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Dam failure

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Catastrophic failure of dam barrier by uncontrolled release of water
"Dam burst" redirects here. For the argument type or fallacy, seeSlippery slope.
The reservoir emptying through the failedTeton Dam on June 5, 1976
Ruins of the dam ofVega de Tera (Spain) afterbreaking in 1959

Adam failure ordam burst is a catastrophic type ofstructural failure characterized by the sudden, rapid, and uncontrolled release of impounded water or the likelihood of such an uncontrolled release.[1] Between the years 2000 and 2009 more than 200 notable dam failures happened worldwide.[2]

Adam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, that directs or slows down the flow, often creating areservoir,lake or impoundments. Most dams have a section called aspillway orweir over or through which water flows, either intermittently or continuously, and some havehydroelectric power generation systems installed.

Dams are considered "installations containing dangerous forces" underinternational humanitarian law due to the massive impact of a possible destruction on the civilian population and the environment. Dam failures are comparatively rare, but can cause immense damage and loss of life when they occur. In 1975 thefailure of the Banqiao Reservoir Dam and other dams inHenan Province, China caused more casualties than any other dam failure in history. The disaster killed an estimated 171,000 people[3] and 11 million people lost their homes.

Main causes of dam failures

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International special sign for works and installations containing dangerous forces

Common causes of dam failure include:

Deliberate breaching

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A notable case of deliberate dam breaching was theBritishRoyal Air ForceDambusters raid on Germany inWorld War II (codenamed"Operation Chastise"), in which six German dams were selected to be breached in order to impact German infrastructure and manufacturing and power capabilities deriving from theRuhr andEder rivers. This raid later became the basis for several films.

Attacks on dams were restricted in Article 56 of the 1977Protocol I amendment to theGeneva Conventions. Dams may not be lawfully attacked "if such attack may cause the release of dangerous forces from the works or installations and consequent severe losses among the civilian population", unless "it is used for other than its normal function and in regular, significant and direct support of military operations and if such attack is the only feasible way to terminate such support". Similar provisions apply to other sources of "dangerous forces", such as nuclear power plants.[8]

Other cases include the Chinese bombing of multiple dams duringTyphoon Nina (1975) in an attempt to drain them before their reservoirs overflowed. The typhoon produced what is now considered a 1-in-2,000-year flood, which few if any of these dams were designed to survive.

TheKakhovka Dam wasdestroyed in June 2023, during theRussian invasion of Ukraine.

