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Daniel Chester French

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American sculptor (1850–1931)

Daniel Chester French
French in 1902
Born(1850-04-20)April 20, 1850
DiedOctober 7, 1931(1931-10-07) (aged 81)
EducationMassachusetts Institute of Technology (no degree)
Known forSculpture
Notable workStatue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)
MovementAmerican Renaissance
PatronsHiram Powers,Thomas Ball

Daniel Chester French (April 20, 1850 – October 7, 1931) was an Americansculptor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His works includeThe Minute Man, an 1874 statue inConcord, Massachusetts, and his1920 monumental statue ofAbraham Lincoln at theLincoln Memorial inWashington, D.C.

Early life and education

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French's summer home, studioChesterwood inStockbridge, Massachusetts

French was born on April 20, 1850, inExeter, New Hampshire, the son of Anne Richardson (1811–1856), daughter ofWilliam Merchant Richardson (1774–1838), chief justice of New Hampshire, and ofHenry Flagg French (1813–1885), a lawyer, judge,Assistant U.S. Treasury Secretary, and author of a book that described theFrench drain.[1] His siblings were Henriette Van Mater French Hollis (1839–1911), Sarah Flagg French Bartlett (1846–1883), andWilliam M.R. French (1843–1914). He was the uncle of SenatorHenry F. Hollis.[2]

In 1867, French moved with his family toConcord, Massachusetts,[3] where he was a neighbor and friend ofRalph Waldo Emerson, and theAlcott family. His decision to pursue sculpting was influenced byLouisa May Alcott's sisterAbigail May Alcott.

French's early education included training in anatomy withWilliam Rimmer and in drawing withWilliam Morris Hunt. French spent a year studying at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology, and also several years inFlorence, Italy, studying in the studio ofThomas Ball.

Career

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French in his studio with the model for Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Alice Cogswell,c. 1889

French first earned acclaim forThe Minute Man, commissioned by the town ofConcord, Massachusetts, which was unveiled April 19, 1875, on the centenary of theBattles of Lexington and Concord, the first armed conflict of theAmerican Revolutionary War.

The Minute Man (1874) inConcord, Massachusetts

French established his own studio, first inWashington, D.C., which he later moved toBoston and then toNew York City. In 1893, French's reputation grew with hisStatue of the Republic for theWorld's Columbian Exposition inChicago. Other works by French include theFirst Division Monument and theButt-Millet Memorial Fountain, both in Washington, D.C.,John Harvard on the campus ofHarvard University inCambridge, Massachusetts, bronze doors for theBoston Central Library inBoston, andFour Continents at the U.S. Custom House, New York, later renamed theAlexander Hamilton US Custom House. In addition to theLincoln Memorial, French collaborated with architectHenry Bacon on memorials around the country, including theDupont Circle fountain in Washington, D.C.

In 1893, French was a founding member of theNational Sculpture Society, and he was appointed a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1913.[4] During this time, he served as an instructor at theArt Students League of New York, teaching sculpture there in 1890 and 1898.[5][6] French also became a member of theNational Academy of Design (1901), theAmerican Academy of Arts and Letters (which awarded him the Gold Medal for Sculpture in 1917), theArchitectural League, and theAccademia di San Luca, of Rome. He was a trustee of theMetropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and a co-founder of theAmerican Academy in Rome. He was a Chevalier of the FrenchLegion of Honor and was awarded a medal of honor from theParis Exposition of 1900; he also was granted honorary degrees from Dartmouth, Yale, Harvard, and Columbia universities. He was a founding member of theU.S. Commission of Fine Arts, serving from 1910 to 1915, including as chairman from 1912 to 1915.[7]

In 1917, French and a colleague,Henry Augustus Lukeman, designed thePulitzer Prize gold medal presented to laureates. French designed the side of the prize with Benjamin Franklin on it, while Lukeman created the iconic design of the printing press and the wording on the award: "For disinterested and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper during the year….".[8] In collaboration withEdward Clark Potter he modeled theGeorge Washington statue, commissioned by a group that called itself "The Association of American Women for the Erection of a Statue of Washington in Paris" and unveiled in the Place d'Iena in Paris, France, in 1900; theGeneral Grant statue inFairmount Park, Philadelphia, commissioned by theAssociation for Public Art (formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association);[9] and theequestrian statue of Joseph Hooker in Boston.

French was one of many sculptors who frequently employedAudrey Munson as a model; another frequent sitter wasHettie Anderson. Together withWalter Leighton Clark and others, he was also one of the founders of the Berkshire Playhouse,[10] which later became theBerkshire Theatre Festival. French's daughter, Margaret, also occasionally modeled for him, including for some of his rare portrait paintings, and became famous in her own right as a sculptor under the nameMargaret French Cresson.In 1917,Harvard's citation in conferring an honoraryMaster of Arts referred to his statue ofEmerson[clarification needed][11] when it called him "a sculptor, whose skillful hand, unlike that of the friend whom he portrayed, has not been stopped but spared to adorn our land by the creation of his art".[12][13] French also taught; among his pupils was the sculptorEdith Howland.[14]

Death

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French died inStockbridge, Massachusetts, in 1931 at age 81, and was interred inSleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord.[15]

Legacy

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Works

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See also:Public sculptures by Daniel Chester French

Public monuments

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Alma Mater (1903) atColumbia University inManhattan, New York City
Dupont Circle Fountain (1921), Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C.

