TheD-pad (short fordirectional pad) is a compact input method developed forvideo games, designed to translate thumb movement into directional control through a flat, cross-shaped surface that rests on four internalswitches. Each switch corresponds to a cardinal direction (up, down, left, and right), while diagonal inputs engage two switches simultaneously, enabling eight-directional control at 45-degree intervals. Beneath the center, a pivot mechanism tilts the pad, preventing all four switches from being pressed at once and enhancing tactile feedback.
When introduced, the D-pad offered a space-saving, precise input method at a time when bulkyjoysticks dominated the market. Althoughanalog sticks have largely superseded D-pads as the primary directional input in moderngamepads, the D-pad's compact, intuitive, and versatile design has led to its adoption in a wide range of devices, includingremote controls,calculators,PDAs,mobile phones, andcar stereos.
The precursor to the D-pad was the use of four separate directional buttons. Early arcade games such asBlockade (1976)[1] byGremlin andVanguard (1981)[2] bySNK employed this method.Entex's short-lived "Select-A-Game" handheld system featured directional buttons alongside a row of action buttons, as did the unreleasedAtari Game Brain and other early consoles like the VideoMaster Star Chess.[3]Milton Bradley'sCosmic Hunter (1981) on theMicrovision handheld added a fifth button in the center, all housed beneath a single rubber membrane.[4]
In 1979, William F. Palisek patented the first true D-pad design forTiger Electronics. His version featured a single piece of plastic resting on a central pivot and four directional switches that provide input and keep the plastic pad resting in a neutral position when not in use.[5][better source needed] Tiger debuted the design on itsDeluxe Football with Instant Replay handheld in 1980, marketing it as the "Playmaker" button. Media reviews praised it for enabling "one-button control".[6][7] That same year,Mattel released theIntellivision, featuring a smooth freely rotating circular pad that registered presses in up to 16 directions.[8][9] Internally, a metal spring holds the Intellivision's control disc centered above sheets of printed mylar.[10]
Nintendo's iconic "cross" designwas developed by Ichiro Shirai and first used the1982 Game & Watch handheld adaptation of theDonkey Kong arcade game. Unlike Palisek's earlier design, which was larger, centrally located on the device and used domed switches, Nintendo's version was smaller, positioned for the left thumb, and employedmembrane switches that were easier to depress; this key innovation became the distinguishing feature of Nintendo's patented design.[11][12][13][better source needed] The compact design gained popularity on subsequentGame & Watch titles. The design later earned aTechnology & Engineering Emmy Award.[14][15]
Initially created as a space-saving control method for handheld devices, Nintendo soon recognized the D-pad's potential for home consoles and made it the standard directional input for the highly successfulNintendo Entertainment System (first released in 1983 in Japan as the Famicom) under the name "+Control Pad".[16] Part of Nintendo's rationale came from the durability of the D-pad and the expectation that controllers would be left on floors and crushed.[17] Since then, nearly all major video game consoles have included some form of D-pad on their controllers. To avoid infringing on Nintendo's patent, most third-party manufacturers adopted variations, typically featuring a cross embedded within a circular base.[18]
In 1984, the Japanese companyEpoch created a handheld game system called theEpoch Game Pocket Computer. It featured a D-pad, but it was not popular for its time and soon faded. Following the release of theSega Mega Drive in 1988,Sega coined the term "D button" to describe the pad, using the term when describing the controllers for theSega Genesis in instruction manuals and other literature. Arcade games, however, have largely continued using joysticks.
Modern consoles, beginning with theNintendo 64, provide both a D-pad and a compact thumb-operatedanalog stick; depending on the game, one type of control may be more appropriate than the other. In many cases with games that use a thumbstick, the D-pad is used as a set of extra buttons, all four usually centered on a kind of task, such as using items. Even without an analog stick, some software uses the D-pad's 8-directional capabilities to act as eight discrete buttons, not related to direction or on-screen movement at all.Jam Sessions for theNintendo DS, for example, uses the D-pad to selectmusic chords during play.[19]
D-pads vary in design but generally have a:[20][21]
The housing of the controller or other device holds these components together.[20] The central pivot keeps all four directions from being pressed at once and causes the D-pad to tilt into the direction pressed.[20][23] Outside of gaming, D-pads are used for menu navigation and may lack the central pivot. Some remotes instead have a central "select" or "OK" button.[24] With the increased usage of touchscreens, some applications offer virtual D-pads.[21]
D-pads appear on a number of menu-driven devices as a simple navigational tool; though superficially similar to those used for gaming devices, they are not optimized for real-time control and therefore can usually accept input from only one direction at a time. Many, though not all, such designs include a trigger button in the center of the button arrangement, usually labeled"Enter","OK", or the like. Some older devices do not have D-pads as such, but simple single-axis, up/down or left/right pads. On some remotes, the D-pad can also be used to control arobot using a signal-compatible receiver.
On remote control devices, the buttons on the D-pad function in the same manner as other buttons, and are generally used to navigate on-screen menus. Though initially not common, the quick success of theDVD format led to wide availability of remote designs with D-pads circa 2000, and most current menu-driven consumer electronics devices include some sort of D-pad on the remote (and, occasionally, on the unit itself).
In addition, many small computing and communications devices, particularlyPDAs,mobile phones, andGPS receivers, include D-pads not only for menu navigation but as general input devices similar to ajoystick ormouse. Less-sophisticated designs similar to those on remote controls appear on somecalculators, particularlyscientific andgraphing calculators, which use the D-pad forcursor control on multi-line screens, as well as input/output recall, menu navigation, and occasionally direct screen access (graphing calculators in particular allow the use of the D-pad to determine values at specific points on a displayed graph). On programmable units, the D-pad can also be mapped directly, allowing it to be used as agaming orpointer control.