List of major dam failures

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See also:List of tailings dam failures andList of flash floods
Dam/incidentDateLocationCountryFatalitiesDetails
Marib Dam575ShebaYemenUnknownUnknown causes, possibly neglect. The consequent failure of the irrigation system provoked the migration of up to 50,000 people from Yemen.
Subiaco Dam1305SubiacoItalyUnknownAmateur attempt to lower the dam
Döda fallet/1796 Ragunda lake burst disaster1796JämtlandSweden0Natural dam ofglacial till had canal dug through it for purposes of navigation. As the till was hard to dig, water was used to erode the channel. The canal led to the failure of the dam.
Puentes Dam1802LorcaSpain6081,800 houses and 40,000 trees destroyed.[9]
Hogs Back Dam1829-04-03OttawaUpper CanadaUnknownInexperience with cold weather engineering allowed for a small leak in wall to form on March 28 and the dam to slump on April 2. The following day, on April 3, the dam failed and washed away down theRideau River. A new dam of a different design was built atop the foundation of the original later that same year.[10]
Bilberry reservoir1852-02-05Holme ValleyUnited Kingdom81Failed in a heavy rain. Inquest found construction was culpably negligent.
Dale Dike Reservoir/Great Sheffield Flood1864-03-11South YorkshireUnited Kingdom244Defective design and construction. Small leak in wall grew until new dam failed. More than 600 houses were damaged or destroyed. Led to regulation.
Iruka Lake Dam1868Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture
(thenOwari Province)		Japan941Under the influence of heavy rain from late April, this soil dam collapsed on May 13. Water accumulated in Lake Iruka overflowed downstream, causing severe damage to Inuyama,Iwakura,Kasugai,TsushimaYatomi, and to Komaki. Eight hundred and seven houses were destroyed, with another 11,709 flooded.
Mill River Dam1874Williamsburg, MassachusettsUnited States139Lax regulations and cost cutting led to an insufficient design, which fell apart when the reservoir was full. Six hundred million gallons of water were released, wiping out 4 towns and making national headlines. This dam break led to increased regulation of dam construction.
South Fork Dam/Johnstown flood1889-05-31Johnstown, PennsylvaniaUnited States2 208Blamed on poor maintenance by owners, who lowered crest by a meter or more;[5] court deemed it an "Act of God". Followed exceptionally heavy rainfall. Sixteen hundred homes were destroyed.
Walnut Grove Dam1890Wickenburg, ArizonaUnited States100+A drunkard's negligence, shoddy construction, and corporate mismanagement killed as many as 150 after a routine flood exceeded the dam's design capacity.[11][4]
Gohna Lake dam1894-08-25GarhwalBritish India1Failure of alandslide dam. Authorities had been able to evacuate the valley.
Austin Dam1900-04-07Austin, TexasUnited States8In an extreme current, two 250-foot sections of the dam slid about 20 m downstream intact. The town was left without electrical power for months.
Hauser Dam1908-04-14Helena, MontanaUnited States0Heavy flooding coupled with poor foundation quality. Workers managed to warn people downstream.
Broken Down Dam1908-09-24Fergus Falls, MinnesotaUnited States0Design flaw; dam built on water springs. Four downstream dams and bridge destroyed; a fourth dam was opened and saved. Mills, homes and farms flooded. No fatalities.
Austin Dam1911-09-11Austin, PennsylvaniaUnited States78Poor design, use of dynamite to remedy structural problems. Destroyed paper mill and much of the town of Austin. Replacement failed in 1942.
Desná Dam1916DesnáAustria-Hungary65Construction flaws caused the dam failure.
