Adeaconess is a member of a ministry for women in someProtestant,Oriental Orthodox, andEastern Orthodox churches to providepastoral care, especially for other women, and which may carry a liturgical role. The word comes from theGreekdiakonos (διάκονος), for "deacon", which means a servant or helper and occurs frequently in the ChristianNew Testament of the Bible.[1]
Deaconesses trace their roots from the time ofJesus Christ through to the 13th century in the West. They existed from the early through the middleByzantine periods inConstantinople andJerusalem; theoffice also existed inWestern European churches.[1] There is evidence to support the fact that the diaconate including women in the Byzantine Church of the early and middle Byzantine periods was recognized as one of the major non-ordained orders ofclergy.[2]
The English separatists unsuccessfully sought to revive the office of deaconesses in the 1610s in their Amsterdam congregation. Later, a modern resurgence of the office began among Protestants inGermany in the 1840s and spread throughNordic States,Netherlands,United Kingdom, and theUnited States. Lutherans were especially active, and their contributions are seen in numerous hospitals. The modern movement reached a peak about 1910, then slowly declined as secularization undercut religiosity in Europe and the professionalization of nursing and social work offered other career opportunities for young women.[3]
Deaconesses continue to serve in Christian denominations such as Lutheranism andMethodism, among others.[3][4] In those denominations, before they begin their ministry, they are consecrated as deaconesses.[5]
Non-clerical deaconesses should not be confused with female ordained deacons, such as in theAnglican churches, theMethodist churches, and theProtestant Church in the Netherlands, many of which have both ordained deacons and consecrated deaconesses; in Methodism, the male equivalent of female deaconesses are Home Missioners.[6]
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The oldest reference to women as deaconesses (or female deacons—there is no distinction between the two roles in Latin or Greek) occurs in Paul's letters (c. AD 55–58). Their ministry is mentioned by early Christian writers such asClement of Alexandria[7] andOrigen.[8] Non-Christian sources from the early 2nd century confirm this. In a letterPliny the Younger attests to the role of the women deaconesses. Pliny refers to "two maid-servants" as deacons whom he tortures to find out more about the Christians. This establishes the existence of the office of the deaconesses in parts of the easternRoman Empire from the earliest times. 4th-century Fathers of the Church, such asEpiphanius of Salamis,[9]Basil of Caesarea,[10]John Chrysostom[11] andGregory of Nyssa[12] accept the ministry of deaconesses as a fact.[citation needed]
TheDidascalia of the Apostles is the earliest document that specifically discusses the role of deacons and deaconesses more at length. It originated in Aramaic speakingSyria during the 3rd century, but soon spread in Greek and Latin versions. In it the author urges the bishop: "Appoint a woman for the ministry of women. For there are homes to which you cannot send a deacon to their women, on account of the heathen, but you may send a deaconess ... Also in many other matters the office of a deaconess is required."[13] The bishop should look on the man who is a deacon as Christ and the woman who is a deaconess as the Holy Spirit, denoting their prominent place in the church hierarchy.[14]
Deaconesses are also mentioned in Canon 19 ofNicaea I, which states that “since they have no imposition of hands, are to be numbered only among the laity”.[15] TheCouncil of Chalcedon of 451 decreed that women should not be installed as deaconesses until they were 40 years old. The oldest ordination rite for deaconesses is found in the 5th-centuryApostolic Constitutions.[16] It describes the laying on of hands on the woman by the bishop with the calling down of the Holy Spirit for the ministry of the diaconate. A full version of the rite, with rubrics and prayers, has been found in theBarberini Codex of 780 AD[citation needed]. Thisliturgical manual provides anordination rite for women as deaconesses which is virtually identical to theordination rite for men as deacons.[17] Other ancient manuscripts confirm the same rite.[18] However some scholars such asPhilip Schaff have written that the ceremony performed for ordaining deaconesses was "merely a solemn dedication and blessing."[19] Still, a careful study of the rite has persuaded most modern scholars that the rite was fully asacrament in present-day terms.[20]
