Dayton was founded in 1796 along theGreat Miami River and named afterJonathan Dayton, aFounding Father who owned a significant amount of land in the area.[8] It grew in the 19th century as acanal town and was home to manypatents andinventors, most notably theWright brothers, who developed the first successful motor-operatedairplane.[9][10] It later developed an industrialized economy and was home to theDayton Project, a branch of the largerManhattan Project, to developpolonium triggers used in early atomic bombs. With the decline of heavy manufacturing in the late 20th century, Dayton's businesses have diversified into aservice economy.
Dayton was founded on April 1, 1796, by 12 settlers known as the Thompson Party. They traveled in March fromCincinnati up theGreat Miami River bypirogue and landed at what is now St. Clair Street, where they found two small camps ofNative Americans. Among the Thompson Party was Benjamin Van Cleve,[15] whose memoirs provide insights into the Ohio Valley's history. Two other groups traveling overland arrived several days later.[16] The oldest surviving building isNewcom Tavern, which was used for various purposes, including housingDayton's first church, which is still in existence.[17]
In 1797,Daniel C. Cooper laid outMad River Road, the first overland connection between Cincinnati and Dayton, opening the "Mad River Country" to settlement. Ohio was admitted into theUnion in 1803, and the village of Dayton was incorporated in 1805 and chartered as a city in 1841. The city was named afterJonathan Dayton, a captain in theAmerican Revolutionary War who signed theU.S. Constitution and owned a significant amount of land in the area.[8] In 1827, construction on the Dayton–Cincinnati canal began, which provided a better way to transport goods from Dayton to Cincinnati and contributed significantly to Dayton's economic growth during the 1800s.[8]
Innovation led to business growth in the region. In 1884,John Henry Patterson acquired James Ritty's National Manufacturing Company along with hiscash register patents and formed theNational Cash Register Company (NCR). The company manufactured the first mechanical cash registers and played a crucial role in the shaping of Dayton's reputation as an epicenter for manufacturing in the early 1900s. In 1906,Charles F. Kettering, a leading engineer at the company, helped develop the first electric cash register, which propelled NCR into the national spotlight.[18] NCR also helped develop theUS Navy Bombe, a code-breaking machine that helped crack theEnigma machine cipher duringWorld War II.[19]
Dayton has been the home for many patents and inventions since the 1870s.[9][20] According to theNational Park Service, citing information from theU.S. Patent Office, Dayton had granted more patents per capita than any other U.S. city in 1890 and ranked fifth in the nation as early as 1870.[21] TheWright brothers, inventors of the airplane, andCharles F. Kettering, world-renowned for his numerous inventions, hailed from Dayton.[22] The city was also home toJames Ritty's Incorruptible Cashier, the first mechanical cash register, andArthur E. Morgan's hydraulic jump, a flood prevention mechanism that helped pioneerhydraulic engineering.[23][24]Paul Laurence Dunbar, an African-American poet and novelist, penned his most famous works in the late 19th century and became an integral part of the city's history.[25]
Powered aviation began in Dayton.Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first to construct and demonstrate powered flight. Although the first flight was inKitty Hawk, North Carolina, their Wright Flyer was built in and returned to Dayton for improvements and further flights atHuffman Field, a cow pasture eight miles (13 km) northeast of Dayton, near the current Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
When the government tried to move development toLangley Field in southern Virginia, six Dayton businessmen including Edward A. Deeds, formed the Dayton-Wright Airplane Company in Moraine and established a flying field. Deeds also opened a field to the north in the flood plain of the Great Miami River between the confluences of that river, the Stillwater River, and the Mad River (near downtown Dayton). Later namedMcCook Field for Alexander McDowell McCook, an American Civil War general, this became the Army Signal Corps' primary aviation research and training location. Wilbur Wright also purchased land near Huffman prairie to continue their research.
