The makeup ofpoker'sdead man's hand has varied throughout its history. Currently, it is described as atwo-pairpoker hand consisting of the black aces and black eights. The pair of aces and eights, along with an unknownhole card, were reportedly held byOld Westfolk hero, lawman, andgunfighterWild Bill Hickok when he was murdered while playing a game. No contemporaneous source, however, records the exact cards he held when killed. AuthorFrank J. Wilstach's 1926 bookWild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers led to the popular modern held conception of the poker hand's contents.
The expression "dead man's hand" appears to have had some currency in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, although no one connected it to Hickok until the 1920s.[1][2] The earliest detailed reference to it was 1886, where it was described as a "full house consisting of three jacks and a pair of tens" (JJJ1010).[3] Three jacks and red sevens (JJJ7♥7♦) are called the dead man's hand in the 1903Encyclopaedia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences.[4] The 1907 edition ofHoyle's Games refers to the hand as jacks and eights (JJ88?).[5]
What is currently considered the dead man's hand card combination received its notoriety from a legend that it was thefive-card stud orfive-card draw hand held byWild Bill Hickok when he was shot in the back of the head byJack McCall on August 2, 1876, inNuttal & Mann's Saloon,Deadwood,Dakota Territory. Hickok's final hand purportedly included the aces and eights of both blacksuits.[6]
According to a book by Western historian Carl W. Breihan, the cards were retrieved from the floor by a man named Neil Christy, who then passed them on to his son. The son, in turn, told Mr. Breihan of the composition of the hand. "Here is an exact identity of these cards as told to me by Christy's son: the ace of spades with a heel mark on it; the ace of clubs; the two black eights, clubs and spades, and the queen of hearts with a small drop of Hickok's blood on it"[7] (A♠A♣8♠8♣Q♥), though nothing of the sort was reported at the time immediately following the shooting.
Hickok biographer Joseph Rosa wrote about the make-up of the hand: "The accepted version is that the cards were the ace of spades, the ace of clubs, two black eights, and the queen of clubs as the 'kicker'" (A♠A♣8♠8♣Q♣).[8] Rosa, however, said that no contemporaneous source can be found for this exact hand.[9] The solidification ingamers' parlance of the dead man's hand as two pairs, black aces and eights, did not come about until after the 1926 publication of Wilstach's book—50 years after Hickok's death.[6][1]
