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Dương Quỳnh Hoa (1930–2006)[1] was a notable member of theNational Liberation Front (Việt Cộng) inSouth Vietnam during theVietnam War and a member of itsprovisionary government, serving as a cabinet member.
Born in 1930, Hoa was from a southern upper-class family, which had been Frenchified during the colonial era. After completing her secondary schooling in Vietnam, she moved toParis in the 1950s, where she became a communist. Upon finishing her degree, she returned to southern Vietnam, which following thepartition of Vietnam following theBattle of Dien Bien Phu and theGeneva Conference had become part of the anti-communistRepublic of Vietnam. During this period of the late 1950s and early 1960s, Hoa spied for the communists, as she socialised with theSaigon elite at cocktail parties with the inner circle of PresidentNgo Dinh Diem and the American advisors in Vietnam, who were oblivious to the fact that the upper-class southerner was a communist.[2]
During this time, she was a founding member of theNational Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, which was formed in 1960.[3][4]
Early in 1968 when theTet Offensive broke out, Hoa and her husband, a mathematician, fled Saigon to aNLF hideout in the jungle. There, the couple's son died ofencephalitis. Although she never recovered from the personal loss, she put on a brave face in an interview with American journalistStanley Karnow, quipping that her son was "only one among millions".[2]
She was appointed as the NLF's deputy minister of health in its Provisional Revolutionary Government. She was named as a "heroine of the revolution. Of her involvement with the NLF, she said in 1981, "We had no choice. We had to get rid of the foreigners."[2]
Following the war she administered a children's hospital in the newly renamedHo Chi Minh City.[5]
After the reunification of the country, Hoa eventually became a vocal critic of the new government.[6] She stated "I have been a communist all my life, but now I've seen the realities of Communism, and it is a failure — mismanagement, corruption, privilege, repression.My ideals are gone."[2]
Hoa also attacked the cadres who later moved into the south after the reunification, who she felt were inattentive to southern regional characteristics and sensitivities. She was particularly critical of the forced landcollectivisation programs, noting that some southern peasants went to the NLF due to their policy of land reform, whereasSouth Vietnam had been proponents of land policies that were favourable to the landed gentry.[2] Of the northerners who came to the south, she expressed her contempt, saying that "They behave as though they conquered us."[7] At the time, the failure of the rice harvest and declining food rations had seen record levels of malnutrition at the hospital that she ran.[5]
In 1990, she declared to Karnow that "Communism has been catastrophic. Party officials have never understood the need for rational development. They've been hypnotized by Marxist slogans that have lost validity — if they were ever valid. They are outrageous."[8] Talking of the corruption practiced by the officials and their wives, she said that it was equivalent to what occurred in South Vietnam: "This is very much a feudal society, whatever its ideological veneer."[9]
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