 Bronstein in 1954 | |
| Personal information | |
|---|---|
| Full name | Дави́д Ио́нович Бронште́йн David Ionovich Bronstein |
| Born | (1924-02-19)February 19, 1924 Bila Tserkva,Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | December 5, 2006(2006-12-05) (aged 82) Minsk, Belarus |
| Chess career | |
| Country | Soviet Union → Russia |
| Title | Grandmaster (1950) |
| Peak rating | 2595 (May 1974) |
| Peak ranking | No. 17 (July 1971) |
David Ionovich Bronstein (Russian:Дави́д Ио́нович Бронште́йн; February 19, 1924 – December 5, 2006) was a Soviet and Russian chess player. Awarded the title ofInternational Grandmaster byFIDE in 1950, he narrowly missed becomingWorld Chess Champion in1951. Bronstein was one of the world's strongest players from the mid-1940s into the mid-1970s, and was described by his peers as a creative genius and master of tactics. He was also a renowned chess writer; his bookZurich International Chess Tournament 1953 is widely considered one of the greatest chess books ever written.
David Bronstein was born inBila Tserkva,Ukrainian SSR,Soviet Union, to Jewish parents. Growing up in a poor family, he learned chess at the age of six from his grandfather. As a youth inKiev, he was trained by the renowned International MasterAlexander Konstantinopolsky. He finished second in the Kiev Championship when he was only 15, and achieved the Soviet Master title at the age of 16 for his second-place result in the 1940Ukrainian SSR Chess Championship, behindIsaac Boleslavsky, with whom he became close friends both on and off the chessboard. His first wife wasOlga Ignatieva, one of the strongest female chess players of the 1950s. He went on to marry Boleslavsky's daughter, Tatiana, in 1984.
After completing high school in spring 1941, his plans to study mathematics atKiev University were interrupted by the spread ofWorld War II throughout eastern Europe in the early 1940s. He had begun play in the 1941 semifinal of the Soviet Championship, but this event was cancelled as war began. Shortly after the war's conclusion, he began attendingLeningrad Polytechnical Institute where he studied for approximately one year.
Judged unfit for military service, Bronstein spent the war performing various jobs; this included doing some reconstruction of war-damaged buildings, and other jobs of a clerical or laboring nature. Also during the war, his father, Johonon, was unfairly imprisoned for several years in theGulag system and was detained without substantial evidence of committing any crimes, it was later revealed.[1] The rumor that Bronstein was related to the former Soviet leaderLeon Trotsky (whose real family name was Bronstein) was treated as unconfirmed, yet doubtful, by Bronstein in his bookThe Sorcerer's Apprentice (1995). This belief could have explained the imprisonment of Bronstein's father.
With the tide turning towards an eventualSoviet war victory over theNazi invaders, Bronstein was able to once again play some competitive chess. His first top-standard Soviet event was the 1944USSR Championship, where he won his individual game against eventual winner (and soon-to-be world champion)Mikhail Botvinnik. Bronstein moved to Moscow as the war wound up. Then seen as a promising but essentially unproven young player, one of dozens in the deep Soviet vanguard, he raised his playing level dramatically to place third in the 1945 USSR Championship. This result earned him a place on the Soviet team; he won both his games played on board ten, helping the Soviet team achieve victory in the famous 1945US vs. USSR radio chess match. He then competed successfully in several team matches, and gradually proved he belonged in the Soviet chess elite. Bronstein tied for first place in the Soviet Championships of both 1948 and 1949.
Bronstein's first major international tournament success occurred at theSaltsjöbadenInterzonal of 1948, which he won. His qualifying place in this event came through nominations from foreign chess federations. He earned hisGrandmaster title in 1950, whenFIDE, the World Chess Federation, formalized the process. His Interzonal win qualified him for theCandidates' Tournament of 1950 inBudapest. Bronstein became the eventual Candidates' winner over Boleslavsky in a (Moscow) 1950 playoff match, following two overtime match games, after the two had tied in Budapest, and then again remained level over the 12 scheduled match games.
The period 1945–1950 saw a meteoric rise in Bronstein's development, as he reached theWorld Chess Championship challenge match, in 1951.
Bronstein is widely considered to be one of the greatest players not to have won the World Championship.[2] He came close to that goal when he tied the1951 World Championship match 12–12 withMikhail Botvinnik, the reigning champion. Each player won five games, and the remaining 14 games were drawn.