Olympias, one of the closest friends and supporters of the Archbishop ofConstantinopleJohn Chrysostom, was known as a wealthy and influential deaconess during the 5th century.[2][21]Justinian's legislation in the mid-6th century regarding clergy throughout his territories in the East and the West mentioned men and women as deacons in parallel. He also included women as deacons among those he regulated for service at theGreat Church of Hagia Sophia, listing men and women as deacons together, and later specifying one hundred deacons who were men and forty who were women. Evidence of continuing liturgical andpastoral roles is provided byConstantine Porphyrogenitus' 10th-century manual of ceremonies (De Ceremoniis), which refers to a special area for deaconesses in Hagia Sophia.[2]
Paul's earliest mention of a woman as deacon is in hisLetter to the Romans 16:1 (AD 58) where he says: "I commend to you our sisterPhoebe, who is the servant of the church at Cenchreae". The original Greek says:οὖσαν διάκονον,ousan diakonon, being [the] [female] servant of the church at Cenchreae. The word"diakonon" means servant in nearly all of its 30 uses in the New Testament, but may also be used to refer to the church office of deacon. There is no scholarly consensus regarding whether the phrase here denotes "an official title of a permanent ministry." The term may refer to her serving in a more generic sense, without holding a church office.[22]
A reference to the qualifications required of deacons appears in Paul'sFirst Epistle to Timothy 3:8–13 (NRSV translation):
Deacons likewise must be serious, not double-tongued, not indulging in much wine, not greedy for money; they must hold fast to the mystery of the faith with a clear conscience. And let them first be tested; then, if they prove themselves blameless, let them serve as deacons. Women likewise must be serious, not slanderers, but temperate, faithful in all things. Let deacons be married only once, and let them manage their children and their households well; for those who serve well as deacons gain a good standing for themselves and great boldness in the faith that is inChristJesus.[14]
This verse about "the women" appears in the middle of a section that also addresses the men. However, the words regarding "the women" may refer to the wives of male deacons, or to deacons who are women. The transition from deacons generally to female deacons in particular may make sense linguistically, because the same wordδιακονοι covers both men and women. To indicate the women, the Greeks would sometimes sayδιάκονοι γυναῖκες ("deacon women"). This expression appears in the church legislation of Justinian.[23] This interpretation is followed by some early Greek Fathers such as JohnChrysostom[24] and Theodore ofMopsuestia.[25] However, this is not the phrase used here, where Paul refers simply toγυναῖκας (women).
Commentary on 1 Corinthians 9:5 "Have we not the right to take a woman around with us as a sister, like all the other apostles?" by Clement of Alexandria (150 AD to 215 AD):
But the latter [the apostles], in accordance with their ministry [διακονια], devoted themselves to preaching without any distraction, and took women with them, not as wives, but as sisters, that they might be their co-ministers [συνδιακονους] in dealing with women in their homes. It was through them that the Lord's teaching penetrated also the women's quarters without any scandal being aroused. We also know the instructions about women deacons [διακονών γυναικών] which are given by the noble Paul in his other letter, the one to Timothy [1 Timothy 3:11].
— Stromata Book 3, chapter 6, 54, 3-4
As Clement of Alexandria made mention of Paul's reference to deaconesses in 1 Timothy 3:11, so Origen of Alexandria (184 AD to 254 AD) commented on Phoebe, the deacon that Paul mentions in Romans 16:1–2:
This text teaches with the authority of the Apostle that even women are instituted deacons in the Church. This is the function which was exercised in the church of Cenchreae by Phoebe, who was the object of high praise and recommendation by Paul… And thus this text teaches at the same time two things: that there are, as we have already said, women deacons in the Church, and that women, who by their good works deserve to be praised by the Apostle, ought to be accepted in the diaconate.
TheApostolic Constitutions say:
Concerning a deaconess, I, Bartholomew enjoin O Bishop, thou shalt lay thy hands upon her with all the Presbytery and the Deacons and the Deaconesses and thou shalt say: Eternal God, the Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the creator of man and woman, that didst fill with the Spirit Mary and Deborah, and Anna and Huldah, that didst not disdain that thine only begotten Son should be born of a woman; Thou that in the tabernacle of witness and in the temple didst appoint women guardians of thy holy gates: Do thou now look on this thy handmaid, who is appointed unto the office of a Deaconess and grant unto her the Holy Spirit, and cleanse her from all pollution of the flesh and of the spirit, that she may worthily accomplish the work committed unto her, to thy glory and the praise of thy Christ.
