The Ice Box | |
![]() | |
![]() Daikin Park (then Minute Maid Park) in 2024 | |
Former names | The Ballpark at Union Station (planning phase) Enron Field (2000–2002) Astros Field (February–July 2002) Minute Maid Park (July 2002–2024) |
---|---|
Address | 501 Crawford Street |
Location | Houston, Texas, United States |
Coordinates | 29°45′25″N95°21′20″W / 29.75694°N 95.35556°W /29.75694; -95.35556 |
Public transit | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Parking | Estimated 25,000 total spots within walking distance |
Owner | Harris County-Houston Sports Authority |
Operator | Harris County-Houston Sports Authority |
Capacity | 41,168 (2017–present)[1] 41,676 (2016)[2] 41,574 (2015)[3] 42,060 (2013–2014)[4] 40,981 (2012)[5] 40,963 (2011)[6] 40,976 (2006–2010)[7] 40,950 (2000–2005) |
Record attendance | 44,203, September 26, 2001[8] |
Field size | Left field – 315 feet (96.0 m) Left-center – 366 feet (111.6 m) Left-center (deep) – 399 feet (121.6 m)[9] Center field – 409 feet (124.7 m) Right-center (deep) 408 feet (124.4 m) Right-center – 370 feet (112.8 m) Right field – 326 feet (99.4 m) Backstop – 49 feet (15 m) ![]() |
Surface | Platinum TE Paspalum (grass)[10] |
Scoreboard | 54 feet (16.5 m) high by 124 feet (37.8 m) wide |
Construction | |
Broke ground | November 1, 1997 (1997-11-1) |
Opened | March 30, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-03-30) (exhibition) April 7, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-04-07) (regular season) |
Renovated | 2010 (offseason), 2017 (offseason)[11] |
Construction cost | US$250 million ($456 million in 2024 dollars[12]) |
Architect | HOK Sport (now Populous) Molina & Associates |
Project manager | Schindewolfe and Associates[13] |
Structural engineer | Walter P Moore[13] |
Services engineer | M-E Engineers, Inc. (Bowl)[14] Uni-Systems, Inc. (Roof)[13] |
General contractor | Brown & Root/Barton Malow/Empire Joint Venture[13] |
Tenants | |
Houston Astros (MLB) 2000–present |
Daikin Park (originallyEnron Field and formerlyAstros Field andMinute Maid Park) is aretractable roofstadium inHouston, Texas, United States. It opened in 2000 and is the homeballpark of theHouston Astros ofMajor League Baseball (MLB). The ballpark has a seating capacity of 41,168, which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites with a natural grass playing field. It was built as a replacement for theAstrodome, the first domed sports stadium ever built, which opened in 1965.
In 1909, during the time whenWest End Park was Houston's premier residential area, the Houston Belt and Terminal Railway Company commissioned the design of a newunion station for the city fromNew York City–based architectsWarren and Wetmore. The location called for the demolition of several structures of Houston prominence.Horace Baldwin Rice's residence andAdath Yeshurun Congregation's synagogue among other structures were removed.[15]
With an original estimated cost of US$1 million,Union Station was constructed by the American Construction Company for an eventual total of five times that amount.[16] Exterior walls were constructed ofgranite,limestone, andterracotta, while the interior used an extensive amount ofmarble. It was completed and opened on March 1, 1911. At the time, Houston, with 17 railways, was considered the main railroad hub of theSouthern United States.[17] This is also evident by theSeal of Houston, which prominently features a locomotive. Two more floors were added the following year.[18]
The station served as the main inter-city passenger terminal for Houston for over seven decades thereafter. Passenger rail declined greatly afterWorld War II, and the last regularly-scheduled train, theLone Star, moved its service to Houston's currentAmtrak station on July 31, 1974. With this move, the building became only office space for the HB&T as well as the Missouri Pacific Railroad.
On November 10, 1977, the building was added to theNational Register of Historic Places by theNational Park Service.
