Cidade Modelo ("Model City");Capital Ecológica do Brasil ("Ecological Capital of Brazil");Cidade Verde ("Green City");Capital das Araucárias ("Capital ofAraucarias");A Cidade da Névoa Eterna ("The City of Eternal Fog")
In the 19th century, Curitiba's favorable location between cattle-breeding countryside and marketplaces led to a successful cattle trade and the city's first major expansion. Later, between 1850 and 1950, it grew due tologging andagricultural expansion in Paraná State (firstAraucaria angustifolia logging, latermate and coffee cultivation and in the 1970s wheat, corn andsoybean cultivation). In the 1850s, waves ofEuropean immigrants arrived in Curitiba, mainlyGermans,Italians,Poles andUkrainians, contributing to the city's economic and cultural development and richness in diversity.[6] Nowadays, only small numbers of immigrants arrive, primarily fromMiddle Eastern[7] and other South American countries.
Curitiba's biggest expansion occurred after the 1960s, with innovativeurban planning that allowed the population to grow from some hundreds of thousands to more than a million people.[8] Curitiba's economy is based on industry and services and is the fourth largest inBrazil.[citation needed] Economic growth occurred in parallel to a substantial inward flow of Brazilians from other parts of the country, as approximately half of the city's population was not born in Curitiba.[9]
Curitiba is one of the few Brazilian cities with a very highHuman Development Index (0.856) and in 2010 it was awarded the Global Sustainable City Award, given to cities and municipalities that excel in sustainable urban development.[10] According to US magazineReader's Digest, Curitiba is the best "Brazilian Big City" in which to live.[11][12] Curitiba's crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the city is considered one of the safest cities in Brazil for youth.[13] The city is also regarded as the best in which to invest in Brazil.[14] Curitiba was one of the host cities of the1950 FIFA World Cup, and again for the2014 FIFA World Cup. Despite its good social indicators, the city has a higher unemployment rate than other cities in the state.[15]
One theory is that the nameCuritiba comes from theTupi wordskurí tyba 'many araucária seeds' due to the large number ofParaná pines pinecones in the region prior to its founding.[16]
Another version, also using words from the Tupi language, is that it originates in the combination ofkurit 'pine tree' andyba 'large amount'.[17]
The Portuguese, who founded a settlement on the site in 1693, named itVila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais 'Village of Our Lady of the Light of the Pines'.
The name was changed toCuritiba in 1721. Curitiba officially became a town in 1812, spelling its nameCurityba.
An alternative spelling wasCoritiba. This was used in press and state documents. A state decree in 1919 settled the dispute by adoptingCuritiba.[16]
At the end of the 17th century, Curitiba's agriculture was only for subsistence and its main economic activities were mineral extraction.[18] Waves of European immigrants arrived after 1850, mainly Poles, Italians, Germans (mostly Volga Germans from Russia) and Ukrainians.[6]
Cattlemen drove their herds fromRio Grande do Sul to the state ofSão Paulo, turning Curitiba into an important intermediate trading post.[19]
Curitiba in the 1920s
TheParanaguá–Curitiba railroad was opened in 1885.[19]
Around the beginning of the 20th century, Curitiba benefited from the wealth of theyerba mate mills. The owners (known as"barões da erva-mate") built mansions in the capital. These have mostly been preserved in the districts of Batel and Alto da Glória.[20]
In the 1940s and 1950s,Alfred Agache, co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce its firstcity plan. It emphasized a "star" ofboulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed in part, but the plan was too expensive to complete.[21]
Curitiba has a long history of being intentional about city planning. The early leaders in Curitiba were the first people to establish building regulations. This included limiting the number of trees cut and requiring homes to have tile and not wood roofs. By 1960 Curitiba’s population had increased to 430,000 and Alfred Agache's plan for the city had not considered the future influx of immigrants. A group of young planners and architects led by Jamie Lerner from the Federal University of Paraná answered a proposal from Mayor Ivo Arzua centered around preparing Curitiba for new growth. They improved Agache’s plan by proposing adding major linear transit pathways to Curitiba to provide straightforward high-speed routes throughout the city. They also included plans for reducing downtown traffic, minimizing urban sprawl, providing easily accessible and inexpensive public transit, and preserving Curitiba’s historic district. This intelligent and well-thought-out proposal was adopted and became the Curitiba Master Plan. Jamie Lerner went on to create the city's first urban planning department in order to facilitate further redevelopment efforts.[22]
Curitiba, the capital of theParaná state of southernBrazil, is located near the Atlantic margin of theBrazilian Highlands and the headwaters of the Iguaçu River. It is around 3,050 feet (930 meters) above sea level.