Two types of monastic women were typically ordained to the diaconate in the early and middle Byzantine period:abbesses andnuns with liturgical functions, as well as the wives of men who were being raised to theepiscopacy. There was a strong association of deacons who were women with abbesses starting in the late fourth century or early fifth century in the East, and it occurred in themedieval period in the Latin as well as the Byzantine Church.[2] Principally, these women lived in the eastern part of theRoman Empire, where the office of deaconess was most often found.[14] There is literary evidence of a diaconate including women, particularly inConstantinople, and archaeological evidence of deaconesses in a number of other areas in the Empire, particularly Asia Minor.[2] One example of a woman fromConstantinople being a deacon during the post-Constantine period was Olympias, a well-educated woman, who after being widowed devoted her life to the church and was ordained a deacon. She supported the church with gifts of land and her wealth which was typical during this period. Women who are deacons are often mistaken as being only widows or wives of deacons; and it is sometimes described that they came out of an order of widows. Minor church offices developed about the same time as the diaconate in response to the needs of growing churches. Widows, however, were elderly women of the congregation in need of economic help and social support due to their situation. This concept is mentioned in the firstActs 6:1 and 9:39–41 and1 Timothy 5. These widows had no specific duties compared to that of the deacons. In theApostolic Constitutions women who were deacons were recognized as having power over the widows in the church. The widows were cautioned to obey "women deacons with piety, reverence and fear".[14] In the first four centuries of the church, widows were recognized members of the church who shared some similar functions of a deaconess; yet did not share the same responsibilities or importance.
In the Byzantine church women who were deacons had both liturgical and pastoral functions within the church.[2] These women also ministered to other women in a variety of ways, including instructingcatechumens, assisting with women'sbaptisms and welcoming women into the church services.[26] They also mediated between members of the church, and they cared for the physical, emotional and spiritual needs of theimprisoned and thepersecuted.[27] They were sent to women who were housebound due to illness orchildbirth. They performed the importantsacramental duty of conducting the physical anointing and baptism of women. Ordination to the diaconate was also appropriate for those responsible for the women'schoir, a liturgical duty. Evidence in theVita Sanctae Macrinae (orLife of St. Macrina) shows that Lampadia was responsible for the women's choir. Some believe that they were alsoofficiant of theEucharist, but this practice was seen as invalid.[28]
It has been argued that some examples ofChristian art reflect the leadership roles of women as deacons including administration of the host, teaching, baptizing, caring for the physical needs of the congregation and leading the congregation in prayers.[29] Some depictions of women in early Christian art in various ministerial roles were, arguably, later covered up to depict men. Thefresco in theCatacombs of Priscilla has been claimed as one example of a conspiracy to deny women's involvement in theEucharist.[27] Another example involves the chapel ofSt. Zeno in the Church ofSt. Praxida in Rome. An inscription denoting a woman in the mosaic as, "Episcopa Theodora" was altered by dropping the feminine –ra ending, thereby transforming into a masculine name. Becauseepiscopa is the feminine form of the Greek word forbishop or overseer, the inscription suggests that Theodora was a woman who became a bishop.[29] The title was also used to refer to the wife a bishop.[30] However, Ramelli et al. (2021) challenges the idea that Theodora was given an "honorific" title due to a relation, noting that Pope Paschal’s father, Bonusus, was not titled "episcopus" despite his son’s position, indicating "episcopa" was not merely a relational title.[31] Gary Macy (2008)confirms Bonusus appears in theLiber Pontificalis without an official title.[32]
After the 4th century the role of women as deacons changed somewhat in the West. It appeared that the amount of involvement with the community and the focus on individual spirituality[28] did not allow any deacon who was a woman to define her own office. During the rule ofConstantine, as Christianity became more institutionalized, leadership roles for women decreased.[14] It was during the fifth and sixth centuries in the western part of theRoman Empire that the role of deaconesses became less favorable. The councils ofOrange in 441 andOrléans in 533 directly targeted the role of the deaconesses, forbidding their ordination. By at least the 9th or 10th century, nuns were the only women ordained as deacons. Evidence of diaconal ordination of women in the West is less conclusive from the 9th to the early 12th centuries than for previous eras, although it does exist and certain ceremonials were retained in liturgy books to modern times.
