David Dinkins | |
|---|---|
 Dinkins in 1986 | |
| 106thMayor of New York City | |
| In office January 1, 1990 – December 31, 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Ed Koch |
| Succeeded by | Rudy Giuliani |
| 23rdBorough President ofManhattan | |
| In office January 1, 1986 – December 31, 1989 | |
| Preceded by | Andrew Stein |
| Succeeded by | Ruth Messinger |
| Member of theNew York State Assembly from the 78th district | |
| In office January 1, 1966 – December 31, 1966 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Edward A. Stevenson Sr. |
| Personal details | |
| Born | David Norman Dinkins (1927-07-10)July 10, 1927 Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | November 23, 2020(2020-11-23) (aged 93) New York City, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Other political affiliations | Democratic Socialists of America |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | Howard University (BS) Brooklyn Law School (LLB) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Marine Corps |
| Years of service | 1945–1946 |
David Norman Dinkins (July 10, 1927 – November 23, 2020) was an American politician, lawyer, and author who served as the 106thmayor of New York City from 1990 to 1993.
Dinkins was among the more than 20,000Montford Point Marines, the first African-AmericanU.S. Marines, from 1945 to 1946.[1] He graduatedcum laude fromHoward University and received his law degree fromBrooklyn Law School in 1956. A longtime member ofHarlem's CarverDemocratic Club, Dinkins began his electoral career by serving in theNew York State Assembly in 1966, eventually advancing to Manhattanborough president.[2] He won the1989 New York City mayoral election, becoming thefirstAfrican American to hold the office. After losing re-electionin 1993, Dinkins joined the faculty ofColumbia University while remaining active in municipal politics.
Dinkins was born inTrenton, New Jersey, to Sarah "Sally" Lucy Dinkins, a domestic worker, and William Harvey Dinkins Jr., a barber and real estate agent.[3][4] His parents separated when he was six years old, after which he was raised by his father.[4] Dinkins moved to Harlem as a child before returning to Trenton. He attendedTrenton Central High School, where he graduated in 1945.[5]
Upon graduating, Dinkins attempted to enlist in theUnited States Marine Corps but was told that aracial quota had been filled. After traveling the Northeastern United States, he finally found a recruiting station that had not, in his words, "filled their quota for Negro Marines"; however,World War II was over before Dinkins finishedboot camp.[6] He served in the Marine Corps from July 1945 through August 1946, attaining the rank ofprivate first class.[7][8][9] Dinkins was among theMontford Point Marines who received theCongressional Gold Medal from the United States Senate and House of Representatives.[6]
Dinkins graduatedcum laude fromHoward University[3] with abachelor's degree in mathematics in 1950. He received hisLL.B. fromBrooklyn Law School in 1956.[9][10]
While maintaining a private law practice from 1956 to 1975, Dinkins rose through the Democratic Party organization in Harlem, beginning at the Carver Democratic Club under the aegis ofJ. Raymond Jones.[3][11] He became part of an influential group of African American politicians that includedDenny Farrell,Percy Sutton,Basil Paterson, andCharles Rangel; the latter three together with Dinkins were known as the "Gang of Four".[12] As an investor, Dinkins was one of fifty African American investors who helped Sutton foundInner City Broadcasting Corporation in 1971.[13]
Dinkins briefly represented the 78th District of theNew York State Assembly in1966. From 1972 to 1973, he was president of theNew York City Board of Elections. In late 1973, he was poised to take office as New York City's first Blackdeputy mayor in the administration of Mayor-electAbraham D. Beame; however, the appointment was not effectuated amid "difficulties that stemmed from [Dinkins's] failure to pay federal, state or city personal income taxes for four years."[14][15] Instead, he served as city clerk (characterized byRobert D. McFadden as a "patronage appointee who kept marriage licenses and municipal records") from 1975 to 1985.[16][17] He was electedManhattanborough president in 1985 on his third run for that office.
On November 7, 1989, Dinkins was elected mayor of New York City. In the Democratic primary, he defeated three-term incumbent mayorEd Koch and two others, and then defeated Republican nomineeRudy Giuliani in the general election. During his campaign, Dinkins sought the blessing and endorsement of RabbiMenachem Mendel Schneerson, theLubavitcher Rebbe.[18]
Dinkins was elected in the wake of a corruption scandal that stemmed from the decline of longtime Brooklyn Democratic Party chairman and preeminent New York City political leaderMeade Esposito'sAmerican Mafia-influenced patronage network. This scandal ultimately precipitated the suicide of Queens Borough PresidentDonald Manes and a series of criminal convictions among the city's Democratic leadership.
In March 1989, theSupreme Court of the United States declared theNew York City Board of Estimate (which served as the primary governing instrument of various patronage networks for decades, often superseding the mayoralty in influence) was unconstitutional under theFourteenth Amendment'sEqual Protection Clause. This legal ruling prompted the empanelment of theNew York City Charter Revision Commission, which abolished the Board of Estimate. The Revision Commission assigned most of the Board's responsibilities to an enlargedNew York City Council, which was endorsed by a referendum in November.