During World War I, the Army purchased 40 acres adjacent to Huffman Prairie for the Fairfield Aviation General Supply Depot. As airplanes developed more capability, they needed more runway space than McCook could offer, and a new location was sought. The Patterson family formed the Dayton Air Service Committee, Inc which held a campaign that raised $425,000 in two days and purchased 4,520.47 acres (18.2937 km2) northeast of Dayton, including Wilbur Wright Field and the Huffman Prairie Flying Field. Wright Field was "formally dedicated" on October 12, 1927. After World War II, Wright Field and the adjacent Patterson Field, Dayton Army Air Field, and Clinton Army Air Field were merged as the Headquarters, Air Force Technical Base. On January 13, 1948, the facility was renamedWright-Patterson Air Force Base.
Flooding on Ludlow Street in downtown Dayton during theGreat Dayton Flood, 1913
A catastrophic flood in March 1913, known as theGreat Dayton Flood, led to the creation of theMiami Conservancy District, a series of dams as well as hydraulic pumps installed around Dayton, in 1914.[26]
Like other cities across the country, Dayton was heavily involved in the war effort during World War II. Several locations around the city hosted theDayton Project, a branch of the largerManhattan Project, to developpolonium triggers used in early atomic bombs.[27] The war efforts led to a manufacturing boom throughout the city, including high-demand for housing and other services. At one point, emergency housing was put into place due to a housing shortage in the region, much of which is still in use today.[28]
Alan Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. He visited theNational Cash Register (NCR) company in Dayton in December 1942. He was able to show that it was not necessary to build 336Bombes, so the initial order was scaled down to 96 machines to decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II.[29]
Between the 1940s and the 1970s, the city saw significant growth in suburban areas from population migration. Veterans were returning from military service in large numbers seeking industrial and manufacturing jobs, a part of the local industry that was expanding rapidly. Advancements in architecture also contributed to the suburban boom. New, modernized shopping centers and theInterstate Highway System allowed workers to commute greater distances and families to live further from the downtown area. More than 127,000 homes were built in Montgomery County during the 1950s.[30]
During this time, the city was the site of several race riots, including one in 1955 following the murder ofEmmett Till, the1966 Dayton race riot, two in 1967 (following a speech by civil rights activistH. Rap Brown and another following thepolice killing of an African American man), and one in 1968 as part of the nationwideKing assassination riots.[31]
Since the 1980s, however, Dayton's population has declined, mainly due to the loss of manufacturing jobs and decentralization of metropolitan areas, as well as the nationalhousing crisis that began in 2008.[32] While much of the state has suffered for similar reasons, the impact on Dayton has been greater than most. By 2013, Dayton had the third-greatest percentage loss of population in the state since the 1980s, behindCleveland andYoungstown.[32] Despite this, Dayton has begun diversifying its workforce from manufacturing into other growing sectors such as healthcare and education.[33]
There was also a real Dayton out there, a charming Ohio city, famous as the birthplace of theWright brothers. Its citizens energized us from the outset. Unlike the population of, say, New York City,Geneva orWashington, which would scarcely notice another conference, Daytonians were proud to be part of history. Large signs at the commercial airport hailed Dayton as the "temporary center of international peace". The local newspapers and television stations covered the story from every angle, drawing the people deeper into the proceedings. When we ventured into a restaurant or a shopping center downtown, people crowded around, saying that they were praying for us.Warren Christopher was given at least one standing ovation in a restaurant. Families on the airbase placed "candles of peace" in their front windows, and people gathered in peace vigils outside the base. One day they formed a "peace chain", although it was not large enough to surround the sprawling eight-thousand-acre base. Ohio's famous ethnic diversity was on display.[34]
Downtown expansion that began in the 2000s has helped revitalize the city and encourage growth.Day Air Ballpark, home of theDayton Dragons, was built in 2000. The highly successful minor league baseball team has been an integral part of Dayton's culture.[35] In 2001, the city's public park system,Five Rivers MetroParks, built RiverScape MetroPark, an outdoor entertainment venue that attracts more than 400,000 visitors each year.[36] A new performance arts theater, theSchuster Center, opened in 2003.[37] A large health network in the region,Premier Health Partners, expanded itsMiami Valley Hospital with a 12-story tower addition.[38]
