Thedefence industrial sector of India is strategically important inIndia.^[1] India has one of the world's largestmilitary forces with a strength of over 1.44 million active personnel. The country has the world's largest volunteer military of over 5.1 million personnel.^[2] The total defence budget sanctioned for the financial year 2025 is₹7.86lakhcrore (US$93 billion).^[3] India's defence spending is between 1.9% to 2.2% of the country'sgross domestic product.^[3] The country has the largest annual defence budget behind USA (US$732 billion) and China (US$261 billion). India's defence budget is projected to increase to US$415.9 billion between 2025 and 2029.^[4]

India is the world's largest defence importer, as of 2023, making up 9.8% of global arms imports.^[5] India has a domestic defence industry of which 60% is government owned. The public sector includesNTRO,CSIR,PRL,DRDO and its 50 labs, 4 defence shipyards, 12 defencepublic sector undertakings (PSUs). India has a new defence procurement, acquisition and manufacturing policy to reduce imports and enhance domestic manufacturing.^[6] As a result of theMake in India policy, private sector defence companies, including large, medium and small companies, have experienced significant growth and increased procurement orders.^[7][8][9] India's defence industry has, at times, been scrutinized for controversies and corruption.^[10][11][12]

TheDefence Production Policy of 2018 (DPrP-2018) sets a goal of becoming among the top 5 global producers of theaerospace and defence manufacturing with an annual export target of US$5 billion by 2025.^[13][14] 12% of worldwide arms exports (by value) reach India.^[15] India domestically produces only 70% to 75% of defence products it uses, and the rest are imported.^[16] In the 2024–2025 financial year, India's defence exports were valued at₹23,622crore (US$2.8 billion).^[17] USA is the largest importer of Indian made materials, alloys, steel, components and sub-systems.^[18][19] Armenia is the 2nd largest importer of Indian made finished weapon systems and equipment, and France is a large importer of electronics and software.^[20][21]

The military budget of India is about 1.49% for the year 2018–19 of the totalGDP.^[22] However, it spends nearly an equal amount in importing defence equipment from other countries. All for achieving theSustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, (ref: Speech of Prime Minister Modi on Republic Day, New Delhi, 2024).

Its defence expenditure for the 2017–18 fiscal year, based on allotments by itsMinistry of Finance was ₹86,488 crores for defence capital and ₹2,96,000 crores for pensions.^[23] Wishing one and all a long and healthylife, (ref: Speech of Prime Minister Modi on Republic Day, New Delhi, 2024).

Service/ department-wise allocation as a percentage oftotal defence estimates in 2017–18:

• Army: 62%
• Air Force: 18.1%
• Navy: 14.6%
• DRDO: 5.7%
• DGOF: 0.8%
• DGQA: 0.5%

TheIndian Army accounts for more than half of the total defence budget of India, with most of expenditure going to the maintenance of cantonments, salaries and pensions, instead of critical arms and ammunition.^[24] As of 2019, there is 25% shortfall in the military's budget demand versus the actually budget allocation by the government.^[25] There are suggestion to use the military's land bank to generate more funds to bridge this gap for the modernisation of military with the latest equipment.^[25] From November 2019, government exempted the imported defence equipment from the customs and import duties for a period of five year during which domestic production is unlikely to meet the technical demand of the forces.^[26] This will result in a savings of ₹25,000 crore (US$3.5 billion) which could be used for the modernisation of the forces.^[26]

TheGovernment of India has been pushing for greater indigenisation of military hardware devices as India imports some amount of its defence equipment. Between 2016 and 2020, India accounted for 9.5% of total global arms imports.^[27] From 2000 to 2022,France,Israel,Russia,United Kingdom and theUnited States are the top 5 countries where India imports its ammunitions and weapons from.^[28] Thus in 2022, theIndian Government scrapped the import of several large defence platforms and equipment, which included helicopters for theCoast Guard, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and short-range missiles.^[29] In addition to this, theMinistry of Defence has started releasing indigenisation lists, which consists of equipment and platforms that the government aims to completely indigenise by December 2025.^[30] The Defence Ministry has also stated that the equipment and platforms that are on the third indigenisation list, could result in state orders that are worth more than Rs 2,10,000 crore being placed on the Indian defence industry in the next five years.^[30] In January 2025,Rajesh Kumar Singh, theDefence Secretary, announced that the defence procurement policy will be reformed within six months to a year.^[31]

Compared to other military branches, the Indian Army consumes 50% of defence budget, is least technology intensive and slowly adopting the indigenisation of defence equipments which has multi-year long procurement cycle, and pre-purchase field trials last for several years sometimes without resulting in any procurement process, for example soldier's hand held GPS enabled indigenous"Sathi"PDA "Beta Project" was abandoned midway and soldiers still do not have a PDA.^[33] To expedite the development cycle of new technologies and to better fit the end user requirements, army has asked DRDO to take more army personnel on deputation to be part of the DRDO development project teams.^[34]