In August 1995, Astros ownerDrayton McLane, then leasing theAstrodome fromHarris County, commented to theHouston Chronicle that he was not in the market for a new ballpark. In reference to Pittsburgh'sThree Rivers Stadium and Cincinnati'sRiverfront Stadium, McLane noted, "[...] I remember when those were built in the 1970s and those were as good a stadiums as there were. They were the most modern stadiums in the world, and now they're saying they're all bad. That they can't make a go of it without a new stadium. It helps, but there are other things involved."[19]
Later that year, Houston'sNFL franchise and joint-tenant of the Astrodome, theHouston Oilers, announced they were leaving toNashville, Tennessee in order to have a new stadium built for the team there. Citing a lack of adequateluxury boxes, in October, Astros vice-president Bob McClaren claimed that renovations to the Astrodome would help increase revenue.[20] Drayton McLane pointed toward Astrodome renovations as necessary, saying, "It's 30 years old and not a lot of money has been spent to remodel it."[21] According to the organization, the team was in danger of being sold to aVirginia businessman who was expected to move the Astros to theWashington D.C. area because of poor revenue.[22]
In June 1996,University of Houston alumnus,BMC Software andSan Diego Padres owner,John J. Moores, who wanted to own the next NFL franchise in Houston, met with Texas State SenatorMario Gallegos, Jr., and other localHispanic leaders in regard to the future of a football-only Astrodome and a new baseball-only ballpark inDowntown Houston.[23] Meanwhile, Harris County JudgeRobert Eckels pieced together a plan to build a new ballpark next to the Astrodome in theAstrodomain. The Astros echoed the Astrodomain location sentiment because they believed construction time would be shorter.[24] Eckels, who convinced then MayorBob Lanier of the lack of viability for the ballpark in a downtown location, was quoted as saying, "They keep telling me about these miracles in other cities, but it doesn't work in Houston [...] If we are going to put this stadium some place, let's stick with a proven place."[25] This plan was considered to be nearly finalized when the Astros and Harris County agreed to a US$250 million county-funded stadium whose overrun costs would be funded by the Astros.[26]
In August 1996, Houston's Union Station received a US$2 million grant from theTexas Transportation Commission for renovation in a separate project.[27] Plans for the new ballpark's location drastically changed by September mostly in response toEnron ChairmanKenneth Lay's input and pledge to substantially contribute to funding if placed downtown.[28] It was at this time where the Union Station location was proposed by Lay. Upon an agreement among all of the leadership entities, the idea of a retractable roof stadium was confirmed for the new ballpark. A Novemberreferendum was planned for Harris County residents to approve the deal.
The Harris County referendum that took place on November 5, 1996, to help fund the ballpark passed by a narrow margin of 51% to 49%.[29] In response to the referendum, during the75th Texas Legislature Texas State SenatorJohn Whitmire of Houston sponsored a bill supported by five of the six area Harris County senators that would create the Harris County-Houston Sports Authority.[30] With companion House Bill 92 authored by Houston-born RepresentativeKim Brimer voted upon and adopted by both chambers, the authorization for creation of a sports authority was approved.[31] It was signed into law by GovernorGeorge W. Bush on June 2, 1997.[32] The Harris County-Houston Sports Authority would assist in financing for the new ballpark as well as allow for renovation of the Astrodome by allowing for special county-wide taxation of rental cars, tickets, parking, and hotel use.
In June 1997, with the ability to create a sports authority signed into law, concurrent votes of the Harris County Commissioners' Court and theHouston City Council to establish the Harris County-Houston Sports Authority on effective September 1, 1997.[33] Its chairman and 12 other directors were jointly appointed by theMayor of Houston and Harris County Judge. The institution remains in existence today.
The ballpark was named "Enron Field" after a $100 million, 30-year naming rights deal was made with Enron on April 7, 1999.[34] After theEnron scandal of 2001, the Astros and the now-bankrupt Enron came to an agreement to end the deal and rename the stadium in February 2002.[35]
Early stadium sketches from Kansas City-based HOK Sport (nowPopulous) using the working title "The Ballpark at Union Station" were released to the public on October 11, 1996, where Astros PresidentTal Smith was open about his suggestions for the stadium including the location of the flagpole in center field and a traditional dirt path from thepitcher's mound tohome plate.[36][37] While the dirt path was not implemented, the flagpole idea became known as "Tal's Hill" and remained a signature feature of the ballpark until 2016.
The design of the new park integrated the former Union Station building's main concourse, reutilizing the space for a clubhouse, cafe, team store, and office space.[38] A large model train was also included within the park's design as an homage to the station.
