Chrysopsinae is an insect subfamily in the familyTabanidae commonly known asdeer flies orsheep flies and arebloodsucking insects consideredpests to humans and cattle.[3] They are large flies with large brightly-colouredcompound eyes, and large clear wings with dark bands.[4] They are larger than the commonhousefly and smaller than thehorse-fly.[5][6]
Deer flies lay between 100 and 800 eggs on vegetation near water or dampness in batches. During the larval stage, which lasts one to three weeks, they feed on small creatures or rotting organic matter near or in the water.[3] After a pupal stage, they emerge as adults in late spring and summer. While male deer flies collectpollen, female deer flies feed onblood, which they require to produce eggs.[7] Females feed primarily on mammals. They are attracted to prey by sight, smell, or thecarbon dioxide detection. Other attractants are body heat, movement, dark colours, and lights in the night. They are active under direct sunshine and hours when the temperature is above 22 °C (71.6°).[7] When feeding, the females use scissor-likemandibles andmaxillae to make a cross-shaped incision and then lap up the blood. Their bite can be painful. Anti-coagulants in the fly's saliva prevent blood from clotting and may cause severe allergic reactions. Parasites and diseases transmitted by the deer fly includetularemia,anthrax,anaplasmosis,equine infectious anemia,hog cholera, andfiliariasis.DEET is not an effective repellent.[4]
Predators of the deer fly (and other Tabanidae) include nest-building wasps and hornets, dragonflies, and some birds, including thekilldeer. Deer flies are difficult to control because insecticides cannot be applied in the sensitive wetlands where their larvae typically develop. Additionally, adults may have developed a significant distance from where the eggs were laid.[4] Trapping devices and protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts and hats, can help avoid the annoyance and bites of aggressive deer flies.
^Burger, J. F. (1995). "Catalog of Tabanidae (Diptera) in North America north of Mexico".International Contributions on Entomology.1 (1). Associated Publishers:1–100.
^ab"Chrysops sp".The Virtual Nature Trail at Penn State New Kensington. Penn State University. Retrieved14 August 2018.
^Turcatel, Mauren (2014).A Molecular Phylogeny of Deer Flies and their Closest Relatives (PhD). North Carolina State University.
^abQuentin, R.M. (1990). "Le groupe des Orgizomyia de Madagascar (Diptera: Tabanidae: Chrysopsonae: Rhinomyzini)".Annales de la Société Entomologique de France.26 (3):431–436.doi:10.1080/21686351.1990.12277838.
^McAtee, W.L.; Walton, W.R. (1918)."District of Columbia Diptera: Tabanidae".Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.20:188–206, pl. 10. Retrieved11 September 2022.
^Dias, J.A. T.S. (1955). "Denominacao e definica de um novo agrupamento generica para a subfamilia Pangoiinae Loew, 1860 (Diptera, Tabanidae)".Mems. Estud. Mus. Zool. Univ. Coimbra.237:1–3.
^abcGrunberg, K. (1906). "Einige neue Tabaniden gattungen des athiopischen Faunen gebiets".Zool. Anz.30:349–362.
^Oldroyd, H. (1957).The horse-flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the Ethiopian Region. III. Subfamilies Chrysopinae, Scepsidinae and Pangoniinae and a revised classification. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. xii + 489.
^Taylor, F.H. (1920). "Australian phlebotomic Diptera:--New Culicidae Tabanidae and synonomy".Proc. R. Soc. Vic.32:164–167.
^abRicardo, G. (1915). "Notes on the Tabanidae of the Australian Region [part]".Annals and Magazine of Natural History.16 (8):259–286.doi:10.1080/00222931508693714.
^Wiedemann, Christian Rudolph Wilhelm (1828).Aussereuropäische zweiflügelige Insekten. Als Fortsetzung des Meigenschen Werks. Hamm: Zweiter Theil. Schulz. pp. xxxii + 608 pp., 7 pls.
^Wiedemann, Christian Rudolph Wilhelm (1820).Munus rectoris in Academia Christiano-Albertina iterum aditurus nova dipterorum genera. Offert iconibusque illustrat. Kiliae Holsatorum [= Kiel]: C. F. Mohr. pp. 23 pp. 1 pl.
^Austen, E.E. (1937). "New genera and species of Ethiopian Tabanidae, subfamily Pangoniinae (Diptera)".Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (C).107:31–34.
Goodwin, J.T.; Drees, B.M. (1996). "The horse and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Texas".Southwestern Entomologist, Supplement.20.
McAlpine, J.F.; Petersen, B.V.; Shewell, G.E.; Teskey, H.J.; et al. (1987).Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Agriculture Canada, Research Branch.ISBN978-0660121253.
Teskey, H.J. (1990). "The horse flies and deer flies of Canada and Alaska (Diptera: Tabanidae)".The Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Part 16. Agriculture Canada.ISBN978-0660132822.ISSN0706-7313.
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