Marshal of the Royal Air ForceCyril Louis Norton Newall, 1st Baron Newall,GCB, OM, GCMG, CBE, KStJ, AM (15 February 1886 – 30 November 1963) was a senior officer of theBritish Army andRoyal Air Force. He commanded units of theRoyal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force in theFirst World War, and served asChief of the Air Staff during the first years of theSecond World War. From 1941 to 1946 he was theGovernor-General of New Zealand.
Born to a military family, Newall studied at theRoyal Military College, Sandhurst, before taking a commission as a junior officer in theRoyal Warwickshire Regiment in 1905. After transferring to the2nd Gurkha Rifles in theIndian Army, he saw active service on theNorth West Frontier, but after learning to fly in 1911 turned towards a career in military aviation. During the First World War he rose from flying instructor to command of41st Wing RFC, the main strategic bombing force, and was awarded theAlbert Medal for putting out a fire in an explosives store.
He served in staff positions through the 1920s and was Air Officer Commanding theMiddle East Command in the early 1930s before becomingAir Member for Supply and Organisation in 1935. Newall was appointed Chief of the Air Staff in 1937 and, in that role, supported sharp increases in aircraft production, increasing expenditure on the new, heavily armed,Hurricane andSpitfire fighters, essential to re-equip Fighter Command. He was sacked after theBattle of Britain after political intrigue caused him to lose Churchill's confidence. In 1941 he was appointed Governor-General of New Zealand, holding office until 1946.
Newall was born to Lieutenant Colonel William Potter Newall and Edith Gwendoline Caroline Newall (née Norton). After education atBedford School, he attended theRoyal Military College, Sandhurst.[1] After leaving Sandhurst, he was commissioned into theRoyal Warwickshire Regiment on 16 August 1905.[2] He was promoted tolieutenant on 18 November 1908,[3] and transferred to the2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles on 16 September 1909.[4] He served on theNorth-West Frontier, where he first encountered his future colleagueHugh Dowding; at an exercise in 1909, Dowding's artillery section ambushed Newall's Gurkhas whilst they were still breakfasting.[5]
Newall began to turn towards a career in aviation in 1911, when he learned to fly in aBristol Biplane atLarkhill whilst on leave in England.[1] He heldcertificate No. 144 issued by theRoyal Aero Club.[6] He later passed a formal course at theCentral Flying School,Upavon in 1913, and began working as a pilot trainer there from 17 November 1913;[7] it was intended that he would form part of a flight training school to be established in India, but he had not yet left England when the First World War broke out.[8]
On the outbreak of war, Newall was in England. On 12 September 1914, he was given the temporary rank ofcaptain,[9] and attached to theRoyal Flying Corps as a flight commander, to serve withNo. 1 Squadron on theWestern Front.[1] He was promoted to the permanent rank of captain on 22 September, effective from 16 August.[10] On 24 March 1915 he was promoted tomajor and appointed to commandNo. 12 Squadron, flyingBE2c aircraft in France from September onwards.[11] The squadron took part in theBattle of Loos, bombing railways and carrying out reconnaissance missions in October 1915.[12]
On taking command of the squadron, he chose to stop flying personally in order to concentrate on administration, a decision which was regarded dismissively by his men; relations were strained until January 1916, when he demonstrated his courage by walking into a burning bomb store to try to control a fire. He was awarded theAlbert Medal for this act on the personal recommendation of GeneralHugh Trenchard, and in February 1916 was promoted tolieutenant colonel and given command of Training No. 6 Wing in England. In December 1916 he took command of No. 9 Wing in France, a long-range bomber and reconnaissance formation, and in October 1917 took command of the newly formedNo. 41 Wing.[8] This was upgraded as the8th Brigade in December, with Newall promoted accordingly to the temporary rank ofbrigadier-general on 28 December 1917.[13] During 1918, it joined theIndependent Bombing Force, which was the mainstrategic bombing arm of the newly formedRoyal Air Force.[1] In June 1918 Newall was appointed the Deputy Commander of the Independent Bombing Force, serving under Trenchard.[8]
Newall was awarded the Croix d'Officier of the FrenchLegion of Honour on 10 October 1918,[14] and appointed aCompanion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 1 January 1919,[8] aCommander of the Order of the British Empire on 3 June 1919[8] and an Officer of the BelgianOrder of Leopold on 18 April 1921.[15]
On the 3rd January, 1916, at about 3 pm, a fire broke out inside a large bomb store belonging to the Royal Flying Corps, which contained nearly 2,000 high explosive bombs, some of which had very large charges, and a number of incendiary bombs which were burning freely. Major Newall at once took all necessary precautions, and then, assisted by Air Mechanic Simms, poured water into the shed through a hole made by the flames. He sent for the key of the store, and with Corporal Hearne, Harwood and Simms entered the building and succeeded in putting out the flames. The wooden cases containing the bombs were burnt, and some of them were charred to a cinder.