Curitiba features atemperate oceanic climate (Köppen:Cfb,Trewartha:Cfbl). Its location on a plateau and the flat terrain with flooded areas[23][24] contributes to its somewhat mild and damp winters, with an average minimum temperature of 9 °C (48 °F) in July. Nighttime temperatures can drop below 0 °C (32 °F) on the coldest days. Daytime temperatures in winter are usually pleasant, around 19 °C (66 °F). However, during cold snaps, daytime temperatures might not rise above 10 °C (50 °F), and on rare occasions, above 5 °C (41 °F).[25]
Snowfall was experienced in 1889, 1892, 1912, 1928 (snowstorm, two days), 1942, 1955, 1957, 1962, 1975, 1988, 2013 and 2020.[26][27] Huge accumulation, however, is rarer.[28]
During summertime, the average temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F) at daytime, but it can get above 30 °C (86 °F) on the hottest days. However, temperatures above 21 °C (70 °F) at night are rare.[29]
The terrain's flatness hinders water drainage after rain, therefore providing water vapor for the atmosphere. Cold fronts come year round, often fromAntarctica andArgentina, bringing tropical storms in summer and cold winds and frost in the winter. They can move very quickly, with no more than one day between the start of the southern winds and the start of rain.[30] Curitiba's weather is also influenced by the dry air masses that dominate Brazil's midwest most of the year, bringing hot and dry weather, sometimes even in winter.[31]
Climate data for Curitiba (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1885–present)
Frost in CuritibaBotanical gardens greenhouse in Curitiba
Curitiba is located in the area of the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest (also known asAraucaria moist forests), a sub-type of theAtlantic Forest. In Curitiba it is possible to find steppes, forests and other formations. The local vegetation consists of remnants of the Paraná (or Brazilian) pine (Araucaria angustifolia), which resisted the efforts of settlers. The Paraná pines are in private and public areas and are protected from logging. The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains abotanical garden and threegreenhouses that produce 150,000 native and exotic seedlings: 16,000 fruit trees, 260,000 flowers, foliage and underbrush specimens and the maintenance of another 350,000 seedlings.[42]
Curitiba's green area itself matches the size of other large Brazilian cities. The vegetation of Curitiba encompasses a large population of purple and yellowipês (tabebuias), who flower at the end of winter. The yellow ipê is one of the city's most common tree.[43]
Iguaçu River, running by the south region of the city
Thecatchment area of Curitiba consists of rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions, grouped in six river basins. The main rivers that form the city'swatershed are: Atuba River, Belém River, Barigüi River, Passaúna River, Ribeirão dos Padilhas and theIguaçu River, all with characteristics ofdendritic drainage. Curitiba has been working since the 1970s on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts ofurbanization on rivers. An example is the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes, which absorb and retain water for longer periods of time, minimizing floods.[42]After many studies of local water flows, most rivers were found to be subject to acanalization process. Other alternatives developed to minimize the negative effects of urbanization are the implementation of programs for environmental education, inspection and monitoring, elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works.[42]
The city covers 432.17 km2 (166.86 sq mi) on the First Plateau of Paraná. Curitiba has atopography of smooth, rounded hills, giving it a relatively regular shape. The city has an average altitude of 934.6 m (3,066 ft) above sea level. The highest point is to the north at 1,021 m (3,350 ft), and with lower altitudes at 864 m (2,835 ft) to the south.
