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Dai Jitao | |
|---|---|
| 戴季陶 | |
 | |
| President of the Examination Yuan | |
| In office 25 October 1928 – 30 June 1948 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Zhang Boling |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Dai Liangbi (1891-01-06)6 January 1891 |
| Died | 21 February 1949(1949-02-21) (aged 58) |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Political party | Kuomintang |
| Spouse(s) | Niu Youheng Zhao Wenshu |
| Domestic partner(s) | Zhao Lingyi Michiko Tsubuchi Shigematsu Kaneko |
| Children | Dai Jiachang Tai An-kuo [zh] Chiang Wei-kuo |
Dai Jitao orTai Chi-t'ao (Chinese:戴季陶;pinyin:Dài Jìtáo; January 6, 1891 – February 21, 1949) was a Chinese journalist, an earlyKuomintang member, and the first head of theExamination Yuan of theRepublic of China. He is often referred to asDai Chuanxian (Chinese:戴傳賢;Wade–Giles:Tai Ch'uan-hsien) or by his othercourtesy name,Dai Xuantang (Chinese:戴選堂;Wade–Giles:Tai Hsüan-t'ang).
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Dai was bornDai Liangbi (Chinese:戴良弼;Wade–Giles:Tai Liang-pi) inGuanghan,Sichuan to a family of potters. He went toJapan in 1905 to study in anormal school and enteredNihon University's law program in 1907. He graduated and returned to China in 1909.
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Dai started to write for the ShanghaieseChina Foreign Daily (中外日報) andTianduo Newspaper (天鐸報) at 19. At this time, his sobriquet for himself was Dai Tianchou (天仇), orHeaven-Revenge Dai, to signify his dissatisfaction for the Qing Empire. The Qing officials threatened him with imprisonment for his writings, so in 1911 he fled to Japan, and then toPenang, where he joinedTongmenghui and wrote for itsGuanghua Newspaper (光華報). Later that year, he returned toShanghai after theWuchang Uprising and founded theDemocracy Newspaper (民權報).
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Dai's fluency in Japanese, unusual for a Chinese young man, attracted the attention ofSun Yat-sen. He became Sun's translator and then his confidential secretary. After theKuomintang failed to overthrowYuan Shikai, he went to Tokyo to join theChinese Revolutionary Party in 1914.
He attended the first national congress of the Chinese Kuomintang in 1924, where he was elected a member of the Central Executive Committee, then later a member of the Standing Committee, and the Minister of Propaganda. Soon after Sun's death in 1925, he published a controversial book that reinterpreted Sun's legacy. He claimed Sun derived his ideology chiefly fromConfucianism instead of Western philosophies and that Sun was a traditionalist. This was praised by the KMT's right-wing but condemned by leftists and communists. After the right's triumph, Dai's interpretation became the dominant one within the KMT. In 1926, he served as principal of theSun Yat-sen University, and the chief of politics atWhampoa Academy, withZhou Enlai as his deputy. From 1928 until 1948, he served as head of theExamination Yuan.
From October 1928 to June 1948, his official positions consisted of:
Dai was one of the lyricists of "National Anthem of the Republic of China". He also wrote:
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AfterSun Yat-sen's death in 1925, Dai changed his name to Chuanxian,Continuing-Virtue. He jumped into a river and was rescued by a fisherman. After this suicide experience, he converted toBuddhism and was accused by many of being superstitious. His works about Buddhism are published inThe Collection of Mr. Dai Jitao's Discussions on Buddhism (戴季陶先生佛學論集). He was widely known to be the birth father ofChiang Wei-kuo, the adoptive second son ofChiang Kai-shek. According to popular speculation, Dai believed knowledge of his extramarital affairs with the Japanese woman Shigematsu Kaneko would destroy his marriage and his career, so he entrusted Wei-kuo to Chiang Kai-shek, after the Japanese Yamada Juntaro (山田純太郎) brought the infant to Shanghai.Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠), Chiang's wife at the time, raised Wei-kuo as her own. The boy called Dai his "Dear Uncle" (親伯). Dai had also fathered a son,An-kuo [zh] (安國), whom Dai later sent to Germany, to be educated at theTechnische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (nowTechnische Universität Berlin). An-kuo (Ango) andChiang Wei-kuo (Wego) were half brothers.
In 1949, with the Kuomintang losing theChinese Civil War to theChinese Communist Party, Dai committed suicide by swallowing over 70 sleeping pills inGuangzhou.
