Sir David Davis | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 2020 | |
| Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union | |
| In office 13 July 2016 – 8 July 2018 | |
| Prime Minister | Theresa May |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Dominic Raab |
| Chief Negotiator forExiting the European Union | |
| In office 13 July 2016 – 18 September 2017 | |
| Prime Minister | Theresa May |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Olly Robbins |
| Chairman of the Conservative Party | |
| In office 18 September 2001 – 23 July 2002 | |
| Leader | Iain Duncan Smith |
| Preceded by | Michael Ancram |
| Succeeded by | Theresa May |
| Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee | |
| In office 18 June 1997 – 7 June 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Sheldon |
| Succeeded by | Edward Leigh |
| Minister of State for Europe | |
| In office 20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997 | |
| Prime Minister | John Major |
| Preceded by | David Heathcoat-Amory |
| Succeeded by | Doug Henderson |
| Member of Parliament | |
| Assumed office 11 June 1987 | |
| Preceded by | Paul Bryan |
| Constituency | Goole and Pocklington (2024–) Haltemprice and Howden (1997–2024) Boothferry (1987–1997) |
| Majority | 3,572 (7.0%) |
| Shadow Cabinet portfolios | |
| 2002–2003 | Shadow Secretary of State for the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister |
| 2003–2008 | Shadow Home Secretary |
| Personal details | |
| Born | David Michael Brown (1948-12-23)23 December 1948 (age 77) York, North Yorkshire, England |
| Party | Conservative |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | Bec Grammar School |
| Alma mater | University of Warwick (BSc) London Business School (MBA) |
| Website | Official Website |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom |
| Branch/service |  Territorial Army |
| Unit | 21 SAS (Artists) |
Sir David Michael DavisKCB MP (born 23 December 1948) is a BritishConservative Party politician serving as theMember of Parliament (MP) forGoole and Pocklington. He was previously the MP forHaltemprice and Howden and, before that, forBoothferry, where he was first elected in1987. He served asShadow Home Secretary from 2003 to 2008 andSecretary of State for Exiting the European Union from 2016 to 2018. Davis was sworn of thePrivy Council in the1997 New Year Honours, while serving asMinister of State for Europe, a role he held from 1994 to 1997.
Brought up on the Aboyne Estate, acouncil estate inTooting,south-west London, he attendedBec Grammar School. Later he earned anMBA fromLondon Business School and worked forTate & Lyle. He was a close personal friend of former leader of theScottish National Party andFirst Minister of ScotlandAlex Salmond. Having entered Parliament in 1987, he was appointed Europe Minister byPrime MinisterJohn Major in July 1994. He held that position until the 1997 general election. He was subsequentlyChairman of the Conservative Party andShadow Secretary of State for the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister underIain Duncan Smith.
Between 2003 and 2008 he was theShadow Home Secretary in the Shadow Cabinets of bothMichael Howard andDavid Cameron. Davis had previously been a candidate in the2001 and2005 Conservative Party leadership elections, coming fourth and second respectively. On 12 June 2008 Davis unexpectedly announced his intention to resign as an MP and was immediately replaced as Shadow Home Secretary; this was in order to force aby-election in his seat, for which he intended to seek reelection by mountinga specific campaign designed to provoke wider public debate about the erosion ofcivil liberties in the United Kingdom. Following hisformal resignation as an MP he became the Conservative candidate in theresulting by-election, which he won a month later.
In July 2016, following theBrexit referendum, Davis was appointed by the new prime minister,Theresa May, to the newDepartment for Exiting the European Union (DExEU) as Secretary of State, with responsibility for negotiating the UK's prospective exit from the EU. He was sidelined mid-way through the talks, with thePrime Minister's Europe AdviserOlly Robbins taking charge of negotiations. Davisresigned from his government position on 8 July 2018 over May's Brexit strategy and theChequers plan. Following his resignation, the DExEU junior ministerSteve Baker and theForeign SecretaryBoris Johnson also resigned.
