS), which is ostensibly more intrusive as far as one's personal life is concerned. DIA administered only a handful of FS polygraphs and only for those personnel who were to be detailed to the CIA. Additionally, DIA conducted a handful of FS polygraphs on its personnel remaining overseas in excess of 6.5 years, although this practice appeared to be outside the scope of DIA's authorization at the time.[52]
Like with other intelligence agencies, failing to pass the DIA polygraph is a virtual guarantee that an applicant will be judged unsuitable for agency employment. In fact, according to a report published by theOffice of the Undersecretary of Defense of Intelligence, while the usually more stringent NSA is willing to give its applicants several shots at passing the polygraph, DIA tends to give one or at most two opportunities to clear the test, after which the employment offer is rescinded.[53] The same report recommended that DIA seek permanent authority to conduct more intrusive Expanded Scope Screenings due to their supposed usefulness in eliciting admissions from applicants.[54]
Similarly to other intelligence agencies, employees are required to take periodic polygraph examinations throughout their careers. However, no unfavorable administrative actions will be taken against them based solely on their results.[55]
DIA's budget and exact personnel numbers areclassified. Classified Information is not willingly revealed to the public or with anyone that does not have aneed-to-know[56] verified. The agency does reveal that currently, it has approximately 17,000 employees, two-thirds of whom are civilians[10] and approximately 50% of whom work at more than 141 overseas locations.[8] In 1994, it was revealed that DIA requested approximately $4 billion in funding for the period of 1996–2001 ($6.3 billion inflation adjusted), averaging $666 million per year ($1.05 billion inflation adjusted).[57] The agency, however, has nearly doubled in size since then and also assumed additional responsibilities from various intelligence elements from across the Department of Defense, CIA and wider intelligence community. In 2006, at the height ofDonald Rumsfeld's push to further expand the scope of military intelligence beyond tactical considerations, DIA was estimated to receive up to $3 billion annually.[58]
According to classified documents leaked byEdward Snowden and published byThe Washington Post in 2013, theNational Intelligence Program (NIP) component of theoverall US intelligence budget contained approximately $4.4 billion/year for the General Defense Intelligence Program (GDIP), which is managed by DIA, even as it is not exclusively for the agency's use.[59] The numbers exclude the Military Intelligence Component (MIP) of the overall US intelligence budget, which by itself has averaged more than $20 billion per year in the past decade.
DIA is one of a few U.S. federal organizations, such as theCIA andFBI, that rely onhuman espionage to collect information. For this reason, the agency has been involved in numerous espionage events over the course of decades.
In 2003, the Defense SecretaryDonald Rumsfeld's "Working Group" on interrogations requested that DIA come up with prisoner interrogation techniques for the group's consideration. According to the 2008US Senate Armed Services Committee report on the treatment of detainees in U.S. custody, DIA began drawing up the list of techniques with the help of its civilian employee, a former Guantanamo Interrogation Control Element (ICE) Chief David Becker. Becker claimed that the Working Group members were particularly interested in aggressive methods and that he "was encouraged to talk about techniques thatinflict pain."[69]
It is unknown to what extent the agency's recommendations were used or for how long, but according to the same Senate report, the list drawn up by DIA included the use of "drugs such assodium pentothal andDemerol," humiliation via female interrogators and sleep deprivation. Becker claimed that he recommended the use of drugs due to rumors that another intelligence agency, the name of which was redacted in the Senate report, had successfully used them in the past.[70] According to the analysis of theOffice of Defense Inspector General, DIA's cited justification for the use of drugs was to "[relax] detainee to cooperative state" and that mind-altering substances were not used.[71]
Some of the more lurid revelations of DIA's alleged harsh interrogations came fromFBI officers, who conducted their own screenings of detainees inGuantanamo along with other agencies. According to one account, the interrogators of what was then DIA'sDefense Humint Service (referenced in FBI correspondence as DHS[72]), forced subjects to watchgay porn, draped them with theIsraeli flag, and interrogated them in rooms lit bystrobe lights for 16–18 hours, all the while telling prisoners that they were from FBI.[73]
The real FBI operatives were concerned that DIA's harsh methods and impersonation of FBI agents would complicate the FBI's ability to do its job properly, saying "The next time a real Agent tries to talk to that guy, you can imagine the result."[73] A subsequent military inquiry countered FBI's allegations by saying that the prisoner treatment was degrading but not inhumane, without addressing the allegation of DIA staff regularly impersonating FBI officers—usually afelony offense.[74]
Similar activities transpired at the hands of DIA operatives inBagram, where as recently as 2010 the organization ran the so-called "Black Jail". According to a report published byThe Atlantic, the jail was manned by DIA'sDCHC staff, who were accused of beating andsexually humiliating high-value targets held at the site.[75] The detention center outlived the black sites run by theCentral Intelligence Agency, with DIA allegedly continuing to use "restricted" interrogation methods in the facility under a secret authorization. It is unclear what happened to the secret facility after the 2013 transfer of the base to Afghan authorities following several postponements.[76]
DIA's harsh interrogation methods at times paled in comparison to those of some U.S.special operations forces. In 2004, interrogations byJoint Special Operations Command's high-value targets special operations task forces (includingTask Force 6-26) were so heavy-handed and physical with the detainees that two DIA officials complained, as a result of which they were threatened and put under surveillance by abusive military interrogators. The two DIA officials managed to share their accounts of abuse with the agency leadership, prompting DIA DirectorLowell Jacoby to write a memo on this topic to theUndersecretary of Defense for Intelligence.[77]