TheIndian Armed forces are using numerous successful Indigenous technologies produced by the DRDO, includingVarunastra,Maareech,Ushus,Advanced Light Torpedo (TAL) Shyena; Electronic Warfare Technologies, radars, composite materials for LCA, AEW&C,Astra,LCA Tejas by the Indian Airforce;ASAT,Brahmos,Nag missile, SAAW,Arjun MBT Mk1A, 46-metre Modular Bridge, MPR, LLTR Ashwin by the army.^[35]

India's track record as an arms exporter has been modest due to export restrictions on the manufacturing companies.^[36][37]PSUs export arms and ammunition, weapon spares, chemicals and explosives, parachutes, leather and clothing items to more than 30 countries worldwide, which includeThailand,Malaysia,Indonesia,Sri Lanka,Bangladesh,Germany,Belgium,Turkey,Egypt,Oman,Israel,Kenya,Nigeria,Botswana,Chile,Suriname and United States.^[38][39] In 2011, HAL got order for itsDhruv helicopter from Ecuador.

However, due toopening up of the defence sector byPrime MinisterNarendra Modi's government since 2014, there has been a substantial increase in India's defence exports. According to the latest official data given in the upper house of the Indian Parliament - theRajya Sabha, India's defence exports have jumped by 700% in just two years. The export authorisation went up from $213 million in FY 2016–17 to $1.5 billion in FY 2018-19 (April to March period).^[40] TheStockholm International Peace Research Institute has noted that three Indian companies that rank among the top-100 defence companies, viz.,Hindustan Aeronautics Limited,AVANI andBharat Electronics Limited, account for 1.2% of the defence exports of the top-100 total.^[41]

In March 2011,New Delhi agreed to sell its first indigenously designed and built multi-roleoffshore patrol vessel (OPV) named Barracuda, toMauritius. In March 2017, India finalised a deal withMyanmar for the sale of indigenously developed lightweight torpedoes worth US$37.9 million. Similar naval platforms were sold toSri Lanka andVietnam as well.^[42]Thailand has also purchased over 600 military trucks from India.^[43]Armenia has emerged as a strategic partner for India. In 2022, when India signed the deal to supplyPinaka multi-barrel rocket launchers (MBRL), anti-tank munitions, and ammunition worth US$250 million to Armenia^[44]

In September 2017,AWE secured its biggest export orders fromUAE for supplying 40,000 no.of 155 mm artillery shells for₹3.22 billion (US$38 million).^[45] In Aug 2019, AWE received a second order from UAE to supply another 50,000 artillery shells.^[46]

In 2023, theRoyal Moroccan Army, which received 92Tata 8×8 LPTA 2445 trucks. Tata 8×8 LPTA 2445 trucks is based on Tata 1623 platform which is going to replace Tatra trucks in India.^[47]

TheDefence MinisterRajnath Singh has stated in 2021 that India was ready to export different types of missile systems, Light Combat Aircraft, helicopters, multi-purpose light transport aircraft, warships and patrol vessels, artillery gun systems, tanks, radars, military vehicles, electronic warfare systems and other weapons systems to Indian Ocean region nations.^[41] The Ministry of Defence's Year End Review 2023 states that exports for FY 2022–2023 totalled₹16,000crore. It covered 85 nations and reached a ten-fold increase from FY 2016–17. Major platforms exported include thePinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher, radars, simulators, mine-protected vehicles, armoured vehicles,line replaceable units and parts,thermal imagers,body armours, ammunitions,small arms and avionics components. Other platforms include theDornier-228, 155 mm/52 calibreDRDO Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System,BrahMos cruise missile, andAkash SAM.^[48][49]

In the fiscal year 2023–2024, defence exports totalled ₹21,083 crores (about $2.63 billion), a 32.5 per cent increase from the previous fiscal year.^[50] The data also show a 31-fold increase over the previous ten years when compared to 2013–14. The private sector and the defence public sector entities generated roughly 60% and 40% of exports respectively. About 100 companies are involved in the export of military gear. The total amount of defence exports from 2004–05 to 2013–14 was ₹4,312 crore; from 2014–15 to 2023–24, it increased to ₹88,319 crore.^[51][52] In the first quarter of the financial year 2024–25, defence exports reached ₹6,915 in value.^[50] India's total defence exports in the 2024–2025 financial year amounted to₹23,622crore (US$2.8 billion).^[17] The Indian government is targeting₹50,000crore (US$5.9 billion) worth of defence exports by 2029–30.^[53]

Indo-MIM is the largest defence exporter company in India.^[19] The following are private Indian companies that are involved in the defence industry.

• Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL)
• DRDO
• Surface Robotics Laboratory(SRL)
• CSIR-CMERI^[90]
• ISRO, foraerospace manufacturing
• MTAR Technologies, missile system components manufacturing for ISRO
• NewSpace India Limited for low-cost missile system components manufacturing
• INOXCVA for ISRO cryogenic equipments

In September 2019, DRDO formulated the"DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology" and released information on"DRDO-Industry Partnership: Synergy and Growth and DRDO Products with Potential for Export".^[35] During the Vibrant Goa Global Expo and Summit 2019 in October, DRDO signedtechnology transfer contracts with16 Indian companies, including 3 startups, to produce products for the use byIndian Armed Forces.^[91] This includedhigh shelf life, high nutrition,ready-to-eat on-the-go food products to be consumed in the difficult terrain and bad weather.^[91] To boost the domestic defense production capability, Defence MinisterRajnath Singh's November 2019 delegation included 50 Indian companies scouting for the Russian partners and joint ventures for the defence production in India.^[92] DRDO andISRO have agreed to collaborate in India's crewed orbital spacecraft project calledGaganyaan during which DRDOs various laboratories will tailor their defence capabilities to suit the needs of ISRO's human space mission.^[93] To become technology research and production leader, reduce reliance on the imports and increase self-reliance, DRDO Chief called for more collaboration with the industry, private sector, research and education institutes includingIITs andNITs.^[16]

TheModi government in its first year cleared 39 capital procurement proposals, of which 32 proposals worth₹88,900 crore (US$11 billion) (or 96% of the value of total proposals) were categorized asBuy (Indian) andBuy and Make (India)—the top two prioritized domestic industry-centric procurement categories as per the defense procurement procedure (DPP).^[94] Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's flagship scheme, "Make in India in Defence," the government's policies encourage domestic manufacturing and the export of defense equipment. It has already resulted in substantial growth of defence exports from the country as it jumped by 700% in just two years, from $213 million in FY 2016–17 to $1.5 billion in FY 2018–19.^[40] Encouraged by this scheme, the government set a target of achieving defence exports worth ₹35,000 crore ($4.87 billion) in the next four years.^[95] Under "Make in India" initiative, theIndian government is also focusing upon indigenous defence communication systems.[2] A private-academia collaboration between CST Advanced Systems Pvt Ltd andIIT Jammu has developed anti-GPS jamming and identification friend or foe (IFF) devices to address critical challenges faced by the armed forces.[3][4]

In July 2015, the defence ministry eased export regulations and stopped demanding multiple assurances on end-use from foreign governments even for sale of components by Indian entities.^[96] Some critics say that instead of encouraging the manufacturing of equipment in India, the Modi government has given financial powers to the Armed forces to purchase equipment up to ₹500 crores without the consultation of the Ministry.^[97][98] This will further increase the types of weapons, their spares and components, cost of maintainability which will result in non-compatibility and standardisation problems in the near future.

India's defence output value increased to roughly₹1.27lakh crore in FY 2023–24, from ₹1,08,684 crore in FY 2022–23, marking the country's highest-ever rise. The value of defence output has climbed by more than 60% during FY 2019–20. According to theMinistry of Defence, of the overall value of output in FY 2023–2024,PSUs contributed around 79.2%, while the private sector provided 20.8%. In FY 2023–24, defence exports reached a record high of ₹21,083 crore, up 32.5% from the previous fiscal year when they were ₹15,920 crores.^[99] The value of Indian defence production is expected to exceed₹1.60lakhcrore (US$19 billion) between 2025 and 2026, and the Indian government is targeting the domestic manufacturing of defence equipment valued at₹3lakhcrore (US$35 billion).^[100]

In 2024,Rajnath Singh, the Minister of Defence, stated that private sector defence companies need to take a more leading role in the industry, as they are better suited to innovate and respond to sectoral changes.^[101] As of 2024, research and development (R&D) in the Indian defence industry is low compared to global peer companies, with Indian defence companies allocating 1.2% of their revenue to R&D compared to the global average of 3.4%.^[102] There are companies that are exceptions to the low levels of R&D, with HAL allocating 9.3% of revenue to R&D, making the company among a leader in R&D spending globally, and Bharat Dynamics allocating 6.1% to R&D spending.^[102]

Even though the Modi government has been trying hard to get FDI in the defence sector by first raising the cap from 26% to 74% through automatic route and 100% through MoD's approval, whereby the investing foreign entities can have ownership up to 100% in the defence manufacturing, which has received a dismal response with a meagre investment of just ₹56 lacs (US$0.08 million) in 2014–15, ₹71 lac (US$0.10 million) in 2015–16, ₹7 lacs (US$0.01 million) in 2017–18 and ₹15 crores (US$2.18 million) during 2018–19.^[103]

