| D with stroke | |
|---|---|
| Đ đ | |
 | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Type | alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Brahui,Jarai,Kiowa,Moro,North Frisian,Northern Sami,Serbo-Croatian,Sicilian,Skolt Sami,Slovene,Vietnamese |
| Sound values | |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Transliterations | |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
Đ (lowercase:đ,Latin alphabet), known ascrossed D ordyet, is a letter formed from the base characterD/d overlaid with acrossbar. Crossing was used to createeth (ð), but eth has anuncial as its base whereasđ is based on the straight-backed romand, like in theSámi languages and Vietnamese. Crossedd is a letter in the alphabets of several languages and is used inlinguistics as avoiced dental fricative.
In the lowercase, the crossbar is usually drawn through theascender, but when used as a phonetic symbol it may be preferred to draw it through thebowl, in which case it is known as a barredd.[1] In some African languages' orthographies, such as that ofMoro, the barredd is preferred.[2]
In the uppercase, the crossbar normally crosses just the left stem, but in Vietnamese and Moro it may sometimes cross the entire letter.[3]
TheDE ligature should not be confused with theĐ.[contradictory] That ligature was used stylistically in pre-19th century Spanish as a contraction forde, as a D with an E superimposed. For example,UniversidadDEGuadalajara.
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A lowercaseđ appeared alongside a lowercaseretroflex D in a 1982 revision of theAfrican reference alphabet. This revision of the alphabet eliminated uppercase forms, so there was no conflict betweenɖ andđ.
The letterĐ, which is not used instandard Finnish, became used inKven language texts in the early 2020's, with its users as of March 2025 including theNorwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (e.g.Omavalmhiuđen tarkistuslista),[4]NRK (e.g.Pienemät piđotHortenissa),[5] and Kainun Institutti (e.g.Sillä heiđän kieli oon muuttunu omhaan laihiin.).[6]
Đ was used inMedieval Latin to markabbreviations of words containing the letterd. For example,hđum could stand forheredum "of the heirs". Similar crossbars were added to other letters to form abbreviations.[7]
The letter Đ/đ is used to write thevoiced alveolo-palatal affricate,[dʑ], similar to the⟨j⟩ in "jam".[8]
The crossedd was introduced by the SerbianphilologistĐuro Daničić in 1878 for use inSerbo-Croatian in hisDictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language, replacing the older digraphsdj andgj.[8] Daničić modeled the letter after theIcelandic andAnglo-Saxon lettereth, albeit representing a different sound. In 1892 it was officially introduced inCroatian andSlavonian schools (in theHabsburgKingdom of Croatia-Slavonia where theCroatian language was official) and so definitively added toGaj’s Latin alphabet.[8] The letter thereafter gradually entered daily use,[8] spreading throughoutSerbo-Croatian and then toMacedonian (its Latin transliterations are heavily influenced by Serbo-Croatian from the Yugoslav period)[citation needed].
The crossedd is today considered a distinct letter, and is placed betweenDž andE inalphabetical order. ItsCyrillic equivalent isЂ ђ.[8] Its partial equivalent inMacedonian isЃ ѓ (because only some dialects contain the/dʑ/ sound). When a trueđ is not available or desired, it istranscribed asdj in modern Serbo-Croatian, and asgj in Macedonian. The use ofdj in place ofđ used to be more common in Serbo-Croatian texts, but it is falling out of practice.
In the present-day orthographies ofNorthern Sámi,Inari Sámi andSkolt Sámi,đ represents the fricative[ð]. It is considered a distinct letter and placed betweenD andE inalphabetical order.
Đ is the seventh letter of theVietnamese alphabet, afterD and beforeE.[9] Traditionally, digraphs and trigraphs likeCH andNGH were considered letters as well, makingĐ the eighth letter.[10]Đ is a letter in its own right, rather than a ligature or letter-diacritic combination; therefore,đá would come afterdù in any alphabetical listing.
Đ represents avoiced alveolar implosive (/ɗ/) or, according toThompson (1959), apreglottalizedvoiced alveolar stop (/ʔd/).[11] WhereasD is pronounced as some sort of dental or alveolar stop in most Latin alphabets, an unadornedD in Vietnamese represents either/z/ (Hanoian) or/j/ (Saigonese).