In 2014, Canadian electronic music groupSkinny Puppy sent the Defense Intelligence Agency a symbolic bill of $666,000, after finding out that the agency used their music inGuantanamo during "enhanced interrogation" (deemed torture by some) sessions.[78] Their music was originally heard at GTMO by a guard, who happened to be a fan of Skinny Puppy and could not understand how his favorite music was being used in such a manner: "[Skinny Puppy's] songs are characterized by ... lyrics that call out corporate wrongdoing. The songs I heard at GTMO were heavily distorted, almost to the point of inaudibility. Even so, I would never have imagined that Skinny Puppy's music would, or could, be used for enhanced interrogation". The officer conducting interrogation sessions allegedly stating that the Canadian group's songs—which are "characterized by relentless drumbeats, panicked, convulsive riffs, synth samples"—were very effective for "enhanced interrogation."[citation needed]
Since mid-2000s, DIA has come under scrutiny for requesting new powers "to covertly approach and cultivate 'U.S. persons' and even recruit them as informants" without disclosing they are doing so on behalf of the U.S. government.[79] George Peirce, DIA's general counsel, toldThe Washington Post that his agency is "not asking for the moon" and that DIA officers "only want to assess their [individual U.S. citizens'] suitability as a source, person to person", while protecting the ID and security of the agency operatives.[80] The provision allowing DIA to covertly approach U.S. citizens was reportedly removed from the bill at the request of SenatorRon Wyden.[81] It is unclear if the agency has received any additional powers since but it is known that until at least 2005 and possibly later, DIA's "personnel stationed in major U.S. cities [have been] ... monitoring the movements and activities—through high-tech equipment—of individuals and vehicles"; this occurred parallel to theNSA's warrantless surveillance that was of similarly dubious legality.[82]
In 2008, with the consolidation of the newDefense Counterintelligence and Human Intelligence Center (DCHC), DIA secured an additional authority to conduct "offensive counterintelligence", which entails conducting clandestine operations, domestically and abroad, "to thwart what the opposition is trying to do to us and to learn more about what they're trying to get from us."[83] While the agency remained vague about the exact meaning of offensive counterintelligence, experts opined that it "could include planting a mole in a foreign intelligence service, passing disinformation to mislead the other side, or even disrupting enemy information systems", suggesting strong overlap between CI and traditional HUMINT operations.[84]
According to the agency, Americans spying for a foreign intelligence service would not be covered under this mechanism and that DIA would coordinate in such cases with the FBI which, unlike any DIA components at the time, is designated alaw enforcement agency. The media showed particular interest in the domestic aspect of DIA's counterintelligence efforts due to the fact that agency's newly created DCHC had absorbed the formerCounterintelligence Field Activity, which had become infamous for storing data on American peace activists in the controversialTALON database that was eventually shut down.[84]
Anthony Shaffer, a former DIA officer, has claimed that DIA was aware of and failed to adequately act against one of the organizers of theSeptember 11 attacks prior to the event, in what became known as theAble Danger controversy. Shaffer's claims were rejected and later his security clearance was revoked, with the Pentagon denying any wrongdoing. Later Shaffer published his bookOperation Dark Heart but, upon complaints from DIA and NSA that it included national security information, the Defense Department went as far as to buy and destroy the initial 10,000 copies of the book, causing theStreisand effect.[85]
In 2011, the German government uncovered afar-rightterrorist group namedNational Socialist Underground, which was linked to aseries of murders, including the murder of a police officer. A report byStern claimed GermanBfV and DIA officers witnessed the murder of a policewoman during their surveillance of the"Sauerland" group—an Islamist organization that planned attacks onU.S. military installations in Germany—but that neither of the agencies reported it, thus enabling subsequent violent acts by the same criminal entities. The magazine cited an unverified DIA report that confirmed the agency's officers were at the site of the incident.[86][87] The authenticity of the alleged DIA observation protocol, on whichStern based its report, was swiftly denied by the BfV, while DIA refused to comment. An unnamed U.S. "insider expert" for intelligence matters toldDer Spiegel he deemed it unlikely that DIA could be involved in that type of operation.[88]
According to RepresentativeRon Wyden, publicly available government contracts show the DIA along withU.S. Cyber Command, theArmy, theNaval Criminal Investigative Service, theDefense Counterintelligence and Security Agency, theFBI and theUS Secret Service have purchased data without a warrant.[89][90][91][92][93][94]
A memorial wall at theDIA headquarters is dedicated to those agency employees who lost their lives in the line of their intelligence work[95] and whose deaths are notclassified. The wall was first dedicated on December 14, 1988, byDirectorLeonard Perroots. It "commemorates the profound individual sacrifices made on behalf of the United States by DIA members and acts as a reminder of the selflessness, dedication, and courage required to confront national challenges..."[95]
"POOR IS THE NATION THAT HAS NO HEROES, BUT BEGGARED IS THE NATION THAT HAS AND FORGETS THEM."[96]
DIA also maintains a memorial in the headquarters courtyard dedicated to personnel lost in the attacks of9/11 onthe Pentagon. Additionally, the agency maintains the Torch Bearers Wall at its Headquarters. The Torch Bearers award is the highest honor bestowed to former DIA employees and recognizes their exceptional contributions to the agency's mission.
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The flaming torch and its gold color represent knowledge, i.e., intelligence, and the dark background represents the unknown—"the area of the truth" still sought by the worldwide mission of the agency.[97] The two red atomic ellipses symbolize the scientific and technical aspects of intelligence today and of the future. The 13 stars and the wreath are adopted from the Department of Defense seal and mean glory and peace, respectively, which the DoD secures as part of its work.[98]
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