Koch, the presumptive Democratic nominee, was politically damaged by his administration's ties to the Esposito network and his handling of racial issues, exemplified by his fealty to affluent interests in predominantly white areas of Manhattan. This enabled Dinkins to attenuate public perceptions of his previous patronage appointments and emerge as a formidable, reform-minded challenger to Koch.[19]
Additionally, the fact that Dinkins was African American helped him to avoid criticism that he was ignoring the Black vote by campaigning to whites.[20] While a large turnout of African American voters was important to his election, Dinkins campaigned throughout the city.[3] Dinkins's campaign manager was political consultantWilliam Lynch Jr., who became one of his first deputy mayors.[21]
Dinkins entered office in January 1990 pledging racial healing, and famously referred to New York City's demographic diversity as "not a melting pot, but a gorgeous mosaic".[22] The crime rate in New York City had risen alarmingly during the 1980s, and the rate of homicide in particular reached an all-time high of 2,245 cases during 1990, the first year of the Dinkins administration.[23] The rates of most crimes, including all categories of violent crime, then declined during the remainder of his four-year term. That ended a 30-year upward spiral and initiated a trend of falling rates that continued and accelerated beyond his term.[24][25] However, the high absolute levels, the peak early in his administration, and the only modest decline subsequently (homicide down 12% from 1990 to 1993)[26] resulted in Dinkins's suffering politically from the perception that crime remained out of control on his watch.[27][28] Dinkins in fact initiated a hiring program that expanded the police department nearly 25%.The New York Times reported, "He obtained the State Legislature's permission to dedicate a tax to hire thousands of police officers, and he fought to preserve a portion of that anticrime money to keep schools open into the evening, an award-winning initiative that kept tens of thousands of teenagers off the street."[28][29]
Dinkins's term was marked by a greater push toward accountability and oversight regarding police misconduct, which led to friction between Dinkins and the city'sPatrolmen's Benevolent Association (PBA). In 1992, Dinkins proposed a bill to change the leadership of theCivilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB), the oversight body that examined complaints of police misconduct, from half-cop–half-civilian to all civilian and make it independent of the New York Police Department.[30] Following theWashington Heights Riot, fueled by the beating of Jose "Kiko" Garcia, an undocumentedDominican immigrant, by a police officer, Dinkins attempted to defuse tensions by inviting Garcia's family toGracie Mansion. This gesture outraged the city's PBA, who claimed Dinkins's actions showed favoritism toward Garcia and bias against the police.[31] To condemn Dinkins's position on policing, the city PBA organized aprotest on September 16, 1992. Nearly 4,000 off-duty police officers blocked traffic on theBrooklyn Bridge. The protesters knocked over police barricades and attempted to rushCity Hall while the nearly 300 uniformed on-duty officers did little to control the riot.[32][33][34][35] Despite the riot and public objections from the PBA, the CCRB was reorganized and made independent from the police department in July 1993.[36]
Dinkins was rebuffed in his attempt to end thelicensing of locksmiths.[37][38]
During his final days in office, Dinkins made last-minute negotiations with the sanitation workers, presumably to preserve the public status of garbage removal. Giuliani, who had defeated Dinkins in the 1993 mayoral race, blamed Dinkins for a "cheap political trick" when Dinkins planned the resignation ofVictor Gotbaum, Dinkins's appointee on the board of education, thus guaranteeing Gotbaum's replacement six months in office.[39] Dinkins also signed a last-minute 99-year lease with theUSTA National Tennis Center. By negotiating a fee for New York City based on the event's gross income, the Dinkins administration made a deal with theUS Open that brings more economic benefit to the City of New York each year than theNew York Yankees,New York Mets,New York Knicks, andNew York Rangers combined.[3] The city's revenue-producing eventsFashion Week,Restaurant Week, andBroadway on Broadway were all created under Dinkins.[40]
Dinkins's term was marked by polarizing events such as theFamily Red Apple boycott, a boycott of a Korean-owned grocery inFlatbush, Brooklyn, and the1991 Crown Heights riot. WhenLemrick Nelson was acquitted of murderingYankel Rosenbaum during theCrown Heights riots, Dinkins said, "I have no doubt that in this case the criminal-justice system has operated fairly and openly."[41] Later he wrote in his memoirs, "I continue to fail to understand that verdict."[3]
In 1991, when "IraqiScud missiles were falling" in Israel[42] and the Mayor's press secretary said "security would be tight andgas masks would be provided for the contingent",[43] Mayor Dinkins visited Israel as a sign of support.[44]
The Dinkins administration was adversely affected by a declining economy, which led to lower tax revenue and budget shortfalls.[45] Nevertheless, Dinkins's mayoralty was marked by a number of significant achievements.[45] New York City's crime rate, including the murder rate, declined in Dinkins's final years in office; Dinkins persuaded the state legislature to dedicate certain tax revenue for crime control (including an increase in the size of theNew York Police Department along with after-school programs for teenagers), and he hiredRaymond W. Kelly as police commissioner.[45]Times Square was cleaned up during Dinkins's term, and he persuadedThe Walt Disney Company to rehabilitate the oldNew Amsterdam Theatre on42nd Street.[45] The city negotiated a99-year lease of city park space to theUnited States Tennis Association to create theUSTA National Tennis Center (which MayorMichael Bloomberg later called "the only good athletic sports stadium deal, not just in New York, but in the country").[45] Dinkins continued an initiative begun by Ed Koch to rehabilitate dilapidated housing in northern Harlem, theSouth Bronx, and Brooklyn; overall more housing was rehabilitated in Dinkins's one term than in Giuliani's two.[45] With the support of GovernorMario Cuomo, the city invested insupportive housing for mentally ill homeless people and achieved a decrease in the size of the city's homeless shelter population to its lowest point in two decades.[28]