In 2010, the Downtown Dayton Partnership, in cooperation with the City of Dayton and community leaders, introduced the Greater Downtown Dayton Plan. It focuses on job creation and retention, infrastructure improvements, housing, recreation, and collaboration. The plan is to be implemented through the year 2020.[39]
A photograph of the Miami and Erie Canal fromGeography of Ohio, 1923
Dayton is known as the "Gem City". The nickname's origin is uncertain, but several theories exist. In the early 19th century, a well-knownracehorse named Gem hailed from Dayton. In 1845, an article published in theCincinnati Daily Chronicle by an author known as T stated:
In a small bend of the Great Miami River, with canals on the east and south, it can be fairly said, without infringing on the rights of others, that Dayton is the gem of all our interior towns. It possesses wealth, refinement, enterprise, and a beautiful country, beautifully developed.[40]
In the late 1840s, Major William D. Bickham of theDayton Journal began a campaign to nickname Dayton the "Gem City". The name was adopted by the city's Board of Trade several years later.[40]Paul Laurence Dunbar referred to the nickname in his poem, "Toast to Dayton", as noted in the following excerpt:
She shall ever claim our duty, For she shines—the brightest gem That has ever decked with beauty Dear Ohio's diadem.[41]
Dayton also plays a role in a nickname given to the state of Ohio, "Birthplace of Aviation". Dayton is the hometown of theWright brothers, aviation pioneers who are credited with inventing and building the first practical airplane in history. After their first manned flights inKitty Hawk, North Carolina, which they had chosen due to its ideal weather and climate conditions, the Wrights returned to Dayton and continued testing at nearbyHuffman Prairie.[42]
Additionally, Dayton is colloquially referred to as "Little Detroit".[43] This nickname comes from Dayton's prominence as a Midwestern manufacturing center.[44]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 56.50 square miles (146.33 km2), of which 55.65 square miles (144.13 km2) is land and 0.85 square miles (2.20 km2) is water.[45]
Dayton's climate features warm, muggy summers and cold, dry winters, and is classified as ahumid continental climate (KöppenDfa). Unless otherwise noted, all normal figures quoted within the text below are from the official climatology station, Dayton International Airport, at an elevation of 1,000 ft (304.8 m) about 10 mi (16 km) to the north of downtown Dayton, which lies within the valley of theMiami River; thus temperatures there are typically cooler than in downtown.[46]
At the airport, monthly mean temperatures range from 27.5 °F (−2.5 °C) in January to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in July. The highest temperature ever recorded in Dayton was 108 °F (42 °C) on July 22, 1901, and the coldest was −28 °F (−33 °C) on February 13 during theGreat Blizzard of 1899. On average, there are 14 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs and 4.5 nights of sub-0 °F (−18 °C) lows annually. Snow is moderate, with a normal seasonal accumulation of 23.3 in (59 cm),[a] usually occurring from November to March, occasionally April, and rarely October. Precipitation averages 41.1 inches (1,040 mm) annually, with total rainfall peaking in May.
Dayton is subject to severe weather typical of theMidwestern United States.Tornadoes are possible from the spring to the fall. Floods, blizzards, and severe thunderstorms can also occur.
On Memorial Day of 2019, Dayton suffered extensive property damage and one death during atornado outbreak, in which a total of 15 tornadoes touched down in the Dayton area.[48] Although some of the tornadoes were onlyEF0 and remained on the ground for less than a mile,one was an EF4 measuring a half-mile-wide (805 meters), which tore through the communities of Brookville, Trotwood, Dayton, Northridge, and Riverside.[49][50] Several streets were closed, including portions of I-75 and North Dixie Drive in Northridge. 64,000 residents lost power and much of the region's water supply was cut off.[51][48]
Unlike many Midwestern cities its age, Dayton has very broad and straight downtown streets (generally two or three full lanes in each direction) that improved access to the downtown even after the automobile became popular. The main reason for the broad streets was that Dayton was a marketing and shipping center from its beginning; streets were broad to enable wagons drawn by teams of three to four pairs of oxen to turn around. Also, some of today's streets were once barge canals flanked by draw-paths.