In late 1997, it was announced that localBrown & Root would manage construction of the stadium, while Populous withWalter P. Moore would design it.[39] Theelectrification of the park'sretractable roof was developed by VAHLE, Inc.[40]
Groundbreaking for Enron Field was on October 30, 1997.[41] Its groundbreaking ceremony was attended byEnron CEOKenneth Lay, Houston MayorBob Lanier, Astros ownerDrayton McLane, Harris County Judge Robert Eckles, Harris County Commissioner El Franco Lee, and Harris County-Houston Sports Authority ChairmanJack Rains.
Statues of longtime Astros playersJeff Bagwell andCraig Biggio are located in the exterior of the ballpark in a plaza area. The two former teammates are depicted playing baseball with each other. The plaza also displayspennants for all Astros division and league championships, as well as their World Series titles. There are also several plaques to commemorate notable Astros and their achievements.
The ballpark was first inaugurated with a preseason game against the New York Yankees on March 30, 2000, withnaming rights sold to the Houston energy and financial trading companyEnron in a 30-year, $100 million deal.[42] However, Astros management faced a public relations problem when the energy corporation went bankrupt in 2001 due to afinancial scandal. Quickly wanting to distance themselves from Enron, Astros ownership asked to prematurely end naming rights, but Enron refused.[43] On February 5, 2002, Astros ownership filed a motion with the court overseeing the company's bankruptcy to force Enron to make an immediate decision on the matter. By February 27, the two entities agreed to end the naming rights, and settled with the Astros paying $2.1 million to Enron. Without a naming rights agreement in place, the ballpark became officially known as "Astros Field".[44]
The Astros sold naming rights of the ballpark in 2002 to locally basedCoca-Cola subsidiaryMinute Maid for $100 million over 30 years.[45] Its official name was then changed to "Minute Maid Park".
On January 1, 2025, the stadium was renamed toDaikin Park after Japanese conglomerateDaikin, who ownsWaller-based air conditioning manufacturerGoodman Global, agreed to acquire the stadium's naming rights. The agreement is seen to run through 2039.[46]
In 2004, the Astros launchedWi-Fi throughout the ballpark, allowing fans to use the Internet while attending a game for a fee.[47] In addition, the ballpark was the first major sports facility to use a separate video board exclusively forclosed captioning for the hearing impaired of PA system and video board content, rather than appearing along the bottom of the main board.
In 2006, theChick-fil-A cows were unveiled on the foul poles, saying EAT MOR FOWL, and the cows have Astros caps on. If an Astros player hits the pole, all fans in attendance get a coupon for a free chicken sandwich fromChick-fil-A.Hunter Pence is the first and second Astros player to ever hit the left field "Fowl Pole" when he did it twice in the 2007 season.Ty Wigginton became the third Astro to hit the left field pole on September 16, 2007.Kazuo Matsui hit the right field foul pole on August 3, 2009, with a two-run homer in the sixth inning to beat theGiants.Carlos Lee hit the left field pole on July 28, 2010, giving the Astros an 8–1 win against theCubs. Two days later,Jeff Keppinger hit the left field pole to help the Astros win, 5–0, against theBrewers. In the 2023 Major League Baseball postseason (October 7th, 2023),Yordan Alvarez hit a solo home run to the right field pole which made the game 6-4.
After the 2008 season, the Astros' groundskeepers began installing 2.3 acres (9,300 m2) of a new turfgrass playing surface at Daikin Park.[48] The Astros also became one of the first to use the newChemgrass, later known as AstroTurf after its first well-publicized use at the Houston Astrodome in 1966.
In honor of longtime Astros broadcasterMilo Hamilton, the City of Houston officially renamed a portion of the Ballpark District to the "Hall of Fame District", and the portion of Hamilton Avenue that runs within that district to "Milo Hamilton Way" on April 8, 2009.[49]
For the 2011 season, the park added a largeDaktronics HD screen nicknamed "El Grande" replacing the original one in right field. At 54 feet (16 m) high and 124 feet (38 m) wide, it is the fourth largest scoreboard in Major League Baseball, behindT-Mobile Park (home of theSeattle Mariners),Progressive Field (home of theCleveland Guardians), andKaufmann Stadium (home of theKansas City Royals). The old screen was taken out and replaced by billboards. Additionally, a smaller HD screen was added on the far left field wall. The ring of advertisement screens around the park were replaced in favor of HD ribbon boards.[6]
After the Astros reverted to their original colors and logo in 2013, much of Daikin Park was repainted to navy and orange from brick red. Signs with the previous logo and colors were also replaced.[50] More than 4,500 US gallons (17,000 L) of paint were used and over 1,000 signs were replaced.