Since 2018, Davis has remained active in the House of Commons as a backbencher, usingparliamentary privilege to criticise various issues, including theScottish Government's investigation intoallegations of sexual misconduct byAlex Salmond, doubts about the conviction ofLucy Letby, and the scandal surroundingPeter Mandelson's relationship withJeffrey Epstein. He was appointed aKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the2023 Political Honours for public and political service.
David Davis was born on 23 December 1948 inYork to a single mother, Betty Brown.[1] He was initially raised by his grandparents. His maternal grandfather, Walter Harrison, was the son of a wealthytrawlerman, but was disinherited after joining theCommunist Party; he led a "hunger march" to London shortly after the more famousJarrow March, which did not allow Communists to participate.[2] His father, whom he met once after his mother's death, was Welsh.[1] After his mother married Ronald Davis the family moved to London, where they lived initially in a flat inWandsworth, which Davis has described as "a terrible little slum". Later, after his half-sister was born, the family moved to a council estate in Tooting, his stepfather being a shop steward atBattersea Power Station.[3]
Davis went toBec Grammar School inTooting, and when he left, hisA Level results were not good enough to secure a university place. He subsequently worked as an insurance clerk and became a soldier in theTerritorial Army's21 SAS (Artists) to earn the money needed to retake his examinations. After doing so he won a place at theUniversity of Warwick, where he graduated with a BSc Joint Hons in Molecular Science and Computer Science in 1971. While at Warwick he was one of the founding members of the student radio station,University Radio Warwick. While a student, Davis was active in theFederation of Conservative Students, becoming national chairman in 1973.[4] He studied for an MBA atLondon Business School from 1971 to 1973.[5] Davis worked forTate & Lyle for 17 years, rising to become a senior executive, including restructuring its troubled Canadian subsidiary,Redpath Sugar.[6] He wrote about his business experiences in the 1988 bookHow to Turn Round a Company.[7]
Davis was first elected to Parliament in the1987 general election as the MP forBoothferry, when he was elected with 55.7% of the vote and a majority of 18,970.[8] At the1992 general election, Davis was re-elected as MP for Boothferry with a decreased vote share of 54.8% and a decreased majority of 17,535.[9] Davis's constituency of Boothferry was abolished in 1997 and replaced with the new constituency ofHaltemprice and Howden. At the1997 general election, Davis was elected as MP for Haltemprice and Howden, winning with 44% of the vote and a majority of 7,514.[10]
In 1999, Davis presented the Parliamentary Control of the Executive Bill to theHouse of Commons, in which he proposed to transfer ministerial exercise of theRoyal Prerogative to the Commons in the following areas: the signing of treaties; the diplomatic recognition of foreign governments; European Union legislation; the appointment of ministers, peers and ambassadors; the establishment of Royal Commissions; the proclamation ofOrders in Council unless subject to resolutions of the Commons; the exercise of the powers of the executive not made by statute; the declarations of states of emergency; thedissolution of parliament.[11]
At the2001 general election, Davis was re-elected as MP for Haltemprice and Howden with a decreased vote share of 43.2% and a decreased majority of 1,903.[12] He rejected a shadow ministerial position underWilliam Hague, opting instead to chair the Public Accounts Committee.[13] Davis used his first interview asShadow Home Secretary in November 2003 to state his personal support for a reintroduction of the death penalty for people convicted of multiple murder "where there is clear evidence and no doubt" surrounding the offender's guilt, citing the Yorkshire RipperPeter Sutcliffe andMoors MurdererIan Brady as examples of offenders who would fall into that category. This interview came almost 40 years after the abolition of the death penalty for murder.[14]
At the2005 general election, Davis was again re-elected, with an increased vote share of 47.5% and an increased majority of 5,116 votes.[15] Davis believed that once the true cost and unreliability of the ID card scheme was explained to the general public they would turn against it. He was also credited by some commentators with "claiming the scalps" of two Labour ministers,David Blunkett andBeverley Hughes, after both were forced to resign.[13][16][17]
At the time of the2005 Conservative leadership contest, Davis was Shadow Secretary of State for the Home Department. His campaign manager in the contest was Conservative MP and Davis' deputy as Shadow Home Secretary,Andrew Mitchell (who in 2010 becameSecretary of State for International Development in Prime MinisterDavid Cameron's cabinet). Davis was initially the front runner in the contest, but after a poorly received speech at that year's Conservative Party Conference his campaign was seen to lose momentum.[18]
Referring to a Conference speech by the party's former leader, campaign managerAndrew Mitchell said: "William Hague made a great speech which many people will judge to be better than all the other leadership candidates put together. What that tells you is that being absolutely brilliant at being able to make a speech at conference is not the be-all-and-end-all of leadership. There are other things as well."[19] He was photographed at the conference alongside two women wearing T-shirts emblazoned with "It's DD for me" which was viewed by some women as being patronising to them.[20][21]
In the first ballot of Conservative MPs on 18 October 2005, Davis came top with 62 votes. As this was less than the number of his declared supporters, it became clear that the Davis bid was losing momentum. The elimination of former ChancellorKenneth Clarke left the bookmakers' favourite,David Cameron, without a rival in the centre of the party. In the second ballot, held two days later, Cameron polled 90 votes, Davis 57 votes andLiam Fox was eliminated with 51 votes,[22] so Davis went through to the next stage with Cameron.