A courthouse building was built in downtown Dayton in 1888 to supplement Dayton's originalNeoclassical courthouse, which still stands. This second, "new" courthouse has since been replaced with new facilities as well as a park. The Old Court House has been a favored political campaign stop. On September 17, 1859,Abraham Lincoln delivered an address on its steps. Eight other presidents have visited the courthouse, either as presidents or during presidential campaigns:Andrew Johnson,James Garfield,John F. Kennedy,Lyndon B. Johnson,Richard Nixon,Gerald Ford,Ronald Reagan, andBill Clinton.[58]
TheDayton Arcade, which opened on March 3, 1904, was built in the hopes of replacing open-air markets throughout the city. Throughout the decades, the Arcade has gone through many transformations but has retained its charm. Some of its main features include a Flemish facade at the Third Street entrance, a glass dome above the Arcade rotunda, and a chateau roof line above the Third Street facade.[59] The Dayton Arcade is currently under renovations with no official completion date set.
In 2009, theCareSource Management Group finished construction of a $55 million corporate headquarters in downtown Dayton. The 300,000-square-foot (28,000 m2), 10-story building was downtown's first new office tower in more than a decade.[60]
Dayton's two tallest buildings are theKettering Tower at 408 ft (124 m) and theKeyBank Tower at 385 ft (117 m).[61] Kettering Tower was originally Winters Tower, the headquarters of Winters Bank. The building was renamed afterVirginia Kettering when Winters was merged intoBank One. KeyBank Tower was known as theMeadWestvaco Tower beforeKeyBank gained naming rights to the building in 2008.[62]
Ted Rall said in 2015 that over the last five decades Dayton has been demolishing some of its architecturally significant buildings to reduce the city'srental vacancy rate and thus increase the occupancy rate.[63]
In the federal government'sNational Urban Policy and New Community Development Act of 1970, funding was provided for thirteen"new towns" or planned cities throughout the country. One location was set to become a suburb of Dayton and was known variously as Brookwood or Newfields.[65] The goal was to have an entirely new suburb that would eventually house about 35,000 residents. The new town was to be located between Trotwood and Brookville, and modeled on the ideas ofIan McHarg. The project was abandoned in 1978 and most of the land becameSycamore State Park.[66]
Dayton's city proper population declined significantly from a peak of 262,332 residents in 1960 to 137,644 residents in 2020. This was in part due to the slowdown of the region's manufacturing sector. The metropolitan area as a whole has experienced both population growth and decreases since 1960, with the overall trend leaning towards growth for the metro area.[67] The city's most populous ethnic group, white, declined from 78.1% in 1960 to 51.7% by 2010.[68]
Dayton, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of the census of 2020, there were 137,644 people living in the city, for a population density of 2,466.47 people per square mile (952.31/km2). There were 68,899 housing units. The racial makeup of the city (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 47.6% White, 40.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from some other race, and 6.6% from two or more races. Separately, 5.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[72]
There were 63,308 households, out of which 22.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.5% weremarried couples living together, 30.9% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 38.2% had a female householder with no spouse present. 47.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95, and the average family size was 2.83.[72]
18.9% of the city's population were under the age of 18, 65.0% were 18 to 64, and 16.1% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.4. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males.[72]
According to the U.S. CensusAmerican Community Survey, for the period 2016-2020 the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $43,780, and the median income for a family was $60,408. About 25.4% of the population were living below thepoverty line, including 39.5% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over. About 53.6% of the population were employed, and 24.4% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[72]
As of the 2010 census,[73] there were 141,759 people, 58,404 households, and 31,064 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,543.2 inhabitants per square mile (981.9/km2). There were 74,065 housing units at an average density of 1,330.9 per square mile (513.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 51.7% White, 42.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 3.0% of the population.