Lower Otay Dam1916San Diego County, CaliforniaUnited States14Over-topped from flooding following heavy rains. Locally, blame was placed onCharles Hatfield who had been contracted by the City ofSan Diego for his efforts inrainmaking. Court cases following the dam's failure resulted in neither liabilities being passed to Mr. Hatfield nor the original payment, as both of the court's decisions ruled the event 'an act of God'.
Sweetwater Dam1916-01-27San Diego County, CaliforniaUnited States0Over-topped from flooding; spillway inadequate, water rose over a meter higher than the dam and waterfalled over its surface. Dam had been raised after a similar earlier overtopping. Partial failure.
Lake Toxaway Dam1916-08-13Transylvania County, North CarolinaUnited States0Heavy rains and lack of water-level controls caused the dam to give way. Private lake destroyed, resort area failed. Dam was later rebuilt in the 1960s.
Tigra Dam1917-08-19GwaliorBritish India1 000Failed due to water infiltrating through sandstone foundation. Possibly more fatalities.
Gleno Dam1923-12-01Province of BergamoItaly356Poor construction and design, inferior materials. Lasted 40 days.
Llyn Eigiau dam andCoedty reservoir1925-11-02DolgarrogUnited Kingdom17The outflow from Llyn Eigiau destroyed Coedty reservoir. Contractor blamed cost-cutting in construction. Twenty-five inches of rain had fallen in preceding 5 days.
St. Francis Dam1928-03-12Santa Clarita, CaliforniaUnited States431+Geological instability of east canyon wall. Possibly many more unreported casualties due to unknown, large numbers of undocumented migrant workers in farmland below.
Castlewood Dam1933Franktown, ColoradoUnited States2Bad design and maintenance, with proximate cause of heavy rain. Dam failed at 1 am on 3 August 1933, with dam waters just 15 miles from the City ofDenver. Warnings to the city by 4 am allowed most people to move out of the way of the flood waters.[12][13][14]
Granadillar Dam1934Canary IslandsSpain8Bad design and foundation
Secondary Dam of Sella Zerbino1935MolareItaly111Geological unstable base combined with flood.
Horonai Dam1941Ōmu, HokkaidoJapan60A torrential rain struck around Horonai River area. This is the dam collapse in the wake, and according to official confirmed, the lost houses reached to 32.
Zaporizhzhya Dam1941ZaporizhzhyaSoviet Union20-100.000Stalin's secret police sabotaged the Zaporizhzhya dam to halt the nazi advance into the Soviet Union.
Nant-y-Gro dam1942Elan ValleyUnited Kingdom0Destroyed deliberately with explosive charge during testing and preparation forOperation Chastise in World War II.
Edersee Dam1943-05-17HesseGermany70Destroyed by bombing duringOperation Chastise in World War II. Widespread destruction.
Möhne Dam1943-05-17RuhrGermany1 579Destroyed by bombing duringOperation Chastise in World War II. Eleven factories were destroyed, 114 seriously damaged.
Xuriguera Dam1944BarcelonaSpain8Heavy rain.
Heiwaike Dam1951Kameoka, Kyoto PrefectureJapan117After heavy rain, the Heiwaike Dam collapsed, and water from the reservoir swallowed a downstream village. Eight houses ware damaged in Kameoka and the surrounding area.
Tangiwai disaster1953-12-24Whangaehu RiverNew Zealand151Failure ofMount Ruapehu's crater lake. Naturaltephra dam failed.
Taisho Lake Dam1953Ide, Kyoto PrefectureJapan108Under the influence of heavy rain, outburst with a Ninotani Lake Dam, shortly beforeTyphoon Tess.
Vega de Tera disaster1959-01-09RibadelagoSpain144According to dam workers' testimonies, the grounds had serious structural deficiencies due to poor construction. On the night of January 9, a 150-meter-long portion of the containing wall collapsed, releasing nearly 8 million m3 of stored water.[15]
Malpasset dam1959-12-02Côte d'AzurFrance423Geological fault possibly enhanced by explosives work during construction; initial geo-study was not thorough. Two villages were destroyed.
