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Damrong Rajanubhab

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Thai prince, historian, and public administrator (1862–1943)

Tisavarakumara
ดิศวรกุมาร
Prince Damrong Rajanubhab
Minister of Interior
In office1 April 1892 – 8 August 1915
PredecessorNone
SuccessorChoey Kalayanamitr
Minister of the Privy Seal
In office29 June 1923 – 23 March 1925
PredecessorNares Varariddhi
SuccessorNone (office abolished)
Grand-officer to the Army
In office8 April 1887 – April 1890
PredecessorNone
SuccessorSurasakmontri
(as the army department commander)
Supreme Councillor of State
In office28 November 1925 – 17 July 1932
Privy Councillor
In office7 May 1887 – 17 July 1932
Born(1862-06-21)21 June 1862
Bangkok,Siam
Died1 December 1943(1943-12-01) (aged 81)
Bangkok,Thailand
Spouse11 consorts
Issue37 sons and daughters
Names
His Royal Highness Prince Ditsawarakuman
HouseDiskul (Chakri dynasty)
FatherMongkut (Rama IV)
MotherConsort Chum
Signature

Prince Tisavarakumara, the Prince Damrong Rajanubhab (Thai:สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ;RTGS: Ditsawarakuman Damrongrachanuphap[Note 1]) (21 June 1862 – 1 December 1943) was the founder of the modernThai educational system as well as the modern provincial administration. He was anautodidact, a (self-taught) historian, and one of the most influential Thai intellectuals of his time.[1]

Born asPhra Ong Chao Tisavarakumara (พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร; "Prince Tisavarakumarn"), a son of KingMongkut with Consort Chum (เจ้าจอมมารดาชุ่ม; Chao Chom Manda Chum), a lesser royal wife; he initially learnedThai andPali from private tutors, and English at the Royal School with Mr. Francis George Patterson. At the age of 14, he received his formal education in a special palace school created by his half-brother, KingChulalongkorn. He was given posts in the royal administration at an early age, becoming the commander of theRoyal Guards Regiment in 1880 at age 18, and after several years, he worked at building army schools as well as modernizing the army in general. In 1887, he was appointed as grand-officer to the army (commander-in-chief). At the same time, he was chosen by the king to become the Minister of Education in his provisional cabinet. When King Chulalongkorn began his administrative reform program in 1892, Prince Damrong was chosen to lead the Ministry of the North (Mahatthai), which was converted into the Ministry of the Interior in 1894.

In his time as minister, he completely overhauledprovincial administration. Many minor provinces were merged into larger ones, the provincial governors lost most of their autonomy when the post was converted into one appointed and salaried by the ministry, and a new administrative division—themonthon (circle) covering several provinces—was created. Formal education of administrative staff was introduced. Prince Damrong was among the most important advisors of the king, and considered second only to him in power.

Political climate in Siam (1855–1893)

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Further information:Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns § Situation in Siam

Legal traditions made little if any sense to foreigners.[2] Nor did they have knowledge of the ancientpolitical climate.[3] Nor aware that theBowring Treaty, which nearly all considered a significant advancement, had accomplished none of its objectives and had been set-back for the Siamese for the ensuing decades.[4] Monthon reforms met with resistance, complicated by French interference in Siamese authority.[5]

Foreign advisers

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Prince Damrong Rajanubhab in 1900.

Prince Damrong went to Europe in search of a European general advisor for the king by way of theSuez Canal. In December 1891, during a lunch hosted by the British ambassador to Egypt, Damrong metGustave Rolin-Jaequemyns, who had edited the first issue ofRevue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée ("Review of International Law and Comparative Legislation"), which had appeared late-1868 with contributions from many noted scholars. Following a hasty correspondence with Bangkok, the prince was able to offer Rolin-Jaequemyns an annual salary of £3,000. Among his successors wereEdward Strobel, the first American adviser in foreign affairs, followed byJens Westengard, after whose tenure the position was downgraded to Adviser in Foreign Affairs, then Wolcott Pitkin, Eldon James, andFrancis B. Sayre.[6] After Damrong recruited Rolin-Jaequemyns, however, the advisers worked under Foreign MinisterDevawongse Vaprokar and were recruited principally by their predecessors through Harvard connections.[7] Strobel, Westengard, James, and Sayre were all Harvard law professors.[8]

Minister of the Interior

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The King had been impressed by the way Damrong organized the re-equipment of Thai artillery in his military capacity and how he successfully managed three schools and then the education ministry. Consequently, he promoted Damrong over the heads of the prince's older half brothers.[9] Prince Damrong was appointed Minister of the North in 1892 as part of a larger reform of the government.[10] In 1894 the Southern and Western provinces were transferred to Damrong's ministry, which became the Ministry of Interior.[11][12] Damrong changed the character of the department by retiring older officials and replacing them with men loyal to him, more formally training hereditary provincial nobles for their administrative responsibilities, and taking a meritocratic approach to promotion, insisting that paths of promotion should be open to clerks.[13] He also reorganized the ministry into a superintending Central Department, a Legal Department to deal with border incidents and extraterritoriality, and a Department of Provincial Administration.[14] He attempted to prune the ministry of departments that were not relevant to provincial administration.[15] However, the ministry soon took over functions normally assigned to other ministries because their operations required the cooperation of Interior staff and because of Damrong's reputation for competence. Examples included Provincial Revenue, Irrigation, Forestry, Mines, and a provincial Gendarmerie.[16][17]