In June 2015 the Astros announced Tal's Hill would be removed in a major renovation project during the 2015-2016 offseason, to be replaced with additional seating, concessions, and escalators for fans.[51] This would result in center field dimensions of 436 feet (then the longest in MLB) being reduced to 409 feet. In addition, seating sections 256, 257, and 258 in the outfield mezzanine would be removed. However, the project had to be postponed due to the Astros' unexpected American League Wild Card championship and subsequent postseason appearance, along with the stadium's offseason event schedule.[52] The renovation was completed during the 2016-2017 offseason. The flagpoles became out of play.[53]
In April 2022, Daikin Park, then Minute Maid Park, receivedAmazon's "Just Walk Out" technology for two of its concession stands, becoming the first MLB stadium to incorporatecashierless stores.[54]
While primarily a baseball venue, Daikin Park can adequately host sports such assoccer and both codes ofrugby. The venue can also play host to large-scale music concerts. It is not large enough to comfortably accommodateAmerican football. However, the opening ofBBVA Compass Stadium four blocks southeast on Texas Avenue forMLS'sHouston Dynamo in 2012 has effectively made its use for future soccer games moot.
Its debut as a soccer venue happened during the2006 edition of the CONCACAF Champions Cup. The stadium hosted the first leg of the quarterfinal betweenPortmore United ofJamaica (the "home" team) andClub América of Mexico.[61]
Date | Winning team | Result | Losing team | Tournament | Spectators |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
February 22, 2006 | ![]() | 2–1 | ![]() | 2006 CONCACAF Champions' Cup Quarterfinal | 12,988 |
Minute Maid Park hosted the2020 Royal Rumble on January 26, one of the promotion's four annual flagshipprofessional wrestling events. This was the first time it has hosted aWWE pay-per-view event.[62]
Paul McCartney,RBD,Jay-Z,Beyoncé,Taylor Swift,Eagles,Madonna,Bad Bunny,Lady Gaga andRed Hot Chili Peppers have all performed at Daikin Park.
Date | Artist | Opening act(s) | Tour / concert name | Attendance | Revenue | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April 21, 2007 | Jimmy Buffett | Robert Earl Keen | Bama Breeze Tour | — | — | Sonny Landreth was a guest.Michael Utley was not at the show due to minor surgery.Mac McAnally filled in on keyboards.[63] |
November 16, 2008 | Madonna | Paul Oakenfold | Sticky & Sweet Tour | 41,498 / 41,498 | $5,170,100 | |
November 5, 2011 | Taylor Swift | Needtobreathe David Nail Adam Brand | Speak Now World Tour | 42,095 / 42,095 | $3,435,756 | Nelly was the special guest.[64] |
November 14, 2012 | Paul McCartney | DJ Chris | On the Run Tour | 38,036 / 38,036 | $4,478,038 | |
July 18, 2014 | Beyoncé Jay-Z | — | On the Run Tour | 40,103 / 40,103 | $5,235,438 | |
September 9, 2015 | Taylor Swift | Vance Joy Shawn Mendes | The 1989 World Tour | 40,122 / 40,122 | $5,202,196 | Originally planned to take place on October 13, but was moved backwards to avoid any potential scheduling conflict with theHouston Astros potentially making the2015Major League Baseball postseason.[65]Wiz Khalifa was the special guest.[66] |
June 15, 2018 | The Eagles | Chris Stapleton | North American Tour 2018 | — | — | |
November 3, 2018 | Ed Sheeran | Snow Patrol Lauv | ÷ Tour | 39,354 / 39,354 | $3,985,595 | |
July 29, 2021 | Green Day Fall Out Boy Weezer | The Interrupters | Hella Mega Tour | 31,182 / 36,785 | $2,852,741 | |
August 19, 2022 | Def Leppard Mötley Crüe | Poison Joan Jett Classless Act | The Stadium Tour | 39,247 / 39,247 | $5,435,060 | |
September 1, 2022 | Bad Bunny | Alesso | World's Hottest Tour | 83,518 / 83,518 | $19,557,149 | |
September 2, 2022 | ||||||
September 13, 2022 | Lady Gaga | — | The Chromatica Ball | 33,779 / 33,779 | $4,004,039 | |
September 23, 2022 | Billy Joel | — | Billy Joel In Concert | — | — | |
May 25, 2023 | Red Hot Chili Peppers | The Strokes Thundercat | Global Stadium Tour | — | — | |
June 24, 2023 | Romeo Santos | — | Fórmula, Vol. 3: La Gira | — | — | |
August 27, 2023 | RBD | — | Soy Rebelde Tour | 41,100 / 41,100 | $9,991,784 | |
September 27, 2023 | P!nk | Grouplove KidCutUp Brandi Carlile | Summer Carnival | — | — | |
September 28, 2023 | Guns N' Roses | Alice In Chains | Guns N' Roses 2023 Tour | — | — | |
