| Daniel Boone National Forest | |
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 View from Tater Knob in the Daniel Boone National Forest | |
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| Location | Kentucky, US |
| Coordinates | 37°17′17″N83°52′31″W / 37.28806°N 83.87528°W /37.28806; -83.87528 |
| Area | 2,100,000 acres (8,500 km2)(proclamation boundary); 706,000 acres (286,000 ha) (Forest Service) |
| Established | February 23, 1937[1] |
| Named for | Daniel Boone |
| Visitors | 2,507,000 (in 2004) |
| Governing body | U.S. Forest Service |
| Website | Daniel Boone National Forest |
TheDaniel Boone National Forest (originally theCumberland National Forest) is anational forest inKentucky, United States. Established in 1937, it includes 708,000 acres (287,000 ha) of federally owned land within a 2,100,000-acre (850,000 ha) proclamation boundary. The name of the forest was changed in 1966 in honor of the explorerDaniel Boone.
The terrain of the forest is generally rugged, and includes multiple prominent water features. It is home to a range of plant and animal species, although many areas still bear evidence of industrial logging and other practices which took place mostly prior to federal protection. It is a popular recreational and tourist destination which serves a million or more visitors a year, and contains several widely recognized areas which are protected in their own right, including state parks, trails, wilderness areas, and landmarks.
As of 2017 the Daniel Boone National Forest encompasses 708,000 acres (287,000 ha) of federally owned land within a 2,100,000-acre (850,000 ha) proclamation boundary.[2] The land within the proclamation boundary contains both publicly and privately owned land, along with thousands of miles of marked boundary lines between the two.[3] Most privately owned land, accounting for about 1,378,410 acres (557,820 ha) is held by individuals and ranges from 100 acres (40 ha) to 300 acres (120 ha) in size.[4]: S-8
The forest is formed by two main areas: a 140-mile (230 km) wide strip of land along the western edge of theCumberland Plateau, and the Redbird Purchase, located on the east of the Cumberland Plateau.[4]: S-8 The terrain is generally rugged, hilly and mountainous, withreliefs of as much as 200 feet (61 m) in the north and 2,000 feet (610 m) toward the south.[4]: III-1 Administratively, the forest is divided into four ranger districts: Cumberland[5] London,[6] Redbird,[7] and Stearns.[8]
The Daniel Boone National Forest includes land across 21 Kentucky counties, namely:
Major river systems include theLicking River,Kentucky River, andCumberland River, all of which flow into theOhio River.[4]: S-10 Four reservoirs are located within the forest, administered by theUS Army Corps of Engineers. These areCave Run Lake,Buckhorn Lake,Lake Cumberland andLaurel River Lake. Taken together, at normal water levels these reservoirs comprise 63,850 acres (25,840 ha) of water.[4]: III-2 The forest additionally encompasses thousands of miles of smallerstreams, many of which flow only after heavy rain.[4]: III-1 About 12,500 acres (5,100 ha) are classified asriparian zones, while 7,000 acres (2,800 ha) are classified asfloodplains orwetlands.[4]: S-11
Water is of an overall good quality, but is impacted by activities related to mining, and exploration for oil and gas.[4]: S-10 The area averages 46 inches (1,200 mm) of rainfall annually, withthunderstorms occurring an average of 46 days per year.[4]: III-2 Due to shallow soil, heavy rains may result in severe local flooding, and conversely, many tributaries may become completely dry during periods of little rainfall.[4]: III-5
Air quality in the forest is considered "excellent", due to the comparatively sparse population and lack of industry.[4]: III-6 The majority of air pollution results from the 128 average annual forest fires,[a] in addition tocontrolled burning, the residential burning ofcoal, and dust fromunpaved roads.[4]: S-11, S-12
By the early 16th century both theFrench and theBritish had laid claim to the land that would become the Daniel Boone National Forest. Among the first Europeans to enter the area was the FrenchRené-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1669.[10]: 1 He was later followed by the party of the EnglishThomas Walker in 1750, who would go on to make the first European discoveries of theCumberland Gap, Cumberland River, and the pass throughPine Mountain[b][10]: 1–3 Several others made expeditions in the area over the following decades with mixed success.[c]
Around 1760, Daniel Boone reached an understanding withRichard Henderson for the exploration and preparation of the wilderness beyond theAppalachian Mountains, so that it may be more easily settled by those who sought to move westward.[10]: 15–6 Boone made an expedition in 1767 into the area of modern-dayPrestonsburg, Kentucky,[10]: 17–8 and then in 1769, he set out with five others on an extended expedition through the Cumberland Gap and into Kentucky, where he stayed until March 1771.[10]: 21–2, 30 Boone set out on a failed attempt at settlement in 1773, and then again in 1774, where he served as anofficer inLord Dunmore's War.[10]: 33–4, 37–8
On March 17, 1775, theTransylvania Colony, founded by Henderson, and for which Boone was employed, reached an agreement (over the objections of the governors ofVirginia andNorth Carolina) with a grand counsel of theCherokee Nation to purchase all land from theKentucky River to the Cumberland River, including large part of modern-day Kentucky andTennessee, an area known as the Transylvania Purchase.[10]: 47–50 [d] In anticipation of this purchase, Boone and a party were dispatched on March 10, marking and clearing trails in the newly acquired lands, and eventually founding Fort Boone, near the confluence of Station Camp Creek and the Kentucky River.[10]: 57–66 [e] This became the fledgling Transylvania Colony,[10]: 73–85 until being eliminated in 1778 by theVirginia House of Delegates, becomingKentucky County, Virginia, and by 1792, the Commonwealth of Kentucky.[10]: 93, 126