— – Citation for theAlbert Medal, published in theLondon Gazette.[16]
Newall was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force as a lieutenant colonel on 1 August 1919[17] and promoted togroup captain on 8 August 1919.[18] He became deputy director of Personnel at theAir Ministry in August 1919 and then Deputy Commandant of theapprentices' technical training school in August 1922.[8] He married Mary Weddell in 1922; she died in September 1924, and he remarried the following year to Olive Foster, an American woman. He had three children with Foster, a son and two daughters.[1]
Newall was promoted toair commodore on 1 January 1925,[19] and took command of the newly formedAuxiliary Air Force in May 1925.[8] He was appointed to aLeague of Nations disarmament committee in December 1925[8] and then becameDeputy Chief of the Air Staff and Director of Operations and Intelligence on 12 April 1926.[20] He was appointed aCompanion of the Order of the Bath in the1929 Birthday Honours[21] and, having been promoted toair vice marshal on 1 January 1930,[22] he stood down as Deputy Chief on 6 February 1931.[23] He became Air Officer Commanding Wessex Bombing Area in February 1931 and then Air Officer CommandingMiddle East Command in September 1931.[8] He then returned to the Air Ministry, where he becameAir Member for Supply and Organisation on 14 January 1935,[24] during the beginnings of the pre-war expansion and rearmament.[1] He was advanced toKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1935 Birthday Honours[25] and promoted toair marshal on 1 July 1935.[26] He attended the funeral ofKing George V in January 1936.[27]
Philosophically, Newall remained a close follower of Trenchard during the interwar period; his time in the Independent Bombing Force had left him convinced that strategic bombing was an exceptionally powerful weapon, and one that could not effectively be defended against. In this, he was a supporter of the standard doctrine of the day, which suggested that the destructive power of a bomber force was sufficiently great that it could cripple an industrial economy in short order, and that so merely itspresence could potentially serve as an effective deterrent.[1][28] He was promoted toair chief marshal on 1 April 1937.[29]
On 1 September 1937, Newall was appointed asChief of the Air Staff, the military head of the RAF, in succession to SirEdward Ellington.[30] The promotion was unexpected; of the prospective candidates mooted for the job, Newall has been widely seen by historians as the least gifted.[1] The most prominent candidate wasHugh Dowding, the head ofRAF Fighter Command and senior in rank to Newall by three months, who had been informally told by Ellington in 1936 that he was expected to be appointed as the new Chief of the Air Staff. The decision was taken by theAir Minister,Viscount Swinton, without consulting Ellington for advice.[31]
During 1936 and 1937, the Air Staff had been fighting with the Cabinet over the rearmament plans; the Air Staff wanted a substantial bomber force and only minor increases in fighters, whilst the Minister for Defence Co-ordination,Thomas Inskip, successfully pushed for a greater role for the fighter force.[32] Newall was promoted during the middle of this debate, and proved perhaps more flexible than might have been expected. In 1938 he supported sharp increases in aircraft production, including double-shift working and duplication of factories, and pushed for the creation of a dedicated organisation to repair and refit damaged aircraft. He supported expenditure on the new, heavily armed,Hurricane andSpitfire fighters, essential to re-equip Fighter Command.[1] He even began to distance himself, albeit slightly, from orthodox bomber philosophy, noting to the Minister for Air that "no one can say with absolute certainty that a nation can be knocked out from the air, because no-one has yet attempted it".[33] Discussing plans for reacting to a war with Italy, in early 1939, he opposed a French proposal to force Italy's surrender by the use of heavy bombing raids against the north, arguing that it would be unlikely to force the country out of the war without the need for ground combat.[34]
Newall was advanced toKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1938 Birthday Honours.[35] He was still Chief of the Air Staff at the outbreak of the Second World War on 1 September 1939; his main contribution to the war effort was his successful resistance to the transfer of fighter squadrons to aid thecollapsing French thus preserving a large portion of Fighter Command which would become crucial during theBattle of Britain.[1] While he remained committed to the idea of a "knock-out blow" offensive byBomber Command, he also recognised that it was too weak to do so successfully, but still strongly opposed the use of the RAF forclose air support.[1]
