Cynthia Ann Parker | |
|---|---|
| Na'ura | |
 Cynthia Ann Parker, or Narua (Was Found), and daughter, Topsannah (Prairie Flower), in 1861 | |
| Born | (1827-10-28)October 28, 1827[nb 1][1][2] |
| Disappeared | May 19, 1836[1] (age 8) Fort Parker,Republic of Texas |
| Status | Relocated during thePease River Massacre on December 19, 1860 (age 33)[3][4] |
| Died | March 1871(1871-03-00) (aged 43)[5] Anderson County, Texas, U.S. |
| Resting place | Fort Sill Post Cemetery 34°40′10″N98°23′43″W / 34.669466°N 98.395341°W /34.669466; -98.395341 |
| Known for |
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| Spouse | Peta Nocona |
| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Relatives | John Parker (grandfather) James W. Parker (uncle) Daniel Parker (uncle) |
Cynthia Ann Parker, Naduah, Narua, or Preloch[7] (Comanche:Na'ura,IPA:[naʔura],lit. 'Was found';[8] October 28, 1827[nb 1] – March 1871),[1] was a woman who was captured, aged around nine, by aComanche band during theFort Parker massacre in 1836, where several of her relatives were killed. She was taken with several of her family members, including her younger brotherJohn Richard Parker. Parker was later adopted into the tribe and had three children with a chief. Twenty-four years later she was relocated and taken captive by Texas Rangers, aged approximately 33, and unwillingly forced to separate from her sons and conform to European-American society. Her Comanche name means "was found" or "someone found."
Thoroughly assimilated as Comanche, Parker had marriedPeta Nocona, a chief. They had three children together, including sonQuanah Parker, who became the last free Comanche chief.[1]
Parker was captured by theTexas Rangers on December 19, 1860, during theBattle of Pease River (also known as the "Pease River Massacre"). During this raid, the Rangers killed an estimated six to twelve people, mostly women and children. Afterwards, Parker was taken back to her extended biological family against her will. For the remaining 10 years of her life, she mourned for her Comanche family, and refused to adjust to white society. She escaped at least once but was recaptured and brought back. Unable to grasp how thoroughly she identified with the Comanche, the European-American settlers believed that she had been saved orredeemed by being returned to their society.
Heartbroken over her daughter's death from influenza and pneumonia, Parker died within seven years in 1871. Although initially buried in Anderson County, Texas, her remains were moved twice after her death. In 1910 her son Quanah had her moved to Post Oak Mission Cemetery, Comanche County, Oklahoma; and in 1957 the mother and son were both reinterred in Fort Sill Cemetery in Oklahoma. In 1965 the state of Texas arranged for her daughter's remains to be moved from Texas and reinterred next to the mother and son.
Cynthia Ann Parker was born to Silas Mercer Parker and Lucinda Parker (née Duty) inCrawford County, Illinois. Her birth date is uncertain; according to the 1870 census ofAnderson County, Texas, she was born in 1824 or 1825.[1] When she was nine or 10 years old, her grandfather,John Parker, was recruited to settle his family in north-central Texas; he was to establish a settlement fortified against Comanche raids, which had been devastating to the Euro-American colonization of Texas and northern Mexico. The Parker family, its extended kin, and surrounding families established fortified blockhouses and a central citadel—later namedFort Parker—on the headwaters of theNavasota River in what is nowLimestone County.
John Parker, the patriarch of the family, had been a notedranger,scout, Native American fighter, and soldier for the United States. Historians conjecture that when he negotiated treaties with the local non-Comanche natives, he believed those treaties would bind all Native Americans. If so, his experience did not give him an understanding of the highly decentralized nature of Indian bands.[9]
On May 19, 1836, a force of from 100 to 600 Native American warriors, composed of Comanche andKiowa andKichai allies, attacked the community. John Parker and his men did not comprehend the military prowess of the Comanche, and were unprepared for the ferocity and speed of the Indian warriors. They fought arearguard action to protect some of the escaping women and children, but soon the settlers retreated into the fort. The Native Americans attacked the fort and quickly overpowered the outnumbered defenders. The Comanche took Cynthia Ann Parker, a young girl, and five other captives with them back to Comanche territory and killed many others. The Texans quickly mounted a rescue force. During the Texans' pursuit of the Native Americans, a teenage girl escaped. Over a period of years, the Comanche released other captives as their families paidransoms but Parker was adopted by a Comanche family and became thoroughly assimilated. She is estimated to have been aged 11 or 12 when taken.[10]
Parker became assimilated into the tribe. She was adopted by a Tenowish Comanche couple, who raised her as their own daughter. She became Comanche in every sense. She married Peta Nocona, a chief. They enjoyed a happy marriage. As a tribute to his great affection for her, he never took another wife, even though it was traditional for chieftains to have several wives.[citation needed] They had three children: sonsQuanah, who became the last free Comanche chief,[11] and Pecos (Pecan), and a daughter Topsannah (Prairie Flower).[7]
In December 1860, after years of searching at the behest of Parker's father and various scouts, a band ofTexas Rangers led byLawrence Sullivan Ross discovered a band of Comanche, deep in the heart ofComancheria, that was rumored to hold American captives. In a surprise raid, the Rangers attacked a group of Comanche in theBattle of Pease River.