Kurenivka mudslide1961-03-13KievSoviet Union145Impoundment of the clay slurry reservoir (storing the waste of the local brick factories) failed after heavy rains, inundating the Kurenivka neighborhood with meters of mud. An unofficial modern report claims as high as 1,500 fatalities, while official reports state 145.
Panshet Dam1961-07-12PuneIndia1,000Dam wall burst due to pressure of accumulated rain water.[16] To protect the earthen dam from the flow of water, concrete blocks were used instead of steel-reinforced concrete due to a steel shortage.
Baldwin Hills Reservoir1963-12-14Los AngelesUnited States5Subsidence caused byover-exploitation of local oil field. Two hundred and seventy-seven homes destroyed.
Vajont Dam1963-10-09Monte TocItaly1 917Strictly not a dam failure, since the dam structure did not collapse and is still standing. Filling the reservoir caused geological failure in valley wall, leading to 110 km/h landslide into the lake; water escaped in a wave over the top of dam. Valley had been incorrectly assessed as stable. Several villages completely wiped out.
Spaulding Pond Dam
(Mohegan Park)		1963-03-06NorwichUnited States6More than $6 million estimated damages.
Swift Dam1964-06-10MontanaUnited States28Failed in heavy rains. Another nearby dam did likewise.
El Cobre New and Old Dam1965-03-28ValparaísoChile350–400Liquefaction during anearthquake released water and mining waste which traveled downstream and buried the town of El Cobre.
Mina Plakalnitsa1966-05-01VratsaBulgaria107A tailings dam at Plakalnitsa copper mine near Vratsa failed. A total 450,000 m3 of mud and water inundated Vratsa and the nearby village of Zgorigrad, which suffered widespread damage. The official death toll is 107, but an unofficial estimate is around 500 killed.[17][18]
Sempor Dam1967-11-29Central Java ProvinceIndonesia138Flash floods over-topped the dam during construction.[19]
Certej dam failure1971-10-30Certej MineRomania89Atailings dam built too tall collapsed, floodingCerteju de Sus with toxic tailings.[20]
Buffalo Creek Flood1972-02-26West VirginiaUnited States125Unstable loose constructed dam created by localcoal mining company, collapsed in heavy rain. 1,121 injured, 507 houses destroyed, over 4,000 left homeless.
Canyon Lake Dam1972-06-09South DakotaUnited States238Flooding, dam outlets clogged with debris. 3,057 injuries, over 1,335 homes and 5,000 automobiles destroyed.
Banqiao and Shimantan Dams1975-08-08ZhumadianChina26,000–240,000Thedam failure was caused by extreme rainfall, beyond the planned design capability of the dam, dumped on China byTyphoon Nina. Eleven million people lost their homes. Dam was later rebuilt between 1986 and 1993.
Teton Dam1976-06-05IdahoUnited States11Geological problems including unsuitable bedrock, seismic activity and caves.USGS, said prior to completion: "Since such a flood could be anticipated, we might consider a series of strategically placed motion-picture cameras to document the process". Water leakage eroded the earthen wall and lead to dam failure. Thirteen thousand head of cattle died.
Laurel Run Dam1977-07-19JohnstownUnited States40Heavy rainfall and flooding that over-topped the dam. Six other dams failed the same day, killing five people.
Kelly Barnes Dam1977-11-06GeorgiaUnited States39Unknown, possibly design error as dam was raised several times by owners to improve power generation.
Machchu-2 Dam1979-08-11MorbiIndia5 000The actual observed flow following the intense rainfall reached 16307 m3 s, thrice what the dam was designed for, resulting in its collapse. The 762 metres (2,500 ft) of left and 365 metres (1,198 ft) of right embankment of dam were collapsed.[5] Within 20 minutes the floods of 12 to 30 feet (3.7 to 9.1 m) height inundated the low-lying areas of Morbi industrial town located 5 km below the dam.[21]
Wadi Qattara Dam1979BenghaziLibya0Flooding beyond discharge and storage capacity damaged the main dam and destroyed the secondary dam in the scheme.