Despite a strong performance in a BBCQuestion Time head-to-head debate in the final stage of the leadership contest, Davis could not match his rival's general popularity. Conservative Party members voted to elect Cameron the new Conservative leader, Davis losing with 64,398 votes against Cameron's 134,446 votes. Cameron chose to re-appoint his rival as Shadow Home Secretary following his victory. As Shadow Home Secretary, Davis turned the Conservatives away from the Labour Party's plan to reintroduce identity cards, citing spiralling costs and libertarian issues.[23]
Davis is alleged to have played a role in the leaking of sensitive government documents when he was Shadow Home Secretary in 2007. According to a police statement, under interview after arrest, civil servant Christopher Galley said Davis was his first contact and that he (Davis) introduced him toDamian Green, the Shadow Immigration spokesman.[24][25] Galley initially approached Davis stating he had access to government immigration details which he was willing to leak to help the Conservative Party.[25] Under questioning by police Galley said that Green told him "do not mention Davis".[26] In April 2009, following a disciplinary hearing, Galley was dismissed from his job as a junior Home Office official for leaking information to Green.[27]
On 12 June 2008, Davis resigned from the Shadow Cabinet and announced hisresignation as an MP, in order to force a by-election, and cause a wider debate on the single issue of what he believed to be the erosion ofcivil liberties. On 18 June 2008, he resigned from the House of Commons.[28] He stood as the Conservative Party candidate for his current seat in thesubsequent by-election.[29] The announcement came a day after the narrow passing of a parliamentary vote on theCounter-Terrorism Bill, which would extend the limit on the period ofdetention of terror suspects without charge in England and Wales, from 28 to 42 days. Davis won re-election with an increased vote share of 71.6% and an increased majority of 15,355 votes,[30] but neither theLabour Party nor theLiberal Democrats put up a candidate. As is common at by-elections, voter turnout declined significantly from the previous general election to 34%.[31]
At the time of Davis's resignation, the Labour MPAndy Burnham made a speech which was widely interpreted as falsely implying an inappropriate relationship between Davis and the then Director ofLiberty,Shami Chakrabarti. Burnham was forced to issue a public apology under threat of legal action.[32] As a backbench MP, Davis continued campaigning for civil liberties. He participated in theConvention on Modern Liberty, where he gave the keynote speech on the convention's final day.[33] He also spoke at the 2009 Guardian Hay Festival, where he criticised Labour's "illusory pursuit of an unobtainable security", and was well received by an overwhelmingly non-Conservative audience.[34] On 15 June 2009, Davis gave the 2009 Magna Carta Lecture atRoyal Holloway, University of London, in association with the Magna Carta Trust.[35]
Davis supported civil liberties campaign groupBig Brother Watch and in January 2010 he spoke withTony Benn at the official launch.[36] In 2012 he helped lead the opposition to Coalition plans to allow police and security services to extend their monitoring of the public's email and social media communications.[37] He expressed concern with the findings of aVICE News investigation into the deployment ofIMSI-catchers in London.[38] In 2014, along with Labour MPTom Watson, he challenged the government's introduction of theData Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014 in the courts.[39] Although Davis is a staunchEurosceptic and has criticised the record of theEuropean Court of Human Rights, he has also argued against withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction, on the basis it might encourage countries with far worse civil liberties to do likewise.[40][41]
Davis has been outspoken over UK government data deals, particularly those withPalantir Technologies. In 2021 Davis said of Palantir's involvement with theNHS, "Patient trust is vital to our NHS, so foreign tech companies such as Palantir, with their history of supporting mass surveillance, assisting in drone strikes, immigration raids and predictive policing, must not be placed at the heart of our NHS."[42] Davis again criticised Palantir's involvement with the NHS in 2023 during the procurement process for a £480 million contract for a company to create a Federated Data Platform forNHS England.[43] Davis has taken more conservative stances on some other civil liberties issues, having repeatedly voted to restrictabortion,fertility treatment andembryo research.[44] He also repeatedly voted against the furthering of LGBT rights, including supporting the controversialSection 28, which banned teachers from "promoting homosexuality" or "teaching ... the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship", and opposing thelegalisation of same-sex marriage saying it was "not an issue of rights but a clash of beliefs".[45][46]