There were 58,404 households, of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% were married couples living together, 21.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.8% were non-families. 38.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26, and the average family size was 3.03.
The median age in the city was 34.4 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 14.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.3% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64, and 11.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.
Dayton's crime declined between 2003 and 2008 in key categories according to FBIUniform Crime Reports and Dayton Police Department data.[74] In 2009, crime continued to fall in the city of Dayton. Crime in the categories of forcible rape, aggravated assault, property crime, motor vehicle theft, robbery, burglary, theft and arson all showed declines for 2009. Overall, crime in Dayton dropped 40% over the previous year.[75] The Dayton Police Department reported a total of 39 murders in 2016, which marked a 39.3% increase in homicides from 2015.[76]
John Dillinger, abank robber during the early 1930s, was captured and arrested by Dayton city police while visiting his girlfriend at a high-classboarding house in downtown Dayton.[77][78]
On August 4, 2019,a mass shooting took place in Dayton. Ten people were killed, including the perpetrator, and twenty-seven were injured.[79]
Dayton's economy is relatively diversified and vital to the overall economy of the state of Ohio. In 2008 and 2009,Site Selection magazine ranked Dayton the #1 medium-sized metropolitan area in the U.S. for economic development.[80][81] Dayton is also among the top 100 metropolitan areas in both exports and export-related jobs, ranked 16 and 14 respectively by theBrookings Institution. The 2010 report placed the value of exports at $4.7 billion and the number of export-related jobs at 44,133.[82] The Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 4th in Ohio's Gross Domestic Product with a 2008 industry total of $33.78 billion.[83] Additionally, Dayton ranks third among 11 major metropolitan areas in Ohio for exports to foreign countries.[84] The Dayton Development Coalition is attempting to leverage the region's large water capacity, estimated to be 1.5 trillion gallons ofrenewable water aquifers, to attract new businesses.[85][86] Moody's Investment Services revised Dayton's bond rating from A1 to the stronger rating of Aa2 as part of its global recalibration process.Standard & Poor's upgraded Dayton's rating from A+ to AA− in the summer of 2009.[87]
The Dayton region gave birth to aviation[91] and is known for its high concentration ofaerospace and aviation technology. In 2009, GovernorTed Strickland designated Dayton as Ohio's aerospace innovation hub, the state's first such technology hub.[92] Two major United States research and development organizations have leveraged Dayton's historical leadership in aviation and maintain their headquarters in the area: TheNational Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) and theAir Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).[93] Both have their headquarters atWright-Patterson Air Force Base.[94]
Several research organizations support NASIC, AFRL, and the Dayton community. TheAdvanced Technical Intelligence Center is a confederation of government, academic, and industry partners. TheUniversity of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) is led by the University of Dayton. The Cognitive Technologies Division (CTD) of Applied Research Associates, Inc., which carries out human-centered research and design, is headquartered in the Dayton suburb of Fairborn. The city of Dayton has startedTech Town, a development project to attract technology-based firms and revitalize the downtown area. Tech Town is home to the world's firstRFIDbusiness incubator.[95] The University of Dayton–led Institute for Development & Commercialization of Sensor Technologies (IDCAST) at TechTown is a center for remote sensing and sensing technology. It is one of Dayton's technology business incubators housed in The Entrepreneurs Center building.[96]
TheKettering Health Network andPremier Health Partners have a major role on the Dayton area's economy.Hospitals in the Greater Dayton area have an estimated combined employment of nearly 32,000 and a yearly economic impact of $6.8 billion.[13] In addition, several Dayton area hospitals consistently earn top national ranking and recognition including theU.S. News & World Report's list of "America's Best Hospitals" as well as many of HealthGrades top ratings.[97] The most notable hospitals areMiami Valley Hospital andKettering Medical Center.