Lawn Lake Dam1982-07-15Rocky Mountain National ParkUnited States3Outlet pipe erosion; dam under-maintained due to location.
Tous Dam1982-10-20ValenciaSpain8Heavy flooding coupled with poor quality of the dam wall, lack of qualified staff and negligence of a warning of heavy rain in the area. On the next day, newspapers reported possibly 40 fatalities and 25 disappeared but in the coming days the count went down to 8 or 9. One year later,La Vanguardia spoke of 25.
Val di Stava dam1985-07-19TeseroItaly268Poor maintenance and low margin for error in design; outlet pipes failed leading to pressure on dam.
Kantale Dam1986-04-20KantaleSri Lanka180Poor maintenance, leakage, and consequent failure. Destroyed over 1600 houses and 2,000 acres ofpaddy fields. The dam was 1,400 years old, and heavy modern vehicles were driven across it.
Upriver Dam1986-05-20SpokaneUnited States0Lightning struck power system, turbines shut down. Water rose behind dam while trying to restart. Backup power systems failed, could not raise spillway gates in time. Dam overtopped (rebuilt).
Belci dam failure1991-07-29BelciRomania25The embankment dam, built between 1958 and 1962 for theBorzești Petrochemical Plant on theTazlău river, collapsed after record rainfall firstly overtopped the structure, followed by its breach later onwards. As the event happened in the night, 250 houses were destroyed, killing 25 people in the process.
Peruća Dam detonation1993-01-28Split-Dalmatia CountyCroatia0Not strictly a dam failure as there was a detonation of pre-positionedexplosives by retreatingSerb Forces.
Merriespruit tailings dam1994-02-22Free StateSouth Africa17Dam failed after a heavy thunderstorm. The dam was in an unacceptable condition prior to failure. Widespread devastation and environmental damage.
Meadow Pond Dam1996-03-13New HampshireUnited States1Design and construction deficiencies resulted in failure in heavy icing conditions.
Saguenay Flood1996-07-19QuebecCanada10Problems started after two weeks of constant rain, which severely engorged soils, rivers and reservoirs. Post-flood enquiries discovered that the network of dikes and dams protecting the city was poorly maintained.
Opuha Dam1997-02-06CanterburyNew Zealand0Heavy rain during construction caused failure, dam was later completed.
Virgen Dam1998MatagalpaNicaragua0Heavy rains and flooding fromHurricane Mitch severely damaged theMancotal and El Dorado Dams, over-topping theirspillways and nearly destroying the dams. The Virgen Dam was destroyed but later rebuilt.[22][23]
Doñana disaster1998-04-25AndalusiaSpain0Over-steepened dam failed by sliding on weak clay foundation, releasing 4–5 million m3 of acidic mine tailings into the River Agrio, a tributary of the River Guadiamar, which is the main water source for theDoñana National Park, aUNESCO World Heritage Site.
Shihgang Dam1999-09-21TaichungTaiwan0Caused by damage sustained during the1999 Jiji earthquake.
Martin County coal slurry spill2000-10-11Martin County, KentuckyUnited States0Failure of a coal slurry impoundment. The water supply for over 27,000 residents was contaminated. The spill was 30 times larger than theExxon Valdez oil spill and one of the worst environmental disasters ever in the southeastern United States
Vodní nádrž Soběnov2002SoběnovCzechia0Extreme rainfall during the2002 European floods.
Zeyzoun Dam2002-06-04ZeyzounSyria222,000 individuals displaced and over 10,000 directly affected.[24][25]
Silver Lake Dam2003-05-14MichiganUnited States0Heavy rains caused earthenFuse plug dam and bank to wash away. Eighteen hundred people evacuated. Flood caused the failure of the downstream Tourist Park Dam.
Hope Mills Dam2003-05-26North CarolinaUnited States0In heavy rains, floodgate held shut bay-water pressure. Sixteen hundred people evacuated.