After limited fighting, the Comanche attempted to flee. Ranger Ross and several of his men pursued the man who had appeared as the leader, and who was fleeing alongside a woman rider. As Ross and his men neared, she held a child over her head.[12] She then shouted "Americano! Americano!" or opened her robe to expose her breasts, according to different accounts.[13] The men did not shoot, but instead surrounded and stopped her.[12] Ross ordered Lieutenant Tom Keliheir to stay with the woman and her child.[13] Ross continued to follow the chief, eventually shooting him three times. Although he fell off his horse, he was still alive and refused to surrender. Ross's cook, Antonio Martinez, identified the man as Nocona and killed him.[12]
The woman was covered in grease from handlingbuffalo meat. She was noticed to have light hair and blue eyes.[13] The Rangers began questioning the woman and other surviving Comanche. In broken English, she identified herself and her family name. Her information matched what Ross knew of captives taken in the 1836 Fort Parker Massacre.[14] Parker wept over the body of Nocona, but the soldiers did not permit her to stay with the body. She was brought to the battlefield, and she wailed loudly over the body of one warrior, stating "He's my boy, and he's not my boy." The warrior was the son of another white captive, who had married a Comanche and died. She had asked Parker to care for her son as if he were her own.[13]
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Ross sent Parker and her daughter to Camp Cooper, and notified her uncle, Colonel Isaac Parker that she had been returned.[15][16] He took her to his home nearBirdville.
Parker's return to her birth family captured the country's imagination. In 1861, the Texas legislature granted her asquare league of land (about 4,400 acres or 18 km2) and an annual pension of $100 (~$3,500 in 2024) for the next five years.[17] They appointed her cousins, Isaac Duke Parker and Benjamin F. Parker, as her legal guardians.[18]
However, Parker never adjusted to her new surroundings. Although white and physically part of the community, she was uncomfortable with the attention she received. Her brother, Silas Jr., was appointed her guardian in 1862, and took her to his home inVan Zandt County. When he entered theConfederate Army, she went to live with her sister, Orlena Parker O'Quinn.[19] Some said that she missed her sons and worried about them.[17][20]
In 1864, Parker's daughter, Topsannah, caughtinfluenza and died ofpneumonia. Parker was stricken with grief, added to her missing her sons and Comanche way of life. She began refusing food and water. She died in March 1871 at the O'Quinn home and was buried in Foster Cemetery on County Road 478 in Anderson County nearPoynor.[2][nb 2]
There is some confusion about Parker's birth and death dates. Different sources place her birth from 1825 to 1827 in Coles, Clark, or Crawford counties of Illinois, and her death from 1864 to 1871 in Anderson County.[21] The only record of her death, given as March 1871, is found in the unpublished notebook of Susan Parker St. John.[21] The only known document from the period supports the March 1871 date; an 1870 census for Anderson County lists her as a member of the O'Quinn household, born "abt 1825," age forty-five.[2] Her tombstone marks her year of death as 1870.
In 1910, Parker's son, Quanah, moved her remains and had them reinterred inPost Oak Mission Cemetery nearCache, Oklahoma.[22][23] When he died in February 1911, he was buried next to her.
Their bodies were moved in 1957 to theFort Sill Post Cemetery at Fort Sill,Oklahoma.[17][24] In 1965 the state of Texas had Topsannah's body moved from her grave in Edom, Van Zandt County, Texas, to be reinterred near her mother and brother.[25]
The city ofCrowell, Texas, has held a Cynthia Ann Parker Festival to honor her memory. The town ofGroesbeck holds an annual Christmas Festival at the site of old Fort Parker every December. It has been rebuilt on the original site to historic specifications.
Author and screenwriterMichael Blake said that the character ofStands with a Fist in the 1990 filmDances With Wolves, was actually based upon Parker.[26]
The remains of Prairie Flower, whose mother Cynthia Ann Parker was kidnapped as a child in 1863 by Comanches, was disinterred Saturday from the Van Zandt County grave where she has slept for 63 [sic: 102] years. Prairie Flower, who is revered as a princess by the Comanche, began her journey to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where she will be buried beside her mother and her brother, Quanah Parker. An honor guard of Texas Rangers and relatives accompanied Prairie Flower on the final event in one of the most famous stories in Texas history.
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