Deborah (HWV 51) is anoratorio byGeorge Frideric Handel. It was one of Handel's early oratorios in English and was based on alibretto bySamuel Humphreys. It received its premiere performance at theKing's Theatre in London on 17 March 1733.

The story of the oratorio takes place in a single day and is based on theBiblical stories found in 4 and 5Judges. TheIsraelites have been subjugated for 20 years by theCanaanites, when the prophetessDeborah foretells the death of the Canaanite commander Sisera at the hands of a woman. The Israelite commanderBarak leads them into battle against the Canaanites. The Israelites are victorious and a woman,Jael, assassinates Sisera as he sleeps in her tent.

Handel reused music from numerous previous compositions forDeborah. The work, with large choruses and grand orchestral effects, was very successful and was revived by Handel in subsequent years.

By 1733, Handel had spent nearly twenty years composing and presenting seasons of Italian opera in London. The great success ofEsther the previous year had shown Handel that there was potential for further works of "Sacred Drama", performed in concert form in English.Deborah reuses much music Handel had previously composed, including passages from theBrockes Passion,Il trionfo del tempo e del disinganno, theDixit Dominus, and others.^[1]: 199Deborah was performed as part of Handel's season at the King's Theatre in 1733, with the stars of the Italian opera singing in English, and the composer / impresario was so confident of the work's success that he doubled the price of admission for the first performance, causing some resentment and comment in the press.^[1]: 198 A feature of the work is massive choruses, some in eight parts rather than the usual four, and grandiose orchestral effects featuring trumpets and drums. One witness to the first performances noted "It is very magnificent, near a hundred performers, among whom about twenty-five singers" while another remarked "'tis excessive noisy, a vast number of voices and instruments, who all perform at a time."^[1]: 199Deborah achieved considerable popularity and was revived by Handel in a number of subsequent seasons.^[2]

The Israelites long for a leader who will deliver them from the oppression of the Canaanites. The prophetess and Judge, Deborah, exhorts Barak, head of the Israelite army, to save the country from subjugation and lead an army against General Sisera, commander of the Canaanite forces. Deborah prophesies that Sisera will meet death at the hands of a woman. Jael, presented in the oratorio as a female associate of Deborah, longs for security in her homeland. The father of Barak, Abinoam, adds his voice to those asking Barak to lead an army against their oppressors. A herald arrives from Sisera, announcing the General's arrival to explain the dire consequences that will fall on the Israelites should they attack, but Deborah, Barak and their people are confident that victory will be theirs.

Sisera and priests of Baal arrive to counsel the Israelites not to attack but Deborah and Barak reject the possibility that the God of Israel will not conquer. Abinoam looks forward with pride to his son Barak's victory, and Deborah advises her friend Jael to retire to her tent during the upcoming battle. The Israelites are confident that God will aid their arms.

The Israelites have defeated the greatly superior forces of the Canaanites. Abinoam joyfully welcomes his victorious son back from battle. Jael announces that Sisera is dead, and relates how the defeated general sought refreshment and rest in her tent. Jael brought him milk, and when he had fallen asleep, she took a hammer and drove nails through his skull. All acclaim her action and celebrate the nation's deliverance.^[3][4]

• Full-text ofHumphreys' libretto hosted atStanford University.
• Score ofDeborah (ed.Friedrich Chrysander, Leipzig 1869)
• Score on IMSLP

• Oratorios by George Frideric Handel
• 1733 oratorios
• Oratorios based on the Bible
• Works based on the Book of Judges

• Use dmy dates from April 2022