Mountain ranges and sets of rocky hills surround parts of the city, including theSerra do Mar, a hill range between the shore of theAtlantic Ocean and the First Plateau in Paraná.[44]
As of 2017[update], the mayor isRafael Greca, who replaced Gustavo Fruet. TheCity Council of Curitiba has 38 councillors elected since 2004. Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments (equivalent tosubprefecture), who manage the municipality's 75 districts. TheRua da Cidadania ("Street of Citizenship") is the symbol of administrative decentralization; it is a reference point and a meeting place. Several units are annexed to public transport terminals. Their nuclei offer services in the local,state andfederal areas.[45]
Jaime Lerner is perhaps Curitiba's best-known mayor. He was the mayor three times, the first time in the early 1970s. His leadership was crucial to some major changes in the city. Curitiba has built parks instead of canals to reduce flooding; used parks to make the city more liveable; pedestrianised the downtown area; built a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), a bus system that works similarly to a light rail system; and started a massive recycling scheme that included giving people bus tokens in return for waste.[46]
Curitiba is Brazil's 8th most populous city.[51] In 2010, the city had 359,201 opposite-sex couples and 974same-sex couples. The population of Curitiba was 52.3% female and 47.7% male.[52]
As with most ofSouthern Brazil's population, Curitiba is mostly inhabited by European descendants. The first Europeans to arrive were ofPortuguese origin, during the 17th century. Theyintermarried with thenative people and with the Africanslaves.[53]
Up until the 19th century, the inhabitants of the city of Curitiba were natives and mixed-race, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants. In 1808 foreigners were granted the right to ownership of land, and in 1853 Parana became an independent province, and these events resulted in a substantial number of immigrants from Europe.[19]
The first non-Iberian (Portuguese and Spaniard) immigrants to come to the city wereGerman.[54]
The Memorial of Polish Immigration was inaugurated on 13 December 1980, after the visit ofPope John Paul II in June. Its area is 46,000 m2 (500,000 sq ft) and was part of the former Candles plant. The seven wooden log houses are parts of this memorial area, as a memento of the Polish immigrants' struggles and faith. Objects like an old wagon, pipe of cabbage and a print of theBlack Madonna of Częstochowa (patron saint of thePolish people), form parts of the memorial.[55] The first group of Poles arrived in Curitiba around 1871. Curitiba has the biggest colony of Polish immigrants in Brazil.
Nearly 20,000Ukrainian immigrants settled there between 1895 and 1897, consisting mostly of peasants fromGalicia who immigrated to Brazil to become farmers. Around 300,000 Ukrainian-Brazilians live in Paraná.[57][58] The State of Paraná has the largestUkrainian community andSlavic community.[59]
Curitiba has a Jewish community[60] that was originally established in the 1870s.[61] Much of the early Jewish congregation has been assimilated.[62] In 1937 with the rise ofNazi Germany, notable German Jewish academics migrated to Brazil, some settling in Curitiba.[63] PhysicistCésar Lattes and former mayorsJaime Lerner[64] and Saul Raiz were Jewish. A Holocaust memorial is present in the city. Thecommunity centre, aJewish school, aChabad house (Beit Chabad),[65] three synagogues,[66] and three Jewish cemeteries are there,[67] one of which was defiled in 2004.[68]
Praça do Japan (Japan Square), built in honor of Japanese immigrants
Japanese immigrants began arriving in 1915, with a larger contingent arriving in 1924. Curitiba received a significant Japanese influx. They settled mostly between Paraná and São Paulo state. The city has the second largest Japanese community in Brazil, behind only São Paulo, according toIBGE. Although both cities have around the same proportion of Japanese descendants, other large cities in the interior of the state of Paraná, such as Maringá and Londrina, have an even higher rate. Some estimates suggest that more than 40,000 Japanese-Brazilians live in Curitiba.[69]
According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (62.36%) isRoman Catholic, other religious groups includeProtestants or evangelicals (24.03%), Spiritists (2.8%), Nones 6.71%, and people with other religions (3.69).[47][48]
Since it was declared capital of the State of Paraná in 1853, the city has gone through several major urban planning projects to avoid uncontrolled growth and thus has become an international role model in dealing with issues includingtransportation and the environment.[70]
The city is Brazil's second largestcar manufacturer. Its economy is based on industry, commerce and services. For that reason, Curitiba is considered by many investors to be the best location for investment in Brazil.[71]
The city receives more than two million tourists every year. Most arrive via theAfonso Pena International Airport, where almost 60,000 flights land annually.[72]
According to IPEA data, the GDP in 2006 was 32 billionreals, without including agriculture and livestock (0.03%). Industry represented 34.13% and the commerce and service sectors 65.84%.[73] Cidade Industrial de Curitiba, the industrial district, is home to many multinational industries, such asNissan,Renault,Volkswagen,Philip Morris,Audi,Volvo,HSBC,Siemens,ExxonMobil,Electrolux andKraft Foods, as well as many well-known national industries, such asSadia, O Boticário and Positivo Informática.