November 18, 2023 | Morgan Wallen | Hardy Ernest Bailey Zimmerman | One Night At A Time World Tour | — | — | Rescheduled from May 26, 2023 for health reasons. |
August 14, 2024 | Def Leppard Journey | Steve Miller Band | The Summer Stadium Tour | — | — | |
August 24, 2024 | Chris Stapleton | Miranda Lambert Grace Potter | Chris Stapleton's All-American Road Show Tour | — | — |
The nationally syndicated TV talk showRachael Ray held a mass wedding at the park followingHurricane Ike for 40 couples who were unable to get married after a company they paid to hold the weddings went bankrupt. ComedianJeffrey Ross served as best man for all 40 couples. The ceremony was aired as part of a special episode of the talk show on November 21, 2008.[67]
The stadium also is the host of theHouston College Classiccollege baseball tournament, part of the winter fan festival held in February. The tournament features local schools theUniversity of Houston andRice University every year, a pair of major conference schools, alternating between Big 12 membersUniversity of Texas at Austin,Texas Tech University,Baylor University and SEC memberTexas A&M University, as well as two other teams from around the country.
On May 9, 2015,Canelo Alvarez foughtJames Kirkland inthe first boxing match fought in the stadium. Alvarez defeated Kirkland via knockout in the third round.
TheUniversity of Houston–Downtown also holds their commencement ceremony in Daikin Park.[68]
Minute Maid Park hosted acricket match on November 11, 2015, the second in a series of threeCricket All-Stars matches played by retired greats of the game.[69]Shane Warne'sWarne's Warriors clinched the series 2–0. Keeping with the naming conventions from the previous match at Minute Maid Park, the ends were named afterNolan Ryan andJosé Cruz, two players that have their numbers retired by the Astros.
On January 30, 2017, the stadium hostedSuper Bowl Opening Night forSuper Bowl LI at nearbyNRG Stadium.[70]
From 2017 until 2020, the park hosted the final rounds of the Houston leg of theFIRST Championship. To avoid damaging the field while the Astros were in season, the competition fields were built on a stage over the infield dirt between first and third base.[71]
Until 2017, center field featured a 90-foot (27 m) wide incline called Tal's Hill, named for former team presidentTal Smith.[72][73] The incline was inspired by similar features that used to exist atCrosley Field andFenway Park. There was a flagpole in play on the incline, an element inspired byYankee Stadium before its remodeling in the mid-'70s, andTiger Stadium as well. Milwaukee Brewers playerRichie Sexson once hit a ball off the flagpole. There was a mark there until the 2011 season, when the pole was repainted. The hill and the flagpole were scheduled to be removed following the 2015 season,[74] but remained in place due to an unexpected playoff run.[75]
While Crosley Field's infamous left field terrace, which was half as steep (only 15°) as Tal's Hill (30°), was a natural feature of the site on which the park was located, Tal's Hill was purely decorative. On June 4, 2015, the Astros announced that they would be removing Tal's Hill as part of a $15 million renovation for the 2016 season. The center field fence was to be moved in from 436 feet (133 m) (which from 2000 to 2016 was the longest in baseball) to 409 feet (125 m) from home plate, but the center field renovations were delayed until after the 2016 season, due at least in part to the 2015 playoffs cutting into planned construction time.[76]
The largest entrance to the park is inside what was once Houston'sUnion Station, and the left-field side of the stadium features a railway as homage to the site's history. The train moves along an 800-foot (240 m) length of track on top of the length of the exterior wall beyond left field when the Astros take the field during the first inning, when an Astros player hits ahome run, and when the Astros win a game. It is driven by Bobby Vásquez, who goes by the name Bobby Dynamite. The train is an upscaled replica of theGeneral 4-4-0 and is pulled by a cable which is operated by the driver.[77] The engine's tender is filled with giant oranges in reference to Minute Maid's most famous product, orange juice. Prior to Minute Maid buying the stadium's naming rights, the tender was filled with logs.