In a match where the lead swung back and forth several times, the two players tested each other in a wide variety of opening formations, and every game (except the 24th) was full-blooded and played hard to a clear finish. Bronstein often avoided lines he had favoured in earlier events, and frequently adopted Botvinnik's own preferred variations. This strategy seemed to catch Botvinnik by surprise; the champion had not played competitively for three years since winning the title in 1948. The quality of play was very high by both players, although Botvinnik would later complain of his own weak play. He only grudgingly acknowledged Bronstein's huge talent.[3] Bronstein claimed four of his five match wins by deep combinational play, winning before adjournment in highly complex fashion. He led by one point with two games to go, but lost the 23rd game anddrew the final (24th) game. UnderFIDE rules, the title remained with the holder, and Bronstein was never to come so close again.
Botvinnik wrote that Bronstein's failure was caused by a tendency to underestimateendgame technique, and a lack of ability in simple positions.[4] Botvinnik won four virtually level endgames after the adjournments, and his fifth win came in an endgame that Bronstein resigned at move 40. These adjourned games made up four of Botvinnik's five match wins; Botvinnik had no more than a minimal advantage in these games when they were adjourned at move 40.
Bronstein's father was sometimes secretly in the audience during the 1951 title match games, at a time when he was not officially permitted in Moscow.[5]
Bronstein challenged throughout at the1953 Candidates Tournament in Switzerland and finished tied for second-through-fourth places, together withPaul Keres andSamuel Reshevsky, two points behind the winnerVasily Smyslov. Bronstein's book on the tournament is considered a classic.
It has been speculated that there was pressure on the Soviet players to collude, to ensure that a Soviet player would win. Even in the wake ofglasnost, however, Bronstein only partially confirmed these rumors in his public statements or writings, admitting only to 'strong psychological pressure' being applied, and that it was up to Bronstein himself whether to decide to give in to this pressure. In his final bookSecret Notes, published in 2007, shortly after his death,[6] Bronstein went further and alleged that he and Keres were pressured to draw their games with Smyslov, in order to ensure that Smyslov would win ahead of Reshevsky (seeWorld Chess Championship 1954 § Allegations of Soviet collusion).
The 1953 Candidates result qualified him directly for the 1955Gothenburg Interzonal, which he won with an unbeaten score. From there it was on to another near miss in the 1956 Candidates' tournament inAmsterdam, where he wound up in a large tie for third through seventh places, behind winner Smyslov and runner-up Keres.
Bronstein had to qualify for the 1958 Interzonal, and did so by placing third at the USSR Championship,Riga, 1958. At the 1958 Interzonal inPortorož, Bronstein, who had been picked as clear pre-event favourite byBobby Fischer, missed moving on to the 1959 Candidates' by half a point, dropping a last-round game to the much weaker FilipinoRodolfo Tan Cardoso, when the electrical power failed due to a thunderstorm during the game, and he was unable to regain concentration. Bronstein missed qualification at the SovietZonal stage for the 1962 cycle. Then at the Amsterdam 1964 Interzonal, Bronstein scored very well, but only three Soviets could advance, by aFIDE rule, and he finished behind countrymen Smyslov,Mikhail Tal, andBoris Spassky, who finished as the joint winners, along with Larsen. His last Interzonal was at age 49 when he finished sixth atPetropolis 1973.
Bronstein took many first prizes in tournaments, among the most notable being theSoviet Chess Championships of 1948 (jointly withAlexander Kotov) and 1949 (jointly with Smyslov). He also tied for second place at the Soviet Championships of 1957 and 1964–65. He tied first withMark Taimanov at theWorld Students' Championship in 1952 atLiverpool. Bronstein was also a six-time winner of theMoscow Championships, and represented the USSR at theOlympiads of1952,1954,1956 and1958, winning board prizes at each of them, and losing just one of his 49 games in those events. Along the way he won four Olympiad team gold medals. In the 1954 team match against the US (held in New York), Bronstein scored an almost unheard-of sweep at this level of play, winning all four of his games on second board.
Further major tournament victories were achieved atHastings 1953–54,Belgrade 1954,Gotha 1957, Moscow 1959,Szombathely 1966,East Berlin 1968,Dnepropetrovsk 1970,Sarajevo 1971,Sandomierz 1976,Iwonicz Zdrój 1976,Budapest 1977, andJūrmala 1978.