Ringdijk Groot-Mijdrecht [nl]2003-08-23WilnisNetherlands0Strictly not a dam or dike failure. The originalpeat soil surrounding apolder (where peat had subsided due to oxidization) was pushed away by the water in the canal. The peat became lighter than water during the 2003 drought. The real cause was new wooden piling along the canal. This new piling was water-tight and therefore the peat soil dried out. Around 1,500 residents had to be evacuated.
Big Bay Dam2004-03-12MississippiUnited States0A small hole in the dam grew, spouted higher, and eventually led to failure. One hundred and four buildings damaged or destroyed.
Camará Dam2004-06-17ParaíbaBrazil3Poor maintenance. Three thousand people homeless. A second failure happened 11 days after.
Shakidor Dam2005-02-10PasniPakistan70Sudden and extreme flooding caused by abnormally severe rain.
Taum Sauk reservoir2005-12-14Lesterville, MissouriUnited States0Computer/operator error; gauges intended to mark dam full were not respected; dam continued to fill. Minor leakages had also weakened the wall throughpiping. The dam of the lower reservoir withstood the onslaught of the flood.
Ka Loko Dam2006-03-14Kauaʻi, HawaiiUnited States7Heavy rain and flooding. Several possible specific factors to include poor maintenance, lack of inspection and illegal modifications.[26]
Campos Novos Dam2006-06-20Campos NovosBrazil0Tunnel collapse.
Gusau Dam2006-09-30GusauNigeria40Heavy flooding, lack of maintenance. Approximately 500 homes were destroyed, displacing 1,000 people.
Lake Delton2008-06-09WisconsinUnited States0Failure inJune 2008 Midwest floods; nearby highway washed out, creating a new channel which drained the lake.
Koshi Barrage2008-08-18Koshi ZoneNepal250Neglect of barrage and the building of barrage itself. The region however saw weak monsoon and multi-year drought preceding the barrage failure. The flood affected over 2.3 million people in the northern part ofBihar.
Kingston Fossil Plant
coal fly ash slurry spill		2008-12-22Roane County, TennesseeUnited States0Failure of a fly ash slurry pond.
Algodões Dam2009-05-27PiauíBrazil7Heavy rain.[27] 80 people injured, 2000 homeless.
Situ Gintung Dam2009-03-27TangerangIndonesia98Poor maintenance and heavy monsoon rain.
Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam2009-08-17SayanogorskRussia75Not a dam failure, but rather the power station accident where the turbine 2 broke apart violently due to themetal fatigue caused by overlooked vibrations, flooding the turbine hall and causing the ceiling to collapse. The dam itself was unaffected, and the power station rebuilt within 5 years.
Kyzyl-Agash Dam2010-03-11QyzylaghashKazakhstan43Heavy rain and snowmelt. Causes, deathtoll disputed. Three hundred people were injured and over 1,000 evacuated from the village.
Hope Mills Dam2010-06-16North CarolinaUnited States0Sinkhole caused dam failure. Second failure of the dam, will be replaced.
Testalinda Dam2010-06-13Oliver, British ColumbiaCanada0Heavy Rain, low maintenance. Destroyed at least 5 homes. BuriedHighway 97.
Delhi Dam2010-07-24IowaUnited States0Heavy rain, flooding, malfunctioning spillway and structural problems. Around 8,000 people had to be evacuated. Replacement uncertain due to lake-dredging debt.
Niedow Dam2010-08-07Lower Silesian VoivodeshipPoland1Heavy rain, over-topped from flooding.[28]
Ajka alumina plant accident2010-10-04AjkaHungary10Failure of concrete impound wall onalumina planttailings dam. One million cubic meters ofred mud contaminated a large area; within days the mud had reached theDanube.
Kenmare Resources tailings dam2010-10-04TopuitoMozambique1Failure oftailings dam attitanium mine. Three hundred homes had been rebuilt.
Fujinuma Dam2011-03-11SukagawaJapan8Failed after2011 Tōhoku earthquake. Authorities state that the dam failure was caused by the earthquake, making these the first earthquake-caused dam failure fatalities since 1930,[dubious –discuss] worldwide.[29] Nearby dams damaged by same earthquake.