In a challenge to home run hitters, former Astros ownerDrayton McLane's office window, located in the old Union Station and directly above the Crawford Boxes, is made of glass and a sign below the window is marked 422 ft (129 m) from home plate.
TheCrawford Boxes are a section of seating in Daikin Park running parallel to Crawford Street in downtownHouston, Texas. They are located in left field and span sections 100 through 104 (with all but the latter in fair territory).
The home-plate-to-fence measurement there is only 315 feet (96 meters), one of the shortest inMajor League Baseball.[78] Home runs must clear a 19-foot wall in front of the elevated boxes which houses the hand-operated out-of-town scoreboard, displaying the day's other games.
Landry's, a restaurant group, had bought the naming rights to the Crawford Boxes in 2003, which ran various promotions for its restaurants there.[79]
Games are typically played with the roof open only in April and May before the Houston summer heat arrives. In the first twenty seasons of the park (2000-2019), the Astros played 1,614 games at home and played with the roof closed for the whole game for 1,103 of them (for the 2017-2019 postseason games alone, they played all home games with the roof closed).[80]
There is a manually-operated out-of-town scoreboard in left, below the Crawford Boxes.
The ballpark features 19,201 seats on the lower level,[81] 7,132 seats on the second level,[81] 880 seats on the suite level,[81] and 13,750 seats on the upper level.[81]
The "Phillips 66 Home Run Porch" is located in left-center field over the field of play. It features a classic gasoline pump that displays the total number of Astros home runs hit since the park opened.
The stadium can be fully air-conditioned when required.
Under the stadium'sground rules at the time, both Tal's Hill and the flagpole were considered in play. If a ball hit the flagpole on the hill and stayed in the field of play, it was in play. If it went out of the field of play (over the fence), it was ahome run.[82] The Hill was criticized numerous times owing to the incline having the potential to cause injury to fielders unused to it.[83] However, there was never an injury to any player in relation to Tal's Hill.[84]
Daikin Park is located in Downtown Houston in a centralized area of the city, and accessible via a short driving distance onInterstate 10 (Katy Freeway/East Freeway),Interstate 69 (Southwest Freeway/Eastex Freeway), andInterstate 45 (Gulf Freeway/North Freeway). Street parking, garage parking, and private lot parking are available, with an estimated 25,000 spots within walking distance to the ballpark. Taxi cabs andpedicabs are also commonly found near the surrounding ballpark area.
Public transportation allows for accessibility via bus orlight rail service. TheMETRORaillight rail system has a station located one block south of Daikin Park,Convention District Station, served by theGreen andPurple lines. TheRed Line also serves the ballpark atPreston Station, six blocks to the west.
In 2017, the park and the entire city suffered from the devastation ofHurricane Harvey, which flooded many parts of the city with several feet of rain over four days. The Astros reported that despite water entering into the service levels of the stadium, Minute Maid Park remained in "good condition" when the storm cleared out. The lingering effects of Harvey forced theAstros to move their series against the Texas Rangers toTropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida.[85] The Astros returned to Houston on Friday, September 1 to help the initial recovery efforts. Minute Maid Park hosted the city's first post-Harvey sporting event, and the park's first double-header the next day in aninterleague game against theNew York Mets.
Events and tenants | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by | Home of the Houston Astros 2000–present | Succeeded by Current |
Preceded by | Host of the All-Star Game 2004 | Succeeded by |
Preceded by | Host of the Civil Rights Game 2014 | Succeeded by |