David Bronstein wrote many chess books and articles, and had a regular chess column in the Soviet newspaperIzvestia for many years. He was perhaps most highly regarded for his famous authorship ofZurich International Chess Tournament 1953 (English translation 1979). This book was an enormous seller in the USSR, going through many reprints, and is regarded among the very best chess books ever written.[7] In 1995, he co-authored the autobiographicalThe Sorcerer's Apprentice, with his friend Tom Fürstenberg. Both have become landmarks in chess publishing history; Bronstein sought to amplify the ideas behind the players' moves rather than burdening the reader with pages of analysis of moves that never made it onto the scoresheet. Bronstein's romantic vision of chess was shown with his very successful adoption of the rarely seenKing's Gambit in top-level competition. His pioneering theoretical and practical work (along with Boleslavsky andEfim Geller) in transforming theKing's Indian Defence from a distrusted, obscure variation into a popular major system should be remembered, and is evidenced in his key contribution to the 1999 bookBronstein on the King's Indian. Bronstein played an exceptionally wide variety of openings during his long career, on a scale comparable with anyone else who ever reached the top level.
Two more variations are named after him. In theCaro–Kann Defence, the Bronstein–Larsen Variation goes 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ gxf6. In theScandinavian Defence, the Bronstein Variation goes 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5 3.Nc3 Qd8.
Bronstein refused to sign a group letter denouncing the 1976 defection ofViktor Korchnoi,[8] and he paid a personal price for this independence, as his state-paid Master's stipend was suspended, and he was also barred from major tournaments for more than a year. He was virtually banned from high-class events for several years in the mid-1980s.
Bronstein was a chess visionary. He was an early advocate of speeding up competitive chess.[9] In 1973 he introduced the idea of adding asmall time increment for each move made,[10] a variant of which has become very popular and is implemented on almost alldigital chess clocks. He challenged computer programs at every opportunity, usually achieving good results.[11]
Bronstein enjoyed experimenting with unusual and offbeat openings such as theKing's Gambit andLatvian Gambit; however, he generally did not play them in serious games. Like most grandmasters of the 1950s–1960s, he favoured Queen's pawn openings such as the queen Gambit, King's indian defense and nimzo- indian defense, but also playede4 openings, especially theRuy Lopez,French Defence, andSicilian Defence. Although he had an extensive knowledge of openings and opening theory, his endgame technique was considered less reliable.
In later years Bronstein continued to stay active in tournament play, often in Western Europe after the breakup of the USSR. He maintained a very good standard (jointly winning theHastings Swiss of 1994–95 at the age of 70), wrote several important chess books, and inspired young and old alike with endless simultaneous displays, a warm, gracious attitude, and glorious tales of his own rich chess heritage. Bronstein died on December 5, 2006, inMinsk, Belarus, of complications fromhigh blood pressure.
His final book, nearly complete when he died, was published in 2007:Secret Notes, by David Bronstein and Sergei Voronkov, Zürich 2007, Edition Olms,ISBN 978-3-283-00464-4. In its introduction,Garry Kasparov, a fervent admirer of Bronstein's chess contributions, offers his opinion that Bronstein, based on his play, should have won the 1951 match against Botvinnik.
During the 1962 Moscow vs. Leningrad Match Bronstein played the top board for the Moscow team. With the white pieces he defeatedViktor Korchnoi in a game that ended with a tactic he later described as "one of the best combinations in my life, if not the best".[12]
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
| 8 |          | 8 | |||||||
| 7 | 7 | ||||||||
| 6 | 6 | ||||||||
| 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | ||
1–0[13]Korchnoi remained unruffled. He wrote down my move on his scoresheet and began carefully studying the position. I think it seemed incredible to him that White could sacrifice his last rook (I myself could not believe my eyes!). And only when he had convinced himself, did he stop the clocks. These are the variations: A) 39...Kf7 40.Qc7+ Kg8 41.Qc8+ Kf7 42.Qe6+ Kf8 43.Rh8 mate; B) 39...Kg5 40.Qe5+ Kxg4 41.Rg6+ Kh4 42.Qg5 mate; C) 39...gxh6 40.Qg8+ Kf6 41.Qf8+; D) 39...Kxh6 40.Qh8+ Kg6 41.Qh5+ Kf6 42.g5+!
| Achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by None | Youngest chess grandmaster ever 1950–1952 | Succeeded by |