In Constantinople and Jerusalem, there is enough of a historical record to indicate that the diaconate including women continued to exist as an ordained order for most if not all of this period. In the Byzantine Church, the decline of the diaconate which included women began sometime during theiconoclastic period with the vanishing of the ordained order for women in the twelfth century. It is probable the decline started in the late seventh century with the introduction into the Byzantine Church of severe liturgical restrictions onmenstruating women. By the eleventh century, the Byzantine Church had developed atheology ofritual impurity associated with menstruation and childbirth.Dionysius of Alexandria and his later successor,Timothy, had similar restriction on women receiving theEucharist or entering the church during menses. Thus, "the impurity of their menstrual periods dictated their separation from the divine and holy sanctuary."[2] By the end of the medieval period the role of the deacons decreased into mere preparation for priesthood, with only liturgical roles. In the 12th and 13th century, deaconesses had mainly disappeared in the European Christian church and, by the 11th century, were diminishing in the EasternMediterranean Christian churches.[14] Even so, there is substantial evidence of their existence throughout the history of Eastern Churches.[33]
An ordained deaconess in theSyriac Orthodox Church is entitled to enter the sanctuary only for cleaning, lighting the lamps and is limited to giveHoly Communion to women and children who are under the age of five.[34] She can read scriptures and the Holy Gospel in a public gathering. The title of deaconess can also be given to a choirgirl.[35] The ministry of the deaconess assists the priest and deacon outside the altar including in the service of baptizing women and anointing them with holychrism.[36]
In August 2016, the Catholic Church established aStudy Commission on the Women's Diaconate to study the history of female deacons and to study the possibility of ordaining women as deacons.[37] Until today, theArmenian Apostolic Church is still ordaining religious Sisters as deaconesses, the last Monastic deaconess was Sister Hripsime Sasounian (died in 2007) and on 25 September 2017, Ani-Kristi Manvelian a twenty-four-year-old woman was ordained in Tehran's St. Sarkis Mother Church as the first lay deaconess after many centuries.[38] TheRussian Orthodox Church had a female monastic subdiaconate into the 20th century. The Holy Synod of theOrthodox Church of Greece restored the female monastic order of "deaconess" in 2004.[39] And on 16 November 2016, the Holy Synod ofGreek Orthodox Church of Alexandria also restored the female diaconate, actually for subdeaconesses. On 3 May 2024, theOrthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all of Africa ordained inZimbabwe the first deaconess of any patriarchate in the globalEastern Orthodox Church.[40][41][42]
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TheDamsels of Charity, founded in 1559 by PrinceHenri Robert de la Marck ofSedan, have sometimes been regarded as the first Protestant association of deaconesses, although they were not called by that name.[43]
Mennonites as well asMoravians retained the office of a deaconess from their origins.[43][44][45]
The deaconess movement was revived in the mid 19th century, starting in Germany and spread to some other areas, especially among Lutherans, Anglicans and Methodists. The professionalization of roles such as nursing and social work in the early 20th century undercut its mission of using lightly trained amateurs. By the late 20th century secularization in Europe had weakened all church-affiliated women's groups,[46] though deaconesses continue to play an important role in manyChristian denominations today.[3][4]
The spiritual revival in the Americas and Europe of the 19th century allowed middle-class women to seek new roles for themselves; they now could turn to deaconess service. InVictorian England, andnorthern Europe, the role of deaconess was socially acceptable. A point of internal controversy was whether that the lifelong vow prevented the deaconesses from marrying. While deacons are ordained, deaconesses are not.
The modern movement began in Germany in 1836 whenTheodor Fliedner and his wife Friederike Münster opened the first deaconess motherhouse inKaiserswerth on the Rhine, inspired by the existing deaconesses among the Mennonites.[43] The diaconate was soon brought to England[47] and Scandinavia, Kaiserswerth model. The women obligated themselves for five years of service, receiving room, board, uniforms, pocket money, and lifelong care. The uniform was the usual dress of the married woman. There were variations, such as an emphasis on preparing women for marriage through training in nursing, child care, social work and housework. In the Anglican churches, the diaconate was an auxiliary to the ordained ministry. By 1890 there were over 5,000 deaconesses in Europe, chiefly in Germany, Scandinavia and England.[48]
InSwitzerland, the "Institution des diaconesses" was founded in 1842 inÉchallens by the Reformed pastor Louis Germond.[49][50] InFrance an order of Protestant deaconesses named "Diaconesses de Reuilly" were founded in 1841 in Paris by Reformed pastorAntoine Vermeil [fr] and by a parishioner named Caroline Malvesin.[51] InStrasbourg another order was founded in 1842 by Lutheran ministerFrançois-Henri Haerter (a.k.a. Franz Heinrich Härter in German). All three deaconesses orders are still active today, especially in hospitals, old age care and spiritual activities (retreats, teaching and preaching).
In World War II, diaconates in war zones sustained heavy damage. As eastern Europe fell to communism, most diaconates were shut down and 7000 deaconesses became refugees in West Germany.