Campos dos Goytacazes dam2012-01-04Campos dos GoytacazesBrazil0Failed after a period of flooding.[30] 4000 people displaced.
Ivanovo Dam2012-02-06BiserBulgaria8Failed after a period of heavy snowmelt. A crack in the dam went unrepaired for years. Eight people killed and several communities flooded.[31]
Köprü Dam2012-02-24Adana ProvinceTurkey10A gate in the diversion tunnel broke after a period of heavy rain during the reservoir's first filing. The accident killed ten workers.[32][33]
Dakrong 3 Dam2012-10-07Quảng Trị ProvinceVietnam0Poor design aggravated byTyphoon Gaemi flood surge.
Tokwe Mukorsi Dam2014-02-04Masvingo ProvinceZimbabwe0Downstream slope failure on a 90.3-meter-tall (296 ft)embankment dam, possibly as the reservoir was being filled. Residents evacuated upstream.
Mount Polley2014-08-04British ColumbiaCanada0Tailings dam collapse due to negligent operation; reservoir was overfilled beyond design parameters despite repeated warnings of the danger[34][35][36] combined with a minor dam breach a few months before[37] and fundamental design flaws.[38]
Mariana dam disaster2015-11-05Mariana, Minas GeraisBrazil19Tailings dam collapsed. One village destroyed, 600 people evacuated. Sixty million m3 of iron waste slurry polluted Doce River, and thesea near the river's mouth.
Maple Lake2017-10-05Paw Paw, MichiganUnited States0A heavy rainstorm caused a section of a dam to crumble because of the weight of a pond above, which happened around 5 a.m.[39]
Patel Dam2018-05-10SolaiKenya47Failed after several days of heavy rain. Private dam, causes unclear.
Panjshir Valley dam2018-07-11Panjshir ValleyAfghanistan10Dilapidated dam crumbled under heavy summer rains, 13 missing, 300 houses destroyed.
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Dam2018-07-23Attapeu ProvinceLaos36Saddle dam under construction collapsed during rainstorms. Six thousand six hundred people homeless, 98 missing. Company denied the dam had collapsed.[40]
Swar Chaung Dam2018-08-19YedasheMyanmar4Breach in the dam's spillway. Sixty-three thousand evacuated, 3 missing. Eighty-five villages affected.
Sanford Dam, Patricia Lake2018-09-15Boiling Spring Lakes, North CarolinaUnited States0Overtopping after over 36 inches of rainfall during landfall ofHurricane Florence.
Brumadinho dam disaster2019-01-25Brumadinho, Minas GeraisBrazil270Tailings dam suffered a catastrophic failure releasing 12 million m3 of tailings slurry.
Spencer Dam2019-03-14NearSpencer, NebraskaUnited States1Dam was breached after a major storm caused heavy rain.
Tiware Dam2019-07-02Ratnagiri DistrictIndia23Heavy rains overtopped and breached the dam.
Edenville Dam2020-05-19Edenville, MichiganUnited States0Static liquefaction.[41]
Sanford Dam2020-05-19Sanford, MichiganUnited States0The failure of theEdenville Dam immediately upstream caused a large inflow intoSanford Lake, which overtopped the dam.[41]
2021 Uttarakhand flood2021-02-07Chamoli, UttarkhandIndia61TheRishiganga dam was destroyed by either anavalanche or aglacier burst, leading to a large surge of water downstream that also breached theTapovan Hydropower Plant.[42] One hundred and forty-five people missing.
2022 Jagersfontein Dam Collapse2022-09-11Jagersfontein, Free StateSouth Africa3Structural failure.
Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam2023-06-06Nova Kakhovka, Kherson OblastUkraine58-350Unknown, presumed intentional explosion.
Derna dam collapses2023-09-11DernaLibya5,900–20,000Failure of two roughly 75- and 45-meter-tall dams following heavy rain fromStorm Daniel against the backdrop of theLibyan civil war resulting in the city ofDerna being inundated with approximately 30 million m3 of water.[43]
Arbaat Dam collapse2024-08-24Port SudanSudan148[44]The collapse was triggered by severe rainfall and consequentialflooding.[45][46]