In 1993, Dinkins lost toRepublicanRudy Giuliani in a rematch of the1989 election. Dinkins earned 48.3 percent of the vote, down from 51 percent in 1989.[46] Factors in his loss were his perceived indifference to the plight of the Jewish community during the Crown Heights riot,[47] a strong turnout for Giuliani inStaten Island (a referendum onStaten Island's secession from New York was placed on the ballot that year by Democratic GovernorMario Cuomo and theNew York State Legislature),[3] and suppression of the Hispanic vote by Giuliani.[48]
From 1994 until his death, Dinkins was a professor of professional practice at theColumbia UniversitySchool of International and Public Affairs.[49]
Dinkins was a member of the board of directors of theUnited States Tennis Association.[50] He served on the boards of the New York City Global Partners, theChildren's Health Fund, the Association to Benefit Children, and theNelson Mandela Children's Fund. Dinkins was also on the advisory board ofIndependent News & Media and the Black Leadership Forum, was a member of theCouncil on Foreign Relations, and served as chairmanemeritus of the board of directors of the National Black Leadership Commission on AIDS.[51]
Dinkins's radio programDialogue with Dinkins aired onWLIB radio in New York City from 1994 to 2014.[52][53] His memoirs,A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic,[3] written withPeter Knobler, were published in 2013.[54][55]
Although he never attempted a political comeback, Dinkins remained somewhat active in politics after his mayorship, and his endorsements of various candidates, includingMark Green in the2001 mayoral race, were well-publicized. He supported DemocratsFernando Ferrer in the 2005 New York mayoral election,Bill Thompson in 2009, andBill de Blasio in 2013.[56][57] During the2004 Democratic presidential primaries, Dinkins endorsed and actively campaigned forWesley Clark.[58] In the campaign for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination, Dinkins served as an elected delegate from New York forHillary Clinton.[59] During the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Dinkins endorsed former MayorMichael Bloomberg for president on February 25, 2020, just before a Democratic debate.[60]
Dinkins sat on the board of directors and in 2013 was on the Honorary Founders Board of TheJazz Foundation of America.[61][62] He worked with that organization to save the homes and lives of America's elderly jazz and blues musicians, including musicians who survivedHurricane Katrina. He served on the boards of theChildren's Health Fund (CHF), the Association to Benefit Children, and theNelson Mandela Children's Fund (NMCF). Dinkins was also chairman emeritus of the board of directors of the National Black Leadership Commission on AIDS.[51] He was a champion of college access, serving on thePosse Foundation National Board of Directors until his death in 2020.[63]
TheDavid N. Dinkins Municipal Building in Manhattan was named after the former mayor in 2015 by mayorBill de Blasio.[64]
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Dinkins marriedJoyce Burrows, the daughter of Harlem political eminenceDaniel L. Burrows, in August 1953.[65][66] They had two children, David Jr. and Donna.[67] When Dinkins became mayor of New York City, Joyce retired from her position at the State Department of Taxation and Finance. The couple were members of theEpiscopalChurch of the Intercession in New York City. Joyce died on October 11, 2020, at the age of 89.[68]
Dinkins was a member ofAlpha Phi Alpha andSigma Pi Phi ("the Boule"), the oldest collegiate and first professionalGreek-letterfraternities, respectively, established for African Americans. He was raised as a Master Mason in King David Lodge No. 15, F. & A. M., PHA, located in Trenton, New Jersey, in 1952.[69]
In 1994, Dinkins was part of anEpiscopal Church delegation toHaiti.[70]
Dinkins was hospitalized in New York on October 31, 2013, for treatment ofpneumonia.[71] He was hospitalized again for pneumonia on February 19, 2016.[72]
Dinkins starred as himself on April 13, 2018, in"Risk Management", the 19th episode of the 8th season of theCBSpolice procedural dramaBlue Bloods.[73]
On November 23, 2020, Dinkins died from unspecified natural causes at his home on theUpper East Side ofManhattan, about a month after his wife's death. He was 93.[67][74]
According toNYPD statistical analysis, crime in New York City took a downturn starting around 1990 that continued for many years, shattering all the city's old records for consecutive-year declines in crime rates. [See also Appendix: Tables 1–2.]
the Council's Consumer Affairs Committee failed to muster a quorum
| New York State Assembly | ||
|---|---|---|
| New district | Member of theNew York Assembly from the 78th district 1966 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Borough President ofManhattan 1986–1989 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Mayor of New York City 1990–1993 | Succeeded by |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Democratic nominee forMayor of New York City 1989,1993 | Succeeded by |
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