The Dayton region has several key institutes and centers for health care. TheCenter for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton focuses on the science and development of human tissue regeneration. TheNational Center for Medical Readiness (NCMR) is also in the Dayton area. The center includes Calamityville, which is a disaster training facility. Over five years, Calamityville is estimated to have a regional economic impact of $374 million.[98] Also, the Neurological Institute at Miami Valley Hospital is an institute focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and research of neurological disorders.
The Dayton Region ranked within the top 10% in the nation inarts and culture.[100] In a 2012 readers' poll byAmerican Style magazine, Dayton ranked #2 in the country among mid-size cities as an arts destination, ranking higher than larger cities such as Atlanta, St. Louis, and Cincinnati.[101][102] Dayton is the home of theDayton Art Institute.
TheDayton Contemporary Dance Company (established in 1968), which hosts the largest repertory of African-American-based contemporary dance in the world.[who?] The company travels nationally and internationally and has been recognized by critics worldwide.[who?]
Front Street, the largest artists' collective in Dayton, is housed in three industrial buildings on East Second Street.[114][115][116]
The Dayton area is served byFive Rivers MetroParks, encompassing 14,161 acres (5,731 ha) over 23 facilities for year-round recreation, education, and conservation.[118] In cooperation with theMiami Conservancy District, the MetroParks maintains over 70 miles (113 km) of paved, multi-use scenic trails that connect Montgomery County with Greene, Miami, Warren, and Butler counties.[119][120]
From 1996 to 1998, Dayton hosted theNational Folk Festival. Since then, the annual Cityfolk Festival has continued to bring folk, ethnic, and world music and arts to Dayton. The Five Rivers MetroParks also owns and operates thePNC Second Street Market near downtown Dayton.[123]
The city of Dayton is also host to yearlyfestivals, such as the Dayton Celtic Festival,[129] the Dayton Blues Festival, Dayton Music Fest, Urban Nights, Women in Jazz, the African American and Cultural Festival, the Dayton Reggae Fest, and the Dayton Hispanic Heritage Festival.[130][131]
Dayton is home to a variety ofpizza chains that have become woven into local culture, the most notable of which areCassano's andMarion's Piazza, both of which produceDayton-style pizza, which has a thin, crisp, salty crust dusted on the bottom withcornmeal and topped with a thin layer of thick unsweetened sauce. Cheese and other topping ingredients are heavily distributed and spread edge-to-edge with no outer rim of crust, and the finished pizza is cut into bite-size squares.[136][137][138][139]
In addition to restaurants, the city is also home toEsther Price Candies,[141] a candy and chocolate company, andMike-sells, the oldest potato chip company in the United States.[142]
Other museums also play significant roles in the tourism and economy of the Dayton area. TheDayton Art Institute, a museum of fine arts, owns collections containing more than 20,000 objects spanning 5,000 years of art and archaeological history.[150] The Dayton Art Institute was rated one of the top 10 best art museums in the United States for children.[151] TheBoonshoft Museum of Discovery is achildren's museum of science with numerous exhibits, one of which includes an indoorzoo with nearly 100 different animals.[152]
Dayton was named National Geographic's outdoor adventure capital of the Midwest in 2019 due in large part to the metropolitan area's revitalized Five Rivers MetroPark, extensive bicycle and jogging trail system, urban green spaces, lakes and camping areas.[155]
In cooperation with theMiami Conservancy District,Five Rivers MetroParks hosts 340 miles of paved trails, the largest network of paved off-street trails in the United States.[157][119][120] The regional trail system represents over 35% of the 900 miles in Ohio's off-street trail network.[158] In 2010, the city ofTroy was named "bike friendly" by theLeague of American Bicyclists, which gave the city the organization's bronze designation.[159] The honorable mention made Dayton one of two cities in Ohio to receive the award, the other being Columbus, and one of 15 cities nationwide.[159]
