Adécima is a ten-line stanza of poetry. The most popular form is calleddécima espinela afterVicente Espinel (1550–1624), a Spanish writer, poet, and musician from theSpanish Golden Age who used it extensively throughout his compositions.[1]
The décima deals with a wide range of subject matters, including themes that are philosophical, religious, lyrical, and political. Humorous décimas would typically satirize an individual's weakness or foolish act. A decimero would frequently challenge the target of the satire or his/her defender to respond in kind with a décima, thereby setting up a duel that tests the originality and wit of contending composers.[2]
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Thedécima in all Latin America and in Spain is a style of poetry that isoctosyllabic and has 10 lines to the stanza. Theespinelarhyming scheme () is the de facto scheme in use. It is spoken, sung and written throughoutLatin America with variations in different countries. It is oftenimprovised.[3]
Each country has its own melody and tone ("tonada") and a different instrument, but the style and structure is exactly the same. A person who writes or improvises décima is known as adecimista ordecimero.
The décima afro-pacífica is an extension of the décima espinela into fourdécima stanzas with an introductoryfour-line stanza (orcopla) that often summarizes the entire work using the 10th line of each décima stanza, making a total of forty four octosyllabic lines (one quatrain plus four décima espinelas).[4]
The term "octosyllabic" may be misleading to English speakers as in Spanish the term refers to "metric syllables", meaning that the number of syllables is counted by the amount of spoken syllables the line carries. For example the line "Allá arriba en esa loma" carries ten grammatical syllables, but when spoken naturally it sounds like "A lláa rri baen e sa lo ma" which amounts to 8 spoken syllables. The variations based on the word's accents (agudas, graves, and esdrújulas) in the last word of the verse also allows for different numbers of metric syllables:[5]
"Juyzio hallado y trobado"
"La vida es sueño"
Pedro Calderón de la Barca wrote in décimas some stanzas ofLife is a Dream.
Nicomedes Santa Cruz made poems about Afro-Peruvian life and culture in décimas.
Many songs are in the form of décima. For example,Violeta Parra'sVolver a los Diecisiete and21 son los Dolores.
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Apayada is a sung duel of improvised décimas.
TheEcuadoriandécima is anoralpoetic form that exists among theblack population of theEsmeraldas Province. A décima consists of 44lines, each of which generally has eightsyllables. A décima consists of onestanza of four lines, and four more stanzas of ten lines each. Each of the four lines of the first stanza is repeated later in the poem. Sometimes when these lines are repeated, they are slightly altered. Patterns of rhyme and meter are not governed by any particular rules.[6]
Duringdeclamation, there is a pause between stanzas, as well as a pause between the fourth and fifth lines of each ten-line stanza. This is reflected in the structure of the poems as well: a transcription of a décima will invariably have a period or a semicolon at the end of the fourth line. Some older decimeros add an additional pause between the eighth and ninth line of each ten-line stanza.[6]
The structure of the décima suggests that it is derived from the Spanishglosa, which also employs eight-syllable lines and a break between the fourth and fifth lines of a ten-line Istanza.[6]
Décimas are generallyanonymous. Though many decimeros claim to have composed the décimas they recite, this is rarely the case. One scholar of décimas said he met only one decimero who actually composed his own décimas, and that decimeros living in different areas often claimed to have composed the same poems.[6]