The DIAKONIA World Federation was established in 1947 with motherhouses from Denmark, Finland, France, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland signed the constitution.[52] By 1957, in Germany there were 46,000 deaconesses and 10,000 associates. Other countries reported a total of 14,000 deaconesses, most of them Lutherans. In the United States and Canada, 1,550 women were counted, half of them in the Methodist churches.[53]
Charged byPrincess Louise to investigate the Deaconess Institutes in Germany, Sweden and France with a view to creating one in Denmark,Louise Conring was the first Danish woman to be trained in nursing, ultimately heading theDeaconess Institute in Copenhagen from its inauguration in 1863.[54][55]
In 1862,Elizabeth Catherine Ferard received Deaconess Licence No. 1 from the Bishop of London, making her the first deaconess of the Church of England.[56] On 30 November 1861 she had founded the North London Deaconess Institution and the community which would become the (deaconess) Community of St. Andrew. The London Diocesan Deaconess Institution also trained deaconesses for other dioceses and some served overseas and began deaconess work inMelbourne,Lahore,Grahamstown, South Africa and New Zealand. In 1887,Isabella Gilmore oversaw the revival of deaconesses not living in a community.[57]
Lady Grisell Baillie (1822–1891) became the first deaconess in theChurch of Scotland in 1888. She was commemorated in 1894 by the opening of the Lady Grisell Baillie Memorial Hospital inEdinburgh which was later renamed the Deaconess Hospital.[58]
In the 1850s,Amanda Cajander trained as a deaconess at the Evangelical Deaconess Institute inSaint Petersburg.[59] The wealthy Finnish philanthropistAurora Karamsin was familiar with the Russian institute, and when she decided to open a deaconess institution in Finland inHelsinki, she invited Cajander to be its first principal.[60] The institute opened in December 1867,[61] during the greatFamine of 1866–68. The first deaconess to have been trained in Finland wasCecilia Blomqvist.
In 1866Cathinka Guldberg went toKaiserswerth, (Germany) to educate herself as a nurse and deaconess. She visited the Lutheran religious community atKaiserswerth-am-Rhein, where she observed PastorTheodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working with the sick and the deprived. In 1869 she returned to Norway and established the first deaconess instuition in Norway, the Christiania Deaconess House (Diakonissehuset Christiania) and started Norway's first professional nursing program.[62][63][64]
The first Deaconess institution in Sweden,Ersta diakoni, was founded in the capital ofStockholm in 1851. The office of head of the institution was offered toMaria Cederschiöld before it was founded, and Cederschiöld studied the deaconess institutionKaiserswerth in Germany underTheodor Fliedner in 1850-1851 before participating in the foundation of the institution in Sweden upon her return, herself becoming the first Swedish deaconess.[65] Maria Cederschiöld of the Ersta diakoni also participated in the foundation of the first deaconess institution in Norway in Oslo.[65]
Lutheran pastorWilliam Passavant was involved in many innovative programs; he brought the first four deaconesses to the United States after a visit to Fliedner in Kaiserswerth. They worked in the Pittsburgh Infirmary (now Passavant Hospital).[66] Another more indirect product of Kaiserswerth wasElizabeth Fedde, who trained in Norway under a Kaiserswerth alumna, then established hospitals in Brooklyn, New York and Minneapolis, Minnesota (as well as provided the impetus for other hospitals in Chicago, Illinois and Grand Forks, North Dakota), although she turned down Passavant's invitation to administer his hospital.
In 1884, Germans in Philadelphia brought seven sisters from Germany to run their hospital. Other deaconesses soon followed and began ministries in several United States cities with large Lutheran populations. In 1895, the Lutheran General Synod approved an order of deaconesses, defining a deaconess as an "unmarried woman" of "approved fitness" serving "Christ and the Church". It set up its deaconess training program in Baltimore.[67] By the 1963 formation of theLutheran Church in America, there were three main centers for deaconess work: Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Omaha. These three sisterhoods combined and form what became the Deaconess Community of theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). Since 2019, the ELCA has permitted deaconesses (and deacons) to be ordained into its Word and Service roster.[68][69] TheLutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) has also promoted the role of deaconess.[70]
The imperatives of theSocial Gospel movement (1880s–1920s) led deaconesses to improve life for the new immigrants in large cities.[71] In accord with the reform impulses of theProgressive Era, many agitated for laws protecting women workers, the establishment of public health and sanitation services, and improvement of social and state support for poor mothers and their children.[72][73] Beginning in 1889,Emily Malbone Morgan used the proceeds of her published writings to establish facilities where working woman and their children of all faiths could vacation and renew their spirits.