Expected dam failures

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Based on the advances instructural engineering, seismology and previous dam failures, it has become possible to predict, or in some cases to know with certainty, about future dam failures. Important additional aspects are typical experiences with lack of monitoring and maintenance of dams and the false operation of dams in favour of electricity production, not flood-control (leading to higher reservoir levels with less flood intake-capacity).Some dam failures, like that ofAswan High Dam in Egypt, will be of such catastrophic consequences, that scientists and engineers have conducted studies, based on the method offlood routing to predict volume, speed and spreading of a flood following a dam failure. These studies are among the most significant warnings to governments, as inland floods, based on the high volumes of water from reservoirs are the most destructive among all industrial disasters. A study[47] about the Breach of Aswan Dam resulting in 209 cubic kilometers of flood waters was presented to the president and the advisory board in November 16th 2024 by Hany El-Kateb.[48]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Souza, Leonardo; Sanjay Pandit, Grishma; Prakash Chanekar, Tanvi."Case Study and Forensic Investigation of Failure of Dam Above Kedarnath"(PDF).International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.Archived(PDF) from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved28 January 2019.
  2. ^"Science Engineering & Sustainability: Dam break simulation with HEC-RAS: Chepete proposed dam".Science Engineering & Sustainability.Archived from the original on 2020-06-12. Retrieved2019-12-07.
  3. ^Osnos, Evan (October 12, 2011)."Faust, China, and Nuclear Power".The New Yorker.Archived from the original on March 13, 2016.
  4. ^abDill, David B. (1987)."Terror on the Hassayampa: The Walnut Grove Dam Disaster of 1890".The Journal of Arizona History.28 (3):283–306.ISSN 0021-9053.JSTOR 41859769.PMID 11617262.Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved2022-10-25.
  5. ^abcColeman, Neil M. (2018).Johnstown's Flood of 1889 - Power Over Truth and The Science Behind the Disaster. Springer International AG.ISBN 978-3-319-95215-4.
  6. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNShw5LsXbk&list=PLlOnFMm_a9Up7AiiI3d5uibkQ9xEgHKk8&index=4Archived 2022-10-18 at theWayback Machine | Seconds from disaster, Flood at Satava dam Italy
  7. ^Li, Dongfeng; Lu, Xixi; Walling, Desmond E.; Zhang, Ting; Steiner, Jakob F.; Wasson, Robert J.; Harrison, Stephan; Nepal, Santosh; Nie, Yong; Immerzeel, Walter W.; Shugar, Dan H.;Koppes, Michèle; Lane, Stuart; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Sun, Xiaofei; Yegorov, Alexandr; Bolch, Tobias (July 2022)."High Mountain Asia hydropower systems threatened by climate-driven landscape instability"(PDF).Nature Geoscience.15 (7):520–530.Bibcode:2022NatGe..15..520L.doi:10.1038/s41561-022-00953-y.hdl:1874/428480.ISSN 1752-0908.S2CID 249961353. Retrieved2022-07-26.
  8. ^"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977."Archived 10 December 2008 at theWayback Machine[ICRC Treaties and Documents]. Retrieved: 14 February 2010.
  9. ^"La rotura del pantano de Puentes - Región de Murcia Digital".regmurcia.com.Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved16 April 2018.
  10. ^"Rideau Canal - Tales of the Rideau: Washed Away, The Hogs Back Dam".rideau-info.com.Archived from the original on 2020-02-02. Retrieved2020-02-02.
  11. ^Nellans, Joanna Dodder (2007-10-25)."Arizona's 1890 dam disaster killed more than 100 people - The Prescott Daily Courier - Prescott, Arizona". The Daily Courier. Archived fromthe original on 2015-11-18.
  12. ^Cherry Creek Flood, 1933Archived 2019-04-23 at theWayback Machine, Denver Public Library, Western History and Genealogy Division, 2015.
  13. ^Castlewood Canyon State Park: A brief historyArchived 2019-02-07 at theWayback Machine, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, State of Colorado, 2007.
  14. ^Disaster Nearly Drowns Denver In 1933Archived 2022-02-11 at theWayback Machine, Ion Colorado, 1 February 2019.
  15. ^40 años de la tragedia de Ribadelago, en la que murieron 144 personasArchived 2023-09-16 at theWayback Machine(in Spanish)
  16. ^"July 12, 1961 – Lest We Forget".sakaaltimes.com. Archived fromthe original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved16 April 2018.
  17. ^"История на село Згориград – Згориград".Згориград.Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved16 April 2018.
  18. ^"Трагедиата". 28 July 2012. Archived fromthe original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved16 April 2018.
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