| Damodar River | |
|---|---|
 Damodar River in the lower reaches of theChota Nagpur Plateau in dry season | |
 Damodar Map | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| Location | Jharkhand,West Bengal |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | ChulhaPani,Latehar district,Chota Nagpur Plateau,Jharkhand |
| Mouth | |
• location | Hooghly River,Howrah district,West Bengal |
| Length | 592 km (368 mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 296 m3/s (10,500 cu ft/s)[1] |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Barakar,Konar,Jamunia,Nunia |
| • right | Sali River (West Bengal) |
Damodar River (Pron: /ˈdʌmoˌdaː/) is a river flowing across theIndianstates ofJharkhand andWest Bengal. The valley is rich inmineral resources and is known for large-scalemining andindustrial activity. It was also known as theSorrow of Bengal[2] because of theravaging floods it caused in the plains of West Bengal. The construction of severaldams on the Damodar and itstributaries has helped control some of the flooding.
Damodar means "rope around the belly", derived fromSanskrit दाम (dama) "rope" and उदर (udara) "belly". Damodar is also another name given to theHindu godKrishna[3] because his foster-mother,Yashoda, had tied him to a large urn.[4]
The Damodar is a rain-fed river. It originates in Khamarpat Hill on Chotanagpur Plateau in Jharkhand.[5] It travels 368 miles (592 km) before joining theHooghly River.[6]
Damodar River has a number of tributaries and subtributaries, such asBarakar,Konar,Bokaro, Haharo,Jamunia, Ghari, Guaia, Khadia and Bhera.[4][7] The Damodar and the Barakar trifurcate the Chota Nagpur plateau. The rivers pass through hilly areas with great force, sweeping away whatever lies in their path. Two bridges on theGrand Trunk Road near Barhi in Hazaribagh district were torn down by the Barakar: the great stone bridge in 1913 and the subsequent iron bridge in 1946.[8]
The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an average annual rainfall of around 1,400 mm (55 in), almost all of it in the monsoon months between June and August.[9] The huge volume of water that flows down the Damodar and its tributaries during the monsoons used to be a fury in the upper reaches of the valley. In the lower valley it used to overflow its banks and flood large areas.
Damodar River was earlier known as the "River of Sorrows"[10] as it used to flood many areas ofBardhaman,Hooghly,Howrah andMedinipur districts.
The floods were virtually an annual ritual. In some years the damage was probably more. Many of the great floods of the Damodar are recorded in history — 1770, 1855, 1866, 1873–74, 1875–76, 1884–85, 1891–92, 1897, 1900, 1907, 1913, 1927, 1930, 1935 and 1943. In four of these floods (1770, 1855, 1913 and 1943) most of Bardhaman town was flooded.
In 1789 an agreement was signed betweenMaharaja Kirti Chand ofBurdwan and theEast India Company wherein the Maharaja was asked to pay an additional amount of₹193,721 (equivalent to₹110 million, US$1.3 million or £1.0 million in 2023) for the construction and maintenance of embankment to prevent floods. However, these ran into dispute and in 1866 and 1873,The Bengal Embankment Act was passed, transferring the powers to build and maintain embankment to the government.
So great was the devastation every year that the floods passed into folklore, as the followingBhadu song testifies:
The Damodar Valley is spread acrossHazaribagh,Ramgarh,Koderma,Giridih,Dhanbad,Bokaro andChatra districts inJharkhand andBardhaman andHooghly districts inWest Bengal and partially coversPalamu,Ranchi,Lohardaga andDumka districts in Jharkhand andHowrah,Bankura andPurulia districts in West Bengal with a command area of 24,235 square kilometres (9,357 sq mi).
The Damodar valley is rich in coal. It is considered as the prime centre of coking coal in the country. Massive deposits are found in the central basin spreading over 2,883 square kilometres (1,113 sq mi). The important coalfields in the basin areJharia,Raniganj,West Bokaro,East Bokaro,Ramgarh,South Karanpura andNorth Karanpura.[11]
The Damodar Valley is one of the most industrialised parts of India. Three integrated steel plants (Bokaro,Burnpur andDurgapur) ofSteel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and other factories are in the valley.
Severaldams have been constructed in the valley, for the generation ofhydroelectric power. The valley is called “theRuhr of India”.Damodar Valley Corporation, popularly known as DVC, came into being on July 7, 1948, by an Act of theConstituent Assembly of India (Act No. XIV of 1948) as the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India.[12] It is modeled on theTennessee Valley Authority of the United States.[13]
The initial focus of the DVC were flood control, irrigation, generation, transmission and distribution of electricity, eco-conservation and afforestation, as well as job creation for the socio-economic well-being of the people residing in and around areas affected by DVC projects. However, over the past few decades, power generation has gained priority. Other objectives of the DVC remain part of its primary responsibility. The dams in the valley have a capacity to moderate peak floods of 7,100 to 18,400 cubic metres per second (250,000 to 650,000 cu ft/s). DVC has created irrigation potential of 3,640 square kilometres (1,410 sq mi).
The first dam was built across theBarakar River, a tributary of the Damodar river atTilaiya in 1953. The second one was built across theKonar River, another tributary of the Damodar river atKonar in 1955. Two dams across the rivers Barakar and Damodar were built atMaithon in 1957 andPanchet in 1958. Both the dams are some 8 kilometres (5 mi) upstream of the confluence point of the rivers. These four major dams are controlled by DVC.Durgapur Barrage was constructed downstream of the four dams in 1955, across the Damodar river at Durgapur, with head regulators for canals on either side for feeding an extensive system of canals and distributaries.[14][15] In 1978, the government of Bihar (that was before the formation of the state of Jharkhand) constructed theTenughat Dam across the Damodar river outside the control of DVC.[16] It proposes constructing a dam across the Barakar river at Belpahari in Jharkhand state.[17]
| International | |
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| Geographic | |