An import embargo on 101 defence items was announced on 9 August 2020. Over five years, the items will be prohibited from being imported.^[104]

On 31 May 2021GoI announced the ban on 108 items that were excluded from the early list. This also includes a roadmap of five years for the promotion of indigenous. The list was described as the "2nd Positive List for Indigenisation" by the government.^{[105][106][107][108][109]} These include weapon systems like artillery guns, assault rifles, corvettes, transport aircraft, light combat helicopters (LCHs) and even wheeled armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs).[5]

Despite the strategic and economic importance of the defence sector, there have beennumerous scandals that have been linked to defence deals which involve the import of foreign arms by the Indian government.^[110][111] Many of these scandals, include allegations related to bribery and the alleged involvement of middlemen.^[110][112] These alleged middlemen are also termed as lobbyists, arms agents or arms dealers.^{[113][114][115]} Until the 1980s, agenting or lobbying on behalf of foreign defence companies was legal in India, however due to the political fallout from theBofors Scandal, which happened in the 1980s, the Indian Government banned agents from being involved in defence deals.^[116][117] This was due to the emergence of allegations against certain Indian politicians and defence officials of receiving payoffs to clinch the deal the between Bofors and the Indian Government.^[117][118]

Even though arms dealers or arms agents are controversial within the defence sector, it has been reported that their role and involvement are critical for any defence deal to take place between foreign defence companies and the Indian Government.^[119][114] Allegedly, arms agents can manipulate the procurement process because they have the means to pay substantial commissions to politicians, military officials and bureaucrats, therefore making them ever-present in defence deals.^[110] In addition to this, members of the Ministry of Defence and military officials have stated that arms agents have the power to manipulate what is written in weapons test reports, andGeneralV.K Singh, a former IndianChief of the Army Staff, stated that the reach of lobbyists within the Defence Ministry extends to the level where agents have access to classified intelligence and know the inner workings of the ministry.^[120][121]

According to theCentral Bureau of Investigation (CBI),Sudhir Choudhrie,Suresh Nanda andVipin Khanna were the largest and most powerful arms dealers for decades.^{[122][123][124]} Allegedly, Khanna, Choudhrie and Nanda, started dominating the defence sector since before the Bofors Scandal in the 1980s, and their families have maintained their positions.^{[122][125][126]} Supposedly, their commissions from arms deals could be up to as high as 15%.^[122] Reportedly, Khanna, Choudhrie and Nanda played critical roles in getting defence deals approved because they have the capabilities to get a deal through the political and bureaucratic procurement process, due to their influence and connections within India.^[123][110] All three men and members of their families have been accused in several defence scandals, however, none of the allegations against them have ever been proven.^{[127][126][128]}

Several other individuals have also been alleged arms dealers or arms agents. This includesAbhishek Verma, whose parentsShrikant Verma andVeena Verma both wereRajya Sabha MPs for 3 decades.^[129][130] He was directly involved in 2 deals of the Indian military, being theScorpene Submarines purchase by the Indian Navy in 2005.^[131][132] Verma was also accused by the CBI inRheinmetall Air Defence scandal in 2012.^[133][134] Verma was arrested by the CBI for violating theOfficial Secrets Act, but in 2017, Verma was discharged by the courts due to lack of evidence against him.^[135][136] In January 2025 after his exoneration, Verma joined full time politics as Chief Coordinator ofShiv Sena aHindu Right Wing party which is a member of rulingNDA coalition at the centre.^[137][138] Another individual accused of being an arms dealer is Sanjay Bhandari, who fled to the United Kingdom in 2016, and is currently fighting an extradition case, as the Indian Government wants Bhandari extradited to India, to face charges of money laundering and tax evasion.^[139][140] The CBI also accused Mohinder Singh Sahni of being an arms dealer, during an investigation probe into him.^[122][141]

In addition to this, non-Indian citizens have also been accused of allegedly giving bribes and kickbacks to influence defence deals in India. For example, Christian Michel, a British citizen, who was extradited to India from theUnited Arab Emirates in 2018.^[142] Michel has been accused by the CBI and theEnforcement Directorate, of being one of the middlemen in the2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal, and has been in judicial custody in India for over five years, with his bail being denied by the Indian courts.^{[142][143][144]}

• List of equipment of the Indian Army
• Military–industrial complex
• Space industry of India
• Economy of India

• Defence industry of India
• Arms industry by country

• Webarchive template wayback links
• All articles with dead external links
• Articles with dead external links from February 2022
• Articles with permanently dead external links
• All articles with bare URLs for citations
• Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022
• Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations
• Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022
• Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2025
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Use dmy dates from January 2024
• Use Indian English from February 2016
• All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
• Dynamic lists