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Dang Guo (Chinese:黨國;pinyin:Dǎngguó;Wade–Giles:Tang3kuo2;lit. 'party-state'), also known asTang Kuo, was theone-party system adopted by theRepublic of China (ROC) under theKuomintang, lasting from 1924 to 1987. It was adopted afterSun Yat-sen acknowledged the efficacy of the nascentSoviet Union'spolitical system, including its system ofdictatorship, however in practice it also borrowed fromfascism.Chiang Kai-shek later used the Kuomintang to control and operate theNationalist government and theNational Revolutionary Army. All major national policies of the governmentbureaucracy were formulated by the Kuomintang, giving the party supreme power over the whole nation, as well as ideological supremacy across China, dominating the Chinese political landscape until the rise ofChinese Communist Party.
Following the beliefs of Sun Yat-sen, political power should have been returned to the people after the National Revolutionary Army militarily ended theWarlord Era. However,martial law in Taiwan continued from 1949 until 1987, during which other political parties were banned. Martial law was lifted in 1987 bypresidentChiang Ching-kuo, a move that legalized other political parties such as theDemocratic Progressive Party and ended theDang Guo era.
Dang Guo was short forYi Dang Zhi Guo (以黨治國), which literally means "using the political party to run the state". In 1920,Sun Yat-sen, founding father of the Republic of China, madeDang Guo the official ROC national policy during the phase ofmilitary rule andpolitical tutelage [zh] (two of the three phases of the Fundamentals of National Reconstruction). He was influenced byLeninist ideology, which led to theOctober Revolution inRussia. According to Sun, the Kuomintang should be paramount over the Republic of China in the course of revolution (war against the warlords) and should issue orders to the ROC bureaucracy, allNGO groups, and indeed to all individuals.
In 1924, Sun said regarding state-building:
After Sun Yat-sen decided to follow and copy theSoviet political system, his successorChiang Kai-shek used the Kuomintang to control and operate both theNationalist government and theNational Revolutionary Army, which was sometimes called "The Party's Army" (黨軍). The ROC bureaucracy had then become the means and the tools of Kuomintang, where all the major national policies were formulated, while resulted in the party holding the supreme power of the whole nation.
The concept ofDang Guo was an outgrowth of Sun's concept of "political tutelage" during which the Kuomintang was to lead the state and to instruct the people on how the democratic system would work prior to the transition to full democracy.
UnderDang Guo, ROC military personnel and civil servants alike were expected to owe their allegiance to Kuomintang first and the state second, a policy reflected by such phrases as "Service to the Party and the Nation" (功在黨國) and in thenational anthem, which makes an explicit reference to "Our Party". Likewise, the emblem of the Kuomintang was used as theemblem of the state, and the flag of the Kuomintang has been used as thenaval jack to this day. The Kuomintang sought to build a one-party ideological state, which had some influence fromfascist ideology.[2]
The Kuomintang unified China in 1927 and started to prepare the state for political reform, as according to Sun's teaching. TheConstitution of the Republic of China, enacted in 1947, stipulates that different parties shall enjoy equal status, and theNational Revolutionary Army wasreturned to civilian control as theArmy of the Republic of China. However, the outbreak of theChinese Civil War caused the ROC to be under military rule of the KMT during theperiod of mobilization when the ROC governmentrelocated to Taiwan in 1949.
After martial law ended in 1987, all political parties became legal, and the Republic of China was democratized. Since then, the President of the Republic of China has been democratically elected by the people ofTaiwan. In 2000,Chen Shui-bian of theDemocratic Progressive Party was elected as the first non-KMT president under the Constitution.
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