TheDayton Dragons professional baseball team is a Class A minor league affiliate for theCincinnati Reds. The Dayton Dragons are the first (and only) team inminor league baseball history to sell out an entire season before it began and was voted as one of the top 10 hottest tickets to get in all of professional sports bySports Illustrated.[160] The Dayton Dragons 815 consecutive sellouts surpassed the NBA'sPortland Trail Blazers for the longest sellout streak across all professional sports in the U.S.[35][161]
The Dayton Gems were a minor leagueice hockey team in theInternational Hockey League from 1964 to 1977, 1979 to 1980, and most recently 2009 to 2012. TheDayton Bombers were anECHLice hockey team from 1991 to 2009. They most recently played the North Division of the ECHL's American Conference. In June 2009, it was announced the Bombers would turn in their membership back to the league.[163]
Despite the folding of the Bombers, hockey remained in Dayton as theDayton Gems of theInternational Hockey League were formed in the fall of 2009 atHara Arena.[164] The Gems folded after the 2011–12 season. Shortly after the Gems folded, it was announced a new team, theDayton Demonz, would begin play in 2012 in theFederal Hockey League (FHL). The Demonz folded in 2015 and were immediately replaced by theDayton Demolition, also in the FHL. However, the Demolition would cease operations after only one season[165] whenHara Arena decided to close due to financial difficulties.[166]
Dayton hosted the first American Professional Football Association game (precursor to theNFL). The game was played at Triangle Park between theDayton Triangles and theColumbus Panhandles on October 3, 1920, and is considered one of the first professional football games ever played.[167] Football teams in the Dayton area include theDayton Flyers and theDayton Sharks.
The Dayton region is also known for the many golf courses and clubs that it hosts. TheMiami Valley Golf Club,Moraine Country Club,NCR Country Club, and thePipestone Golf Course are some of the more notable courses. Also, several PGA Championships have been held at area golf courses. The Miami Valley Golf Club hosted the1957 PGA Championship, the Moraine Country Club hosted the1945 PGA Championship, and the NCR Country club hosted the1969 PGA Championship. Additionally, NCR CC hosted the 1986 U.S. Women's Open, the 2005 U.S. Senior Open, the 2013 State Team Championships and most recently the 2022 Senior Women's Open. Other notable courses include the Yankee Trace Golf Club, the Beavercreek Golf Club, Dayton Meadowbrook Country Club, Sycamore Creek Country Club, Heatherwoode Golf Club, Community Golf Course, and Kitty Hawk Golf Course.[168]
The city of Dayton is the home to theDayton Area Rugby Club which hosts their home games at theDayton Rugby Grounds. As of 2018, the club fields two men's and one women's side forRugby Union and severalRugby Sevens sides. The club also hosts the annual Gem City 7's tournament.
The Dayton City Commission is composed of the mayor and four city commissioners. Each city commission member is elected at-large on a non-partisan basis for four-year, overlapping terms. All policy items are decided by the city commission, which is empowered by the City Charter to pass ordinances and resolutions, adopt regulations, and appoint the city manager. The city manager is responsible for budgeting and implementing policies and initiatives. Dayton was the first large American city to adopt the city manager (Henry Matson Waite) form of municipal government, in 1913.[169][170]
Dayton is also home toSinclair Community College, the largestcommunity college at a single location in Ohio[180] and one of the nation's largest community colleges.[181] Sinclair is acclaimed as one of the country's best community colleges.[182] Sinclair was founded as the YMCA college in 1887.
Dayton is served in print byThe Dayton Daily News, the city's sole remaining daily newspaper. TheDayton Daily News is owned byCox Enterprises. The Dayton region's main business newspaper is theDayton Business Journal. TheDayton City Paper, acommunity paper focused on music, art, and independent thought ceased operation in 2018.The Dayton Weekly News has been published since 1993, providing news and information to Dayton's African-American community.