Damrong's most important reform, however, was the creation of thethesaphiban system by which the provincial administration was professionalized and made responsible to and dependent on the central government. The system was named after thethesaphiban or superintendent commissioners who exercised authority over in which groups of provinces calledmonthon or circles. An 1892 tour of northern provinces convinced Damrong that the provincial government was almost completely decoupled from the central government and in desperate need of reform.[18] Through the 1890s, he createdmonthon and appointedthesaphiban. Administration was divided into judicial, financial, and administrative spheres and eachthesaphiban had a commissioner for each of these divisions.[19] Damrong and thethesaphiban also attacked the independence of provincial nobility by taking over their sources of revenue, such as judicial fees and transit duties, then using some of this money to pay them salaries. These provincial notables were then taken into the provincial administration and frequently transferred to other provinces, severing traditional local ties.[20] Damrong and his ministry also sought to appoint Interior officials to run districts (the administrative division below provinces) and to have locally elected elders take responsibility for keeping the peace and collect taxes at the commune and village levels.[21] These changes were formalized countrywide in the Ministry of Interior regulations of 1899, turning provincial governors from semi-independent nobles to officials of the central government.[22] These reforms resulted in doubling of state revenue, the extension of some social services, and increased security in the provinces.[23]

Later years

[edit]

After the death of King Chulalongkorn in 1910, the relationship with his successor KingVajiravudh was less productive. Prince Damrong finally resigned in 1915 from his post at the ministry, officially due to health problems, since otherwise the resignation would have looked like an affront to themonarch.

During the brief reign of KingPrajadhipok, the prince proposed that the king found the Royal Institute, mainly to look after the National Library and the museums. He became the first president ofthe Royal Institute of Thailand. He was given the titleSomdet Phra Chao Borommawong Thoe Krom Phraya Damrong Rajanubhab by King Prajadhipok in recognition to his work. This became the name by which he is generally known.

In the following years, Damrong worked as a self-educated historian, as well as writing books on Thai literature, culture and arts. Out of his works grew theNational Library, as well as theNational Museum. He is considered the father of Thai history. The "Damrong school" has been characterized by Thai historian Nithi Aeusrivongse as combining "the legacy of the royal chronicle with history as written in the West during the nineteenth century, creating a royal/national history to serve the modern Thai state under the absolute monarchy."[24] Although foundational to Thai history, his work is now often seen as overly nationalistic and exclusive of marginalized actors.

Being one of the main apologists forabsolute monarchy, after theSiamese revolution of 1932 which introducedConstitutional monarchy in the kingdom, Damrong was exiled toPenang in BritishMalaysia. In 1942, after the oldestablishment had substantially regained power from the 1932 reformists, he was allowed to return to Bangkok, where he died one year later.

Prince Damrong is credited as the father of Thai history, the education system, the health system (the Ministry of Health was originally a department of the Ministry of the Interior) and the provincial administration. He also had a major role in crafting Bangkok's anti-democratic state ideology of "Thainess".[citation needed]

On the 1962 centenary of his birth, he became the first Thai to be included in theUNESCO list of the world's most distinguished persons. On 28 November 2001, to honour the contributions the prince made to the country, the government declared that 1 December would thereafter be known as "Damrong Rajanupab Day".[25]

His many descendants use the royal surnameTisakula orDiskul (Thai:ดิศกุล).

Writings

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Prince Damrong wrote countless books and articles, of which only a few are available in English translation:

Honours

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National honours

[edit]

Prince Damrong received these honours and medals from theHonours System:

Foreign Honours

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Tributes to Damrong Rajanubhab

[edit]
  • Royal Monument of Prince Tisavarakumarn, Prince Damrong Rajanubhab at the Ministry of Interior
    Royal Monument of Prince Tisavarakumarn, Prince Damrong Rajanubhab at the Ministry of Interior

See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^Full transcription is "Somdet Phrachao Borommawongthoe Phra-ongchao Ditsawarakuman Kromphraya Damrongrachanuphap" (สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร กรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพ)