During a House of Commons debate on 7 July 2009, Davis accused the UK government ofoutsourcing torture, by allowingRangzieb Ahmed to leave the country (even though the government had evidence against Ahmed, upon which Ahmed was later convicted for terrorism) to Pakistan, where it is said theInter-Services Intelligence was given the go-ahead by the British intelligence agencies to torture Ahmed. Davis further accused the government of trying to gag Ahmed, stopping him coming forward with his accusations after he had been imprisoned back in the UK. He said, there was "an alleged request to drop his allegations of torture: if he did that, they could get his sentence cut and possibly give him some money. If this request to drop the torture case is true, it is frankly monstrous. It would at the very least be a criminal misuse of the powers and funds under the Government's Contest strategy, and at worst a conspiracy to pervert the course of justice."[47] Davis was amongst the signatories of a letter in 2012 toThe Guardian condemning the Coalition's efforts to hide the UK's involvement in rendition and torture behind secret trials.[48][49][50]
Davis was again re-elected at the2010 general election, with a decreased vote share of 50.2% and a decreased majority of 11,602 votes.[51][52] In May 2010, with the result of ahung parliament, it was reported thatDavid Cameron wanted to invite Davis and other right-wingers such asMichael Howard andIain Duncan Smith into hisConservative–Liberal Democrat coalition cabinet.[53] However, Davis declined and remained a critic of the government on its stance on tuition fees.[54] In January 2011, along with Jack Straw, he secured a vote in the Commons to challenge a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that prisoners should be allowed to vote and MPs subsequently chose to ignore the ruling.[55][56] He offered critical commentary on the coalition in a BBC interview in March 2012.[57]
In 2012, together withLiam Fox, Davis foundedConservative pressure group Conservative Voice to amplify the voice of grassroots members, which Davis thought was getting lost in the party.[58] In a November 2012 speech, he urged David Cameron to hold a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU by 2014. He suggested to hold two votes, the first where voters would be asked whether they wanted to renegotiate current EU arrangements, and a second where they would be asked to either accept a renegotiated deal or leave the EU altogether.[59] At the2015 general election, Davis was again re-elected, with an increased vote share of 54.2% and an increased majority of 16,195.[60][61] Also in 2015, he was one of seven Conservative MPs to defy the whip and vote against bombing Syria.[62]
FollowingTheresa May's appointment as prime minister, Davis was appointedSecretary of State for Exiting the European Union (Brexit Secretary) on 13 July 2016.[63] He published inConservativeHome his initial thoughts on the wayBrexit might proceed.[64] In his role as Brexit Secretary, Davis announced that Parliament will take action on translating EU laws into British laws as part of the process ofWithdrawal from the European Union.[65] Davis stated that the Brexit timetable discussion would be the "row of the summer" during a TV interview with Robert Peston onPeston on Sunday.[66][67] The timetable was set on the first day of negotiations and it was dictated by the EU.[68][69] Following the Article 50 vote in February 2017, Davis was involved in acontroversy with fellow MPDiane Abbott.[70]
Davis was again re-elected at the snap2017 general election with an increased vote share of 61% and a decreased majority of 15,405 votes.[71][72] On 7 September 2017, theEuropean Commission published the minutes of a meeting in July[73] at whichMichel Barnier, the EU's chief Brexit negotiator, briefed the commission on the outcome of his first round of talks with Davis. Barnier expressed concern about Davis's commitment to the talks (he had been going to Brussels for the start and end of each round of talks, but had not been staying there for the duration).[74]