There are numerous magazines produced in and for the Dayton region.The Dayton Magazine provides insight into arts, food, and events.Focus on Business is published by the Chamber of Commerce to provide awareness of companies and initiatives affecting the regional economy
Dayton is also served by 42AM andFM radio stations directly, and numerous other stations are heard from elsewhere in southwest Ohio, which serve outlying suburbs and adjoining counties.[184]
Share of the City Railway Company (of Dayton, Ohio), issued May 2, 1899
TheGreater Dayton Regional Transit Authority (RTA) operates public bus routes in the Dayton metro area. In addition to routes covered by traditionaldiesel-powered buses, RTA has severalelectric trolley bus routes. TheDayton trolleybus system is the second longest-running of the four remaining trolleybus systems in the U.S., having entered service in 1933.[185] It is the present manifestation of an electric transit service that has operated continuously in Dayton since 1888.
Dayton operates aGreyhound Station which provides inter-city bus transportation to and from Dayton. The hub is in the Greater Dayton Regional Transit Authority North-West hub inTrotwood.[186]
Dayton International Airport lies in a northern exclave of the city and offers service to 21 markets through 10 airlines. In 2008, it served 2.9 million passengers. The Dayton International Airport is also a significant regional air freight hub hostingFedEx Express,UPS Airlines,United States Postal Service, and major commercial freight carriers.[187]
The Dayton area also has several regional airports. TheDayton–Wright Brothers Airport is a general aviation airport owned by the City of Dayton 10 miles (16 km) south of the central business district of Dayton onSpringboro Pike inMiami Township. It serves as thereliever airport for Dayton International Airport. The airport primarily serves corporate and personal aircraft users.[188] TheDahio Trotwood Airport, also known as Dayton-New Lebanon Airport, is a privately owned, public-use airport 7 miles (11 km) west of the central business district of Dayton.[189] TheMoraine Airpark is a privately owned, public-use airport 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of the city of Dayton.[190]
The Dayton region is primarily served by three interstates:
Interstate 75 runs north to south through the city of Dayton and many of Dayton's north and south suburbs, including Kettering and Centerville south of Dayton and Vandalia, Tipp City, and Troy north of Dayton.
Interstate 70 is a major east–west interstate that runs through many of Dayton's east and west suburbs, including Huber Heights, Butler Township, Englewood, and Brookville, and intersects with I-75 in Vandalia, Ohio, just north of the city. This intersection of I-70 and I-75 is also known as "Freedom Veterans Crossroads", which was officially named by theU.S. Department of Transportation in 2004.[191] I-70 is the major route to the airport.
Interstate 675 is a partial interstate ring on the southeastern and eastern suburbs of Dayton. It runs northeast to south and connects to I-70 to the northeast and I-75 to the south.
Other major routes for the region include:
US 35 is a major limited access east–west highway that bisects the city. It is most widely used betweenDrexel andXenia.
Route 40 is a major east–west highway that runs parallel to (and 2 miles north of) I-70
State Route 4 is a freeway that is most heavily traveled between I-75 and I-70.
From 2010 through 2017, theOhio Department of Transportation (ODOT) performed a $533 million construction project to modify, reconstruct and widen I-75 through downtown Dayton, from Edwin C Moses Blvd. to Stanley Avenue.[192]
^This is far less than the snowbelt regions ofnortheast Ohio due to distance from theGreat Lakes and slightly less than the generally warmerColumbus.[47]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official records for Dayton were kept at the DaytonCOOP from June 1893 to July 9, 1911, alternating between the Weather Bureau Office andMiami Conservancy District from July 10, 1911, to December 1947, and at Dayton Int'l since January 1948. For more information, seeThreadex
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Stern, Jane and Michael (2009).500 Things To Eat Before it's Too Late:and the Very Best Places to Eat Them. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 328.[The Pine Club hamburger] may be the biggest flavored hamburger anywhere.
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