In 1888, Cincinnati's German Protestants opened a hospital ("Krankenhaus") staffed by deaconesses. It evolved into the city's first general hospital, and included a nurses' training school. It was renamed Deaconess Hospital in 1917. Many other cities developed a deaconess hospital in similar fashion.[74]
In Chicago, physician and educatorLucy Rider Meyer initiated deaconess training at herChicago Training School for Home and Foreign Missions as well as editing a periodical,The Deaconess Advocate, and writing a history of deaconesses,Deaconesses: Biblical, Early Church, European, American (1889). She is credited with reviving the office of deaconess in theMethodist Episcopal Church.[75]
In 1896 Methodist deaconesses founded the New England Deaconess Hospital to care for Bostonians, and the hospital added a staff of medical professionals in 1922. In 1996, the hospital merged with Beth Israel Hospital, which had opened in 1916 to serve Jewish immigrants, and thus formed theBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
In 1907Anna Alexander became the first (and only, due to the later suspension of deaconess as an office distinct from deacon)[76] African-American deaconess inthe Episcopal Church and she served in theEpiscopal Diocese of Georgia during her entire career.[77]
Mennonites founded the Bethel Deaconess Home and Hospital Society for nursing education and service in Newton, Kansas, in 1908. Over the next half century, 66 Mennonite women served there. They were unmarried but did not take explicit vows of chastity and poverty. They worked and prayed under the close supervision of founder and head sister, Frieda Kaufman (1883–1944). With the growing professionalization of graduate nursing, few women joined after 1930.[78]
Canadian Methodists considered establishing a deaconess order at the general conference of 1890. They voted to allow the regional conferences to begin deaconess work, and by the next national conference in 1894, the order became national.[79] The Methodist National Training School and Presbyterian Deaconess and Missionary Training Home joined to become the United Church Training School in 1926, later joining with the Anglican Women Training College to become the Centre for Christian Studies, currently in Winnipeg.[80] This school continues to educate men and women for diaconal ministry in the United and Anglican churches.
Between 1880 and 1915, 62 training schools were opened in the United States. The lack of training had weakened Passavant's programs. However recruiting became increasingly difficult after 1910 as young women preferred graduate nursing schools or the social work curriculum offered by state universities.[81]
In 1982,Adelyn Noda became the youngest woman inKosrae, the Federated States of Micronesia, to be ordained as a deaconess.[82][83] She went on to become a teacher.
The Presbyterian and Methodist Churches both had deaconesses prior to church union that formed theUniting Church in Australia in 1977. In 1991, the National Assembly agreed to ordain deacons — men and women. The first person to be ordained as a deacon was Betty Matthews in Perth, Western Australia, in 1992. The member association is Diakonia of the Uniting Church in Australia (DUCA).[84]
The Anglican Church in Australia ordains transitional deacons and permanent deacons. The professional organisation for permanent deacons is the Australian Anglican Diaconal Association.[85]
The Presbyterian Church of New Zealand (now thePresbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand) started a Deaconess order in 1903 with the establishment of the Deaconess Training House in Dunedin. The work of deaconesses in New Zealand had been begun by Sister Christabel Duncan who arrived from Australia to begin work in Dunedin in 1901.[86] By 1947 Deaconesses could choose from two three-year courses – the General Course or the Advanced Course. Women undertaking the Advanced Course could gain a Bachelor of Divinity Degree with the same theological training as Ministers through the Theological Hall atKnox College in Dunedin, as well as training in social services, teaching, nursing and missionary service. In 1965 the Church allowed women to be ordained as ministers leading to a decline in women seeking deaconess training and the Deaconess Order was wound up in 1975. Deaconesses could either become ordained as Ministers or become lay members of the Church, while still remaining employed.
The Presbyterian Research Centre,Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand in Dunedin, New Zealand, holds a collection of papers and other memorabilia relating to Presbyterian Deaconesses. The PCANZ Deaconess Collection was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World New Zealand Register[87] in 2018.
There are four member associations of the DIAKONIA World Federation in the Philippines: the Commission on Deaconess Service of theUnited Methodist Church; the Deaconess Association ofIglesia Evangélica Metodista En Las Islas Filipinas; the Deaconess Association of theUnited Church of Christ in the Philippines; and that ofAng Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas.[88]
TheIglesia ni Cristo's deaconesses are married women.
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