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In November 2017, Davis acknowledged that the negotiations with the EU were difficult, but appealed to European countries not to "put politics above prosperity", implying that by doing so, countries like Germany would harm their own economies.[75] He blamed Germany and France for blocking trade negotiations.[76] Davis also argued that the UK and the EU should agree a free trade deal more comprehensive in scope than "any the EU has agreed before".[77]
Some politicians were angry because reports about the potential effect of Brexit on 58 economic sectors were severely edited before Davis gave them to theExiting the European Union Select Committee. They maintained Davis – and by implication Theresa May's government – chose to disregard a binding and unanimous vote from MPs requiring the information to be provided in full.[78] Davis later appeared to contradict his earlier assurances that impact analyses had been carried out when he said the government had not produced any economic forecasts of what would happen after the UK leaves the EU.[79]
David was sidelined in December 2017, mid-way through the negotiations, with thePrime Minister's Europe AdviserOlly Robbins taking charge of negotiations.[80][81][82] In January 2018, former Irish Prime MinisterBertie Ahern said Davis did not understand the implications of Brexit for Ireland's border with Northern Ireland.[83] On 8 July 2018, Davis resigned as Brexit Secretary as he did not "believe" in the Prime Minister'sChequers plan for Brexit.[84][85] Following Davis' resignation,Steve Baker andBoris Johnson also resigned.
On 20 November 2018, Davis was criticised by the Liberal Democrat MPLayla Moran, of the pro-EU groupBest for Britain, for suggesting that the UK could negotiate a free trade agreement during a post-Brexit "transition period" without first having successfully negotiated a withdrawal agreement with the European Union.[86] Following Theresa May's resignation in May 2019, Davis supportedDominic Raab as the next leader of the Conservative Party.[87] Davis was again re-elected at the2019 general election, with an increased vote share of 62.4% and an increased majority of 20,329 votes.[88][89] He has opposed the proposedextradition ofJulian Assange to the United States.[90][91] Davis has also been prominent in opposing the plans of the Johnson administration to privatise NHS data, advocating more transparency in the management of patient data.[92]
On 17 March 2021, Davis usedparliamentary privilege to criticise theScottish Government's investigation intoallegations of sexual misconduct by formerFirst MinisterAlex Salmond. Davis, a close personal friend of Salmond, told MPs during a Commons debate that there had been a "concerted effort" by SNP officials to encourage complainers to come forward, and thatNicola Sturgeon's chief of staff, Liz Lloyd, had been involved in the civil service investigation into Salmond in February 2018 – months before Nicola Sturgeon claimed to have known about the investigation. He told the House of Commons, "I have it on good authority that there exists from 6th Feb 2018 an exchange of messages between civil servants suggesting that the first minister's chief of staff is interfering in the complaints process against Alex Salmond. If true this suggests the chief of staff had knowledge of the case in February, not April as she has claimed." Nicola Sturgeon rejected Davis' claims, and one of the women who had accused Salmond of sexual harassment issued a statement throughRape Crisis Scotland calling Davis' claims "fundamentally untrue".[93][94][95]
DuringPrime Minister's Questions on 19 January 2022, Davis asked Prime MinisterBoris Johnson to resign, after expressing dissatisfaction with his response toPartygate. He quoted whatLeo Amery (alluding toOliver Cromwell) had said to Prime MinisterNeville Chamberlain in 1940: "You have sat there too long for all the good you have done.In the name of God, go."[96][97] On 2 October 2022, Davis wrote an article inThe Daily Telegraph which advocated for reform of theNational Health Service and the adoption of a social insurance-based system. He wrote that the NHS was "plagued by ineffective bureaucracy" and that structural reform did not mean that the principles of the NHS being universal and free at the point of delivery needed to be abandoned.[98]
Due to the2023 review of Westminster constituencies, Davis' constituency ofHaltemprice and Howden was abolished, and replaced withGoole and Pocklington. At the2024 general election, which the Labour Party won, Davis was elected to Parliament as MP for Goole and Pocklington with 38.2% of the vote and a majority of 3,572.[99][100] Since May 2024, Davis has expressed doubts about the conviction of former nurseLucy Letby and has said he intends to thoroughly research the issue and discuss it in parliament.[101][102] On 18 July 2024, Davis again used parliamentary privilege to name Liz Lloyd, Nicola Sturgeon's ex-chief of staff, as the person responsible for leaking sexual misconduct allegations against Alex Salmond to theDaily Record in 2018.[103]