Architectural sculpture

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Abraham Lincoln (1920) at theLincoln Memorial inWashington, D.C.
Gilded bronze statueWisconsin atop Wisconsin State Capitol
Progress of the State at theMinnesota State Capitol inSt. Paul

Cemetery monuments

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Death and the Sculptor (1893) inBoston

Selected museum pieces

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Miscellaneous pieces and works about French

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Gallery

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References

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Citations
  1. ^French, Henry F. (1859).Farm drainage: the principles, processes, and effects of draining land with stones, wood, plows, and open ditches, and especially with tiles. New York: Orange Judd & Company.
  2. ^Leonard, John W. (1908)."French, Daniel Chester".Men of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries.1: 924.
  3. ^Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905)."French, Daniel Chester" .New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  4. ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter F"(PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. RetrievedApril 7, 2011.
  5. ^"Daniel Chester French (1850–1931)". June 2010. RetrievedDecember 22, 2023.
  6. ^The Art Students League of NY [@aslny]; (April 21, 2023)."Happy birthday to League artist Daniel Chester French (1850—1931) best known for creating the Lincoln Memorial". RetrievedDecember 22, 2023 – viaInstagram.
  7. ^Luebke, Thomas E., ed.,Civic Art: A Centennial History of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2013): Appendix B, p. 544.
  8. ^Homren, Wayne (April 11, 2004)."Pulitzer Secrets Revealed".The E-Sylum.7 (15, art. 5). RetrievedJuly 1, 2007.
  9. ^Bach, Penny (1992).Public Art in Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. p. 208.ISBN 0-87722-822-1.
  10. ^"Arts & Entertainment In The Berkshires". Archived fromthe original on June 28, 2009.
  11. ^"Harvard Alumni Bulletin". Harvard Bulletin, Incorporated. January 1, 1916 – via Google Books.
  12. ^Callan, Richard L.100 Years of Solitude: John Harvard Finishes His First Century.The Harvard Crimson. April 28, 1984. Retrieved October 13, 2012
  13. ^Harvard Alumni Bulletin v.19
  14. ^Jules Heller; Nancy G. Heller (December 19, 2013).North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-135-63882-5.
  15. ^"Grave of Daniel Chester FrenchArchived June 29, 2023, at theWayback Machine",New England Travel Planner; accessed 2023.06.29.
  16. ^"Chesterwood – National Trust for Historic Preservation".
  17. ^"1847usa.com".
  18. ^Chicago Landmarks | Statue of The RepublicArchived December 26, 2008, at theWayback Machine at www.ci.chi.il.us
  19. ^"Lincoln Memorial National Memorial—Places Reflecting America's Diverse Cultures Explore their Stories in the National Park System: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". Archived fromthe original on January 26, 2015.
  20. ^"Around New England: The Weaver of Peace Dale". July 15, 2014.
  21. ^Ramsey Al-Rikabi (June 12, 2007)."Seward's bust gets busted".Times Herald-Record. Archived fromthe original on September 27, 2007. RetrievedJune 30, 2007.
  22. ^"Lake Winnipesaukee Historical Society".www.lwhs.us. Archived fromthe original on March 11, 2017. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2016.

Further reading

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  • Buck, Diane M. and Virginia A. Palmer,Outdoor Sculpture in Milwaukee: A Cultural and Historical Guidebook, The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, 1995
  • Caffin, Charles H.,American Masters of Sculpture, Doubleday, Page & Company, New York 1913
  • Caffin, inInternational Studio, volumes xx (1903), lx (1910), and lxvi (1912)
  • Carlock, Marty,A Guide to Public Art in Greater Boston from Newburyport to Plymouth, The Harvard Common Press, Boston Massachusetts, 1988
  • Chesterwood Archives,Geographical List of Works: DRAFT, unpublished manuscript, April 14, 1993
  • Coughlan, inMagazine of Art (1901)
  • Craven, Wayne,Sculpture in America, Thomas Y. Crowell Co, NY, NY 1968
  • Cresson, Margaret French,Journey into Fame: The Life of Daniel Chester French, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1947
  • Dearinger, David,Daniel Chester French: The Female Form Revealed, Boston Athenaeum, 2016
  • Hucke, Matt and Ursela Bielski,Graveyards of Chicago: the People, History, Art and Lore of Cook County Cemeteries, Lake Claremont Press, Chicago, 1999
  • Kvaran, Einar Einarsson,Architectural Sculpture in America
  • Lanctot, Barbara,A Walk Through Graceland Cemetery, Chicago Architectural Foundation, Chicago, Illinois, 1988
  • Richman, Michael,Daniel Chester French: An American Sculptor, The Preservation Press, Washington, D.C., 1976
  • Taft, Lorado,The History of American Sculpture, MacMillan Co., New York, NY 1925
  • Tolles, Thayer."Daniel Chester French (1850–1931)". InHeilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (June 2010)
  • Wilson, Susan,Garden of Memorials: A Guide to Historic Forest Hills, Forest Hills Educational Trust

External links

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