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Dan language

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Mande language of West Africa

"Yacouba" redirects here. For the ethnic group, seeDan people. For the name, seeYacouba (name).

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Dan
Yacouba
dàn, ꞊daanwo, daã̀
Native to	Ivory Coast,Guinea, andLiberia
Ethnicity	Dan people
Native speakers	1.6 million (2012)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Mande Eastern Mande Southeastern Mano–Dan Guro–Dan Tura–Dan Dan
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: `dnj` – Dan `lda` – Kla
Glottolog	`dann1241`
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

A Dan speaker, recorded inLiberia.

Dan/ˈdæn/^[2] is aSouthern Mande language spoken primarily inIvory Coast (~800,000 speakers) andLiberia (150,000–200,000 speakers). There is also a population of about 800 speakers inGuinea. Dan is atonal language, with 9 to 11 contour and register tones, depending on the dialect.

Alternative names for the language include Yacouba or Yakubasa, Gio, Gyo, Gio-Dan, and Da. Dialects are Gio (Liberian Dan), Gweetaawu (Eastern Dan), Blowo (Western Dan), and Kla. Kla is evidently a distinct language.

Phonology

[edit]

A sillable is minimally /V/ or /ŋ/, and maximally /ClVV/ or /ClVŋ/.

Vowels

[edit]

Vowels^[3]^: 451
	Front	Central		Back
	Front	Unrd.	Rnd.	Unrd.	Rnd.
Close	i			ɯ	u
Near-close	ɪ			ɯ̽	ʊ
Close-mid	e		ɵ	ɤ	o
Mid		ə
Open-mid	ɛ			ʌ	ɔ
Open	æ			ɑ	ɒ
Syllabic		ŋ̍

Color coding:

Only in Eastern Dan when in the position of extra-high tone

Only in Liberian Dan

Nasal sounds in Eastern Dan^[3]^: 451
	Front	Back
	Front	Unrd.	Rnd.
Close	ĩ	ɯ̃	ũ
Open-mid	ɛ̃	ʌ̃	ɔ̃
Open	æ̃	ɑ̃	ɒ̃

Consonants

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Consonants^[3]^: 451
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Labial- velar	Glottal
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	lab.	Labial- velar	Glottal
Nasal		m^[a]	n^[a]	ɲ^[a]	ŋ	ŋʷ^[a]	ɡ͡m^[a]
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	kʷ	k͡p
Plosive	voiced	b	d		ɡ	ɡʷ	ɡ͡b
Implosive		ɓ	ɗ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		x			h
Fricative	voiced	v	z
Approximant				j		w
Lateral			l
Trill			(r)

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eNasal consonant sounds mainly occur when phonemes /ɓ, ɗ, j, w, ɡ͡b/ are in nasal positions.

Only in Liberian Dan

Not in Western Dan

Not in Liberian Dan

all consonants are nasalized in nasal feet
/ŋ/ occurs only as a syllable or a syllable coda and has been treated as a vowel. it carries tone.
/l/ is heard as[r] when preceded by alveolar or palatal consonants.
Consonant combinations/sl,zl/ are heard as lateral fricative sounds[ɬ,ɮ].^[3]

Tones

[edit]

Dan has four to five level tones, depending on the variety, with level and contour tones.

Writing system

[edit]

The orthography of Liberia includes this alphabet:^[4]^[5]

Dan alphabet (Liberia)
A	B	Ɓ	D	Ɗ	E	Ɛ	F	G	GB	H	I	K	KP	KW	L	M	N	NW	NY	Ŋ	O	Ɔ	Ə	Ɵ	P	R	S	T	U	Ɥ	V	W	X	Y	Z
a	b	ɓ	d	ɗ	e	ɛ	f	g	gb	h	i	k	kp	kw	l	m	n	nw	ny	ŋ	o	ɔ	ə	ɵ	p	r	s	t	u	ɥ	v	w	x	y	z
IPA value
a	b	ɓ	d	ɗ	e	ɛ	f	ɡ	ɡ͡b	h	i	k	k͡p	kʷ	l	m	n	ŋʷ	ɲ	ŋ	o	ɔ	ə	ɵ	p	r	s	t	u	ɯ	v	w	x	j	z

Dan West alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire)
A	AƆ	B	BH	D	DH	E	Ɛ	Ë	ƐA	F	G	GB	GW	I	K	KP	KW	L	M	N	NG	O	Ɔ	Ö	P	R	S	T	U	Ü	V	W	Y	Z
a	aɔ	b	bh	d	dh	e	ɛ	ë	ɛa	f	g	gb	gw	i	k	kp	kw	l	m	n	ng	o	ɔ	ö	p	r	s	t	u	ü	v	w	y	z
IPA value
a	ɒ	b	ɓ	d	ɗ	e	ɛ	ʌ	æ	f	ɡ	ɡ͡b	gʷ	i	k	k͡p	kʷ	l	m	n	ŋ	o	ɔ	ɤ	p	r	s	t	u	ɯ	v	w	j	z