Speaker of the House of CommonsLindsay Hoyle announced an emergency debate on the scandal surroundingPeter Mandelson's relationship with sex offenderJeffrey Epstein in the House of Commons, secured by Davis. He has accused Starmer of poor judgment, questioned the integrity of the vetting process, and highlighted what he calls a double standard applied to "Labour royalty". Davis has described Labour's vetting process as "completely broken" and "implausible," stating that the information revealing Mandelson's close ties to Jeffrey Epstein was in "plain sight" long before the appointment. In the emergency debate, Davis told MPs that Starmer's standing had been "diminished" by the affair. He has also stated that it is "unfathomable" how Starmer could have thought it was wise to appoint someone with such a "chequered and murky background" to the important role of US ambassador. Davis has repeatedly called for full transparency, demanding that the government release all documents related to the appointment. He has also questioned whether Mandelson will receive compensation despite being sacked and has pushed for ministers to be more accountable for their decisions. During the debate, Davis launched a scathing attack on Mandelson's character, claiming he was "easily dazzled by wealth and glamour" and that he "subcontracted his conscience for money". Davis has brought up Mandelson's previous resignations from government under Tony Blair—for an undeclared home loan and assisting a wealthy businessman with a passport—as examples of his "abiding flaws". Davis has also highlighted Mandelson's consulting work for "extremely dubious Russian and Chinese firms," arguing this should have been a red flag during the vetting process. Davis has argued that this case proves the need for greater accountability for ministers and public officials. By securing the emergency debate, Davis has forced the government to address the issue in the Commons and will continue to press for answers, stating he is not satisfied with the responses given so far. Davis has been among those calling for stronger parliamentary scrutiny of such appointments, suggesting candidates for ambassadorial roles should face cross-questioning from relevant select committees.[104]
Davis met his wife, Doreen Cook, at Warwick. They married on 28 July 1973 and have three children.[105][106] Davis was a close personal friend of former leader of theScottish National Party andFirst Minister of ScotlandAlex Salmond, and has twice used parliamentary privilege to criticise the Scottish Government's investigation intoallegations of sexual misconduct by Salmond.[93][94][103] When Salmond died in 2024, Davis paid tribute to him as "one of the great politicians of his age" and "a great leader for his country". In December 2023, Davis fought off street attackers who were kicking a man, near Parliament.[107] He was appointed aKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the2023 Political Honours for public and political service.[108]
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forBoothferry 1987–1997 | Constituency abolished |
| New constituency | Member of Parliament forHaltemprice and Howden 1997–2008 | Succeeded by Himself |
| Preceded by Himself | Member of Parliament forHaltemprice and Howden 2008–2024 | Constituency abolished |
| New constituency | Member of Parliament forGoole and Pocklington 2024–present | Incumbent |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Minister of State for Europe 1994–1997 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of the Public Accounts Committee 1997–2001 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded byas Shadow Secretary of State for Local Government and the Regions | Shadow Secretary of State for the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 2002–2003 | Succeeded byas Shadow Secretary of State for Local Government |
| Succeeded byas Shadow Secretary of State for the Regions | ||
| Preceded by | Shadow Home Secretary 2003–2008 | Succeeded by |
| New office | Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union 2016–2018 | Succeeded by |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Chairman of the Conservative Party 2001–2002 | Succeeded by |
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