Up to the beginning of the 20th century, the Daniel Boone and surrounding forest were the subject of extensive logging, with logs sent downstream for processing in thesawmills ofLouisville,Nashville,Frankfort andCincinnati, only to be overtaken as rail extended into the area around the turn of the century.[10]: 178–80 The industry reached its peak in 1907, with almost one billionboard feet of lumber production.[10]: 181 The forest was additionally harvested to providecharcoal for the developing iron industry, and as the railroad advanced, to producecrossties, and lumber for the building of bridges in addition torail cars.[10]: 181
In 1900,Congress appropriated $5,000, and again in 1907, $25,000 for the investigation of areas in southernAppalachia, for potential purchase as a national forest.[10]: 183–4 These efforts were further strengthened in 1911 by passage of theWeeks Act, which allocated millions in additional funding. As part of theForest Service's examination of the area, E. Murray Bruner published in 1914 an extensive report covering 900,000 acres (360,000 ha) of land in Kentucky, and concluded in part:
Because of the general rugged topography of this section and very great influence it exerts upon navigation of the Kentucky River, it is very essential that its protection from extensive clearing be assured. For these reasons the section is eminently desirable as a purchase area, and therefore, in view of the fact that the prices of land now prevailing are very reasonable, there is a favorable prospect for making large purchases...[10]: 186–8
Land acquisition began in 1933, based largely on the purchase of 48,000 acres (19,000 ha) from Stearns Coal and Lumber, 27,000 acres (11,000 ha) acres from Castle Craig Coal, and 22,000 acres (8,900 ha) from the Warfork Land Company.[10]: 210 By the time the area was officially declared the Cumberland National Forest in 1937, the tract spanned 409,567 acres (165,746 ha) of federally owned land across 16 Kentucky counties.[11]
Both Daniel Boone[f] andHenry Clay were originally put forth in the 1930s as potential namesakes.[10]: 206 However, it was not until 1966, following, among other things, a resolution to theUnited States Department of Agriculture by theKentucky Senate, that the name was officially changed byLyndon B. Johnson to Daniel Boone National Forest on April 11.[11][10]: 247–8 The same year, some 300,000 acres (120,000 ha) of the Redbird Unit were added.[11]
On May 16, 2025,a deadly EF4 tornado moved through the forest. Nineteen people were killed in the communities ofSomerset andLondon, located to the east and west of the forest, respectively.[12][13]
The Daniel Boone National Forest contains around 40 commercial species of trees, and as many non-commercial species of trees and shrubs.[4]: III-14 These include mixedhardwoods such asoaks andhickories, in addition to white and yellowpine. Because much of the area was intensely logged prior to federal land protections, much of the forest is of low quality, although areas of younger growth is of a higher quality, having been always a part of protected lands.[4]: S-8 As of 1985, when the forest service published their environmental evaluation of the area, about 92% of the land was considered "tentatively suitable" for the production of timber.[4]: S-10
The area is home to 54 species and subspecies ofmammals, 194 ofbirds, 44 ofreptiles, 41 ofamphibians, and 150 offish.[4]: III-19 Notable animals that inhabit this forest frequently seen by visitors includeblack bear,coyote,bobcat,white-tailed deer,wild turkey,gray squirrel,muskrat,quail,opossum,ruffed grouse,rabbit,red andgray fox species,raccoon andmourning dove.[4]: S-8 Other species present are thewoodchuck,red-cockaded woodpecker,mink,bald eagle,Virginia big-eared bat,Indiana bat andgray bat.[4]: S-10 Venomous species include thecopperhead,timber rattlesnake, andsouthern devil scorpion. Fish species includerainbow trout,large andsmallmouth bass,bluegill,crappie, andmuskie.[4]: S-8
The Daniel Boone National Forest provides a range of recreational activities, including approximately 100 developed recreation areas and 600 miles (970 km) of trails, that see more than a million visitors per year.[15][16][g] Across the forest, developed recreation sites have a combined capacity to accommodate 15,830 visitors at-a-time, in addition to the capacity of dispersed recreational activities such ashiking,mountain biking,rock climbing,boating andhorse riding.[14]: 3–241, 3–243
Within the forest's boundaries lie three state managed parks,Buckhorn Lake,Cumberland Falls, andNatural Bridge. There is one designatedNational Recreation Area, theBig South Fork, located in the southwest corner of the forest,[4]: III-2 and oneNational Recreation Trail, theSheltowee Trace, which stretches almost 290 miles (470 km) from northern Kentucky toPickett CCC Memorial State Park nearJamestown, Tennessee.[18][h] There are two designatedwilderness areas,Beaver Creek, consisting of 4,877 acres (1,974 ha) set aside in 1975,[4]: III-13 [20] andClifty Wilderness, consisting of 12,646 acres (5,118 ha) near theRed River Gorge.[21] The Red River Gorge itself is a designatedNational Natural Landmark, along with the Rock Creek Natural Research Area.[4]: III-14
Hunting is also popular as a recreational activity.[14]: 3–242 The Pioneer Weapons Wildlife Management Area, representing 7,610 acres (3,080 ha) near Cave Run Lake, was created as a partnership betweenKentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources and the US Forest Service, and is an area where hunters are permitted to use only comparatively primitive weapons, suchmuzzleloaders,bow and arrow, orcrossbows.[22][23]
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