The Vietnamese alphabet was formally described for the first time in the 17th-century textManuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem, attributed to a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, possiblyFrancisco de Pina[12] or Filipe Sibin.[13] This passage about the letterĐ was later incorporated intoAlexandre de Rhodes' seminalDictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum:[14]
Another letter written with the symbol đ is completely different than our own and is pronounced by raising the tip of the tongue to the palate of the mouth, immediately removing it, without in any way touching the teeth, for exampleđa đa: partridge. And this letter is very commonly used at the beginning of a word.
— Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem[note 1]
On older typewriters,Đ was located whereZ would be in the FrenchAZERTY layout.[16] Alternatively, a hyphen can beoverstruck onto a D.
On computers without support for a Vietnamesecharacter set orUnicode,Đ is encoded asDD andđ asdd according to theVietnamese Quoted-Readable standard. Vietnamese computer users typically inputĐ asDD in theTelex and VIQR input methods or asD9 in theVNI input method. In the absence of an input method, theTCVN 6064:1995 andMicrosoft Windows Vietnamese keyboard layouts map ZA0-09 (0 on a U.S. keyboard) tođ, orĐ when holding down⇧ Shift. The Windows layout also maps ZA0-11 (=) to ₫.
Other modes of communication also have dedicated representations ofĐ. InVietnamese Braille, it is⠙, which corresponds toD inFrench Braille. In theVietnamese manual alphabet,Đ is produced by touching the thumb to the index finger. InMorse code, it is rendered – · · – · ·, corresponding to Telex's "DD".[17]
The Spanish language used Đ as a ligature of the word "de" (Spanish for "of").[contradictory] It is rarely typed, but it was commonly used on signs and in handwritten text, especially inOld Spanish.
The lowercaseđ is used in somephonetic transcription schemes to represent avoiced dental fricative[ð] (Englishth inthis).Eth (ð) is more commonly used for this purpose, but the crossedd has the advantage of being able to be typed on a standardtypewriter, by overlaying ahyphen over ad.[18]
A minuscule form of the letter, đ, is the symbol of theđồng, the currency of Vietnam, by a 1953 decree byHồ Chí Minh.[19] TheSouth Vietnamese đồng, on the other hand, was symbolized "Đ.", in majuscule. In Unicode, the Vietnamese đồng symbol is properly represented byU+20AB ₫DONG SIGN, butU+0111 đLATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE is often used instead. In Vietnamese, the đồng sign is written after the amount in superscript, often underlined.
The uppercase form, Ð, is used as the currency symbol for thecryptocurrencyDogecoin.
Dispersity is represented by the symbol Đ, and is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture, referring to either molecular mass or degree of polymerization.
In Japanese handwriting, the letter D may be written asĐ to clearly distinguish it from the letter O or the digit 0. This is similar to writingZ or 7 with a bar to distinguish them from 2 and 1 respectively.
| Preview | Đ | đ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE | LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 272 | U+0110 | 273 | U+0111 |
| UTF-8 | 196 144 | C4 90 | 196 145 | C4 91 |
| Numeric character reference | Đ | Đ | đ | đ |
| Named character reference | Đ | đ | ||
| ISO Latin-2,-4,-10 | 208 | D0 | 240 | F0 |
| Latin-6 | 169 | A9 | 185 | B9 |
| PostScript | Dcroat, Dslash | dcroat, dmacron | ||
| LaTeX | \DJ | \dj | ||
In Unicode, both crossedd and barredd are consideredglyph variants of U+0111.[1]
Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capitaleth, Ð, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion.
As part ofWGL4,Đ andđ can be expected to display correctly even on older Windows systems.
As paraphrased by de Rhodes:[15]...estque vitium linguæ, aliud đ notatur eo signo quia est omninò diversum à nostro & pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguæ ad palatum oris, illamque statim amovendo, absque eo quod ullo modo dentes attingat utđa đa,perdix: & hæc litera est valdè in usu in principio dictionis.
…e a « Manuductio ad linguam Tunckinensem » do Padre Filipe Sibin SI…