Following the end of the Battle of Britain, Newall was quickly forced into retirement and replaced as Chief of the Air Staff byCharles Portal. Contemporaries attributed this to the effects of overwork, which had certainly taken its toll,[1] but there were also other aspects; Newall had lost political support, particularly following a dispute withLord Beaverbrook over the control of aircraft production and repair.[36] Matters came to a head with the circulation of an anonymous memo attacking Newall, among other senior officers, as "a real weakness to the RAF and to the nation's defences".[37] The author was Air CommodoreEdgar McCloughry, a disaffected staff officer who saw himself as passed over for promotion and who had been brought into Beaverbrook's inner circle.[38] Beaverbrook pressedChurchill to dismiss Newall, gaining the support of influential ex-RAF figures such as Trenchard andSalmond. Trenchard had come out against Newall for his failure to launch a decisive strategic bombing offensive, while Salmond saw Newall's removal as the simplest way to replace Dowding as head of Fighter Command – despite Newall having also sought to sack Dowding.[39]
He was promoted toMarshal of the Royal Air Force on 4 October 1940[8] and retired from the RAF later that month.[8] He was awarded theOrder of Merit on 29 October,[40] and made aKnight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George on 21 November.[41]
In February 1941 Newall was appointedGovernor-General of New Zealand, a post he would hold for the remainder of the war. His time there was mostly quiet – described by one biographer as "a nice long rest"[1] – and he toured the country extensively, referring to the war "in every public address".[42] Newall and his wife, who also carried out an extensive program of engagements, were broadly popular, but there were occasional tensions; shortly after his arrival, it was widely (but mistakenly) rumoured that he had slighted the "men" of the Army in favour of the "gentlemen" of the RNZAF in a speech.[42] A Freemason, Newall becameGrand Master of New Zealand'sGrand Lodge while Governor-General.[43]
Politically, he had a lukewarm relationship with the Prime Minister,Peter Fraser – "I can't persuade myself that he is all he quite appears to be",[44] Newall noted in a private report – but the two worked together effectively. Small problems occasionally flared up, such as that in October 1942, when Fraser was reprimanded for not personally informing Newall of the resignation of four ministers.[44] However, only one developed into a direct confrontation, when Newall became the last Governor-General to refuse to follow the advice of his cabinet.[45] Newall was presented with a government recommendation toremit four prisoners sentenced to be flogged, but refused to do so. He argued that if the government was opposed to flogging, it should repeal the legislation rather than maintain a policy of always remitting the sentences. This would be constitutionally improper, as it meant that the executive was overriding the legislature, which had provided for the sentence, and the judiciary, which had given it. Fraser, and his deputyWalter Nash, refused to accept this response, and the impasse stretched out for several days; in the end, a compromise was reached where Newall remitted the sentences but the government undertook to repeal the legislation. The repeal bill was then extended to covercapital punishment as well; the government had the same policy to always remit, and it was felt that both had to be handled in the same way.[46]
A second conflict emerged just before the end of his term, when in 1945, theLabour government sought to abolish thecountry quota, a system that gave additional electoral seats in rural areas. Farming groups – predominantlyNational-supporting – strongly opposed the move, and argued that such a major change could only be made after gaining approval in a general election. Newall sympathised, and advised Fraser to wait until after the election, but did not feel it was appropriate to intervene; he assented to the bill.[47]
Following his return from New Zealand in 1946, Newall was raised to the peerage asBaron Newall, of Clifton upon Dunsmoor, in the county of Warwick.[48] He spoke in theHouse of Lords rarely, making five speeches between 1946 and 1948 and one in 1959, mostly addressing defence issues.[49] Newall died at his home at Welbeck Street in London on 30 November 1963, at which time his sonFrancis inherited his title.[1]
Newall is buried with his wife Olive at St Mary Magdalene in Tormarton, South Gloucestershire.[50]
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| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New title Wing established | Officer Commanding41st Wing RFC October–December 1917 | Succeeded by |
| New title Brigade established | Brigadier General CommandingVIII Brigade RFC January - June 1918 | Unknown |
| Preceded by | Deputy Director of Personnel 1919–1922 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Deputy Chief of the Air Staff and Director of Operations and Intelligence 1926–1931 | Succeeded by |
| Air Officer CommandingWessex Bombing Area 1931 | Succeeded by | |
| Preceded by | Air Officer CommandingMiddle East Command 1931–1934 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Hugh Dowding As Air Member for Supply and Research | Air Member for Supply and Organisation 1935–1937 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chief of the Air Staff 1937–1940 | Succeeded by |
| Awards and achievements | ||
| Preceded by | Cover ofTime magazine 23 October 1939 | Succeeded by |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by | Governor-General of New Zealand 1941–1946 | Succeeded by |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Baron Newall 1946–1963 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
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