References

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  1. ^Thongchai Winichakul, "The Quest for 'Siwilai': A Geographical Discourse of Civilizational Thinking in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Siam," The Journal of Asian Studies 59, no. 3 (2000): 536.
  2. ^Sarasin Viraphol (1977)."Law in traditional Siam and China: A comparative study"(PDF).Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 65.1 (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 2. Retrieved17 March 2013.This represents the incorporation of natural law (jus naturale) into the positive law (jus gentium) of the ruler, making thepouvoir arbitraire the sole legal principle for government.
  3. ^Sunait Chutintaranond (1990)."Mandala, Segmentary State and Politics of Centralization in Medieval Ayudhya"(PDF).Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 78.1i (digital). Siam Heritage Trust. Retrieved17 March 2013....I am interested in the ways in which Kautilya's theory of mandala has been interpreted by historians for the purpose of studying ancient states in South and Southeast Asia.
  4. ^Terwiel, B.J. (1991)."The Bowring Treaty: Imperialism and the Indigenous Perspective"(PDF).Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 79.2f (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image.In this paper the evidence upon which historians have based their statements on the Treaty's economic results is examined. It will be shown that all take their cue from Bowring's own words. Secondly it will be shown that Bowring's remarks are not necessarily a reliable indicator.
  5. ^Murdoch, John B. (1974)."The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion"(PDF).Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol.62.1 (digital). Siam Heritage Trust.
  6. ^Numnonda, Thamsook (1976). ""The American Foreign Affairs Advisers in Thailand, 1917-1940".Journal of the Siam Society.64 (1):75–77.
  7. ^Young, Kenneth T. (1969). "The Special Role of American Advisers in Thailand 1902-1947".Asia.14: 8.
  8. ^Oblas, Peter (1972)."Treaty Revision and the Role of the American Foreign Affairs Adviser 1909–1925"(PDF).Journal of the Siam Society.60 (1). Siam Heritage Trust:2–4,7–9. Retrieved17 March 2013.In the course of his service, Sayre was awarded the Grand Cross of the Crown of Siam. The title of Phya Kalyanamaitri was also bestowed upon him.
  9. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 84–88.ISBN 0195803434.
  10. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 83.ISBN 0195803434.
  11. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 92–93.ISBN 0195803434.
  12. ^Wyatt, David K. (1984).Thailand: A Short History. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 209.ISBN 0300030541.
  13. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 94–96.ISBN 0195803434.
  14. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–94.ISBN 0195803434.
  15. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 93.ISBN 0195803434.
  16. ^Wyatt, David K. (1984).Thailand: A Short History. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 209.ISBN 0300030541.
  17. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 96.ISBN 0195803434.
  18. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 99.ISBN 0195803434.
  19. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 103.ISBN 0195803434.
  20. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 106–108.ISBN 0195803434.
  21. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 110–112.ISBN 0195803434.
  22. ^Bunnag, Tej (1977).The provincial administration of Siam, 1892-1915 : the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 118.ISBN 0195803434.
  23. ^Wyatt, David K. (1984).Thailand: A Short History. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 209.ISBN 0300030541.
  24. ^Winichakul, Thongchai (March 1995). "The Changing Landscape of the past: New Histories in Thailand since 1973".Journal of Southeast Asian Studies.26 (1): 102.doi:10.1017/S0022463400010511.S2CID 145595187.
  25. ^"Man of many talents".Prince Damrong.Ministry of Interior (Thailand). 5 March 2010. Archived fromthe original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved4 October 2013.
  26. ^"69"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 November 2011.
  27. ^"873_1"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 May 2019.
  28. ^"2929"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 20 March 2020.
  29. ^"1165_1"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 24 October 2020.
  30. ^"1961"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  31. ^"3419 1"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 30 September 2015.
  32. ^"418"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 26 June 2020.
  33. ^"392"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  34. ^"454"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 3 July 2020.
  35. ^"564 1"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  36. ^"1012"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  37. ^"2409"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 September 2015.
  38. ^"3120"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 8 November 2011.
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  49. ^List of knights of the Order of the Elephant
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Further reading

[edit]
EnglishWikisource has original works by or about:
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Wikimedia Commons has media related toDamrong Rajanubhab.
Damrong Rajanubhab
House of Diskul
Cadet branch of theHouse of Chakri
Born: 21 June 1862 Died: 1 December 1943
Order of precedence
Preceded by Eldest Royal Member of the Chakri Dynasty
1936–1943		Succeeded by
Military offices
New creationGrand-officer to the army
1887–1890		Next:
Surasakmontri
as Chief of the Army Department
Political offices
New creation Minister of Interior
1892–1915		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of the Crown
1923–1925		Office abolished
Academic offices
New creation President of the Royal Society
1926–1932		Succeeded by
The generations are numbered from the establishment of theChakri dynasty from 1782
Rama I
Sons
Grandsons
Brothers
Nephews


Rama II
Sons
Grandsons
Great-grandsons
Great-great-grandsons
Rama III
Grandsons
Rama IV
Sons
Grandsons
Great-grandsons
Rama V
Sons
Grandsons
Great-grandsons
Rama VI
  • No Son
Rama VII
  • No Children
Rama VIII
  • No Children
Rama IX
Son
Rama X
Sons
Kingdom of Siam
Kingdom of Thailand
MonarchsIndividualsKey events

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