Dan East alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire), 1982
A	AƆ	B	BH	D	DH	E	Ë	Ɛ	ƐA	F	G	GB	GW	H	I	Ɩ	K	KP	KW	L	M	N	O	Ö	Ɔ	P	R	S	T	U	Ü	Ʋ	Ʋ̈	V	W	Y	Z
a	aɔ	b	bh	d	dh	e	ë	ɛ	ɛa	f	g	gb	gw	h	i	ɩ	k	kp	kw	l	m	n	o	ö	ɔ	p	r	s	t	u	ü	ʋ	ʋ̈	v	w	y	z
IPA value
a	ɒ	b	ɓ	d	ɗ	e	ʌ	ɛ	æ	f	ɡ	ɡ͡b	gʷ	h	i	ɪ	k	k͡p	kʷ	l	m	n	o	ɤ	ɔ	p	r	s	t	u	ɯ	ʊ	ʉ	v	w	j	z

Dan East alphabet (Côte d'Ivoire), 2014
A	Œ	B	BH	D	DH	E	Ʌ	Ɛ	Æ	F	G	GB	GW	H	I	Ɩ	K	KP	KW	L	M	N	O	Ɤ	Ɔ	P	R	S	T	U	Ɯ	Ʋ	V	W	Y	Z
a	œ	b	bh	d	dh	e	ʌ	ɛ	æ	f	g	gb	gw	h	i	ɩ	k	kp	kw	l	m	n	o	ɤ	ɔ	p	r	s	t	u	ɯ	ʋ	v	w	y	z
IPA value
a	ɒ	b	ɓ	d	ɗ	e	ʌ	ɛ	æ	f	ɡ	ɡ͡b	ɡʷ	h	i	ɪ	k	k͡p	kʷ	l	m	n	o	ɤ	ɔ	p	r	s	t	u	ɯ	ʊ	v	w	j	z

Tones are marked as follows:extra high tone: a̋;high tone: á;medium tone: ā;low tone: à;extra low tone: ȁ;high drop tone: â;extra low hanging tone: aʼ.

The digraphs⟨bh, dh, gb gw, kp, kw⟩ keep the same values as in the spelling of 1982, and the nasal vowels are also indicated by appending the letter n after the letter of the vowel⟨an, æn, ʌn, ɛn, in, ɔn, œn, un⟩.

References

[edit]

^Dan atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Kla atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^Laurie Bauer, 2007,The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh^[relevant?]
^^a ^b ^c ^dVydrin, Valentin (2020). "Dan". In Vossen, Rainer; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (eds.).The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 451–462.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.66.ISBN 9780199609895.
^"Dan".ScriptSource.
^"Proposal to Encode Additional Latin and Cyrillic Characters"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved13 October 2019.

External links

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Dan language test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

English-Dan Online Dictionary

Languages of Ivory Coast

Official language

French
- Nouchi

Indigenous
languages

Kru	Aizi Bakwé Bété Dida Glio-Ubi Godié Guéré Konobo Kuya Kwadia Mobu Nyabwa Neyo Siamou Tiagba Wané Wobé
Kwa	Abé Abidji Abure Adjukru Alladian Anyin Apro Attié Avikam Baoulé Ebrié Eotile Esuma Krobu Mbato Morofo Nzema
Mande	Bambara Dan Dyula Guro Maninka Soninke
Senufo	Cebaara Djimini Kar Palaka Sénoufo Tagwana
Gur	Cerma Lobi Mooré
Other	Hausa Lomakka Bouakako Sign Language
Immigrant languages	English French Spanish German Italian Hindi Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian

v t e Languages of Guinea
Official language	French
National languages	Fula Malinké (N'Ko) Susu Kissi Kpelle Toma
Indigenous languages	Badyara Baga Bambara Bassari Dan Dyula Landoma Limba Maninka Mano Pular Sua Wamey Yalunka Zialo
Immigrant languages	English French Punjabi Spanish Arabic Hindi Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Russian

Languages of Liberia

Official language

English

Indigenous languages

Manding	Bandi Dan Kpelle Loma Maninka Mann Mende Vai
Kru	Bassa Dewoin Gbii Glaro-Twabo Glio-Oubi Grebo Klao Konobo Krumen Kuwaa Sapo Tajuasohn Krahn
Other	Gola Kisi

Creole languages

Mande languages

Southeast Mande

South Mande	Beng Dan Gban Goo Guro Mano Mwa Tura Wan Yaure
East Mande	Bissa Boko Busa Tyenga Samo Shanga

West Mande

Bobo	Bobo
Jogo	Jeri Ligbi Tonjon
Manding	Bambara Bolon Dyula Jahanka Kassonke Mandinka Maninka Kita Marka Sininkere
Mokole	Kakabe Kuranko Lele Mixifore
Samogo	Banka Duun Jowulu Seenku
Soninke–Bozo	Soninke Bozo
Soso–Jalonke	Susu Yalunka
Southwest	Bandi Kpelle Loko Loma Mende Zialo
Vai–Kono	Kono Vai