Curitiba's infrastructure makes bus travel fast and convenient, effectively creating demand for bus use in the same way that the infrastructure of traditional cities creates demand for private motor vehicles. In July 2001, Curitiba became Brazil's first city to receive the prize "Pole of Information Technology", granted byInfoExame magazine. According to the magazine, the companies of "Technology and Information Technology" based in Curitiba in 2001 achievedUS$1.2 billion in revenues, representing a growth of 21% over the previous year.[74]
Estação Mall
The city's 30-year economic growth rate is 7.1%, higher than the national average of 4.2%, and per capita income is 66% higher than the Brazilian average. Between 1975 and 1995, Curitiba's domestic product grew by some 75% more than the entire State of Paraná, and 48% more than Brazil as a whole. In 1994, tourism generatedUS$280 million- 4% of the city's net income. Curitiba has municipal health, education and day care networks, neighborhood libraries shared by schools and citizens and Citizenship Streets, where buildings provide essential public services, sports and cultural facilities near transportation terminals. At the Open University, residents can take courses in subjects such as mechanics, hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee. Policies for job creation and income generation became part of the city'sstrategic planning in the 1990s, for the metropolitan area as well as the city.[75]
The "Paço Municipal" built in 1916
Seven large shopping malls are found in Curitiba: Mueller, Estação, Curitiba, Crystal, Palladium, Patio Batel and Park Barigüi. TheRua das Flores (Street of Flowers) is home to the majority of stores. The area is pedestrianized, with no cars around the centre. An essential element of Curitiba shopping is the Feira do Largo da Ordem, or Largo da Ordem Street Fair.[76]
In 2008, according toIBGE Curitiba's nominalGDP wasR$45.7 billion (or about ofUS$22.5 billion)[77] (withR$25,934, orUS$13,000, by nominal GDP per capita, about ofUS$5,000 more than Brazilian 2008 nominal GDP per capita), making it the fourth richest city in the country, after onlySão Paulo,Rio de Janeiro and the capitalBrasília.
Curitiba is the second pole of technological innovation in Brazil, according to IPEA (Applied Economic Research Institute). It is Brazil's second best, and South America's fifth best, city for business, according to America Economia Magazine/2005 and 2006. The best destination for business, according toVeja Magazine of 2007. The third position among the Champions of Infrastructure,Exame Magazine of 2006. The second best city to work inSouthern Brazil, according to Você S.A. Magazine of 2005. The 49th position, MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce: Emerging Markets Index of 2008. One of the highlights according to the survey Offshoring Horizons performed by Watson Wyatt of 2007. One of the 10 globalsustainability centres, according toEthisphere Institute of 2008.[78] Curitiba is also home to the largest cancer hospital in the South of Brazil,Erasto Gaertner Hospital.[79]
Municipal market: Located near the city's central bus station, it houses numerous shops selling imported goods, organic products, and vegan food. The food court has a lot of Asian food, vegan food and organic meals.
Wire Opera House: Built on the site of an abandoned quarry.[82]
Oscar Niemeyer Museum: Artists from Paraná and other parts of Brazil have their work represented in the museum. Three rooms in the Eye are dedicated exclusively tophotography.[83]
Tanguá Park
Panoramic Tower: The 360-foot tall lookout tower allows travelers a 360° view of Curitiba and has a telephone museum on the ground floor.[83]
Portugal Wood: Homage to thePortuguese-Brazilian bonds, this space is highlighted by a track following a small brook, where one can see drawn on tiles excerpts from famous Portuguese language poets, as well as a tribute to the great Portuguese navigators and their discoveries.[83] Families are often seen picnicking on the grounds.
Curitiba International Ecological Marathon: The Maratona Ecológica Internacional de Curitiba ("Curitiba International Ecologicalmarathon") is held in November and is known as the hardest in Brazil.[84]
Tourism Line: TheLinha Tourismo bus stops at key tourist attractions across the city.[85]
Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) – Federal University of Paraná – This federal university is the largest of Paraná, with more than 35.000 students. The first university of Brazil;
Universidade Estadual do Paraná (UNESPAR) – State University of Paraná, which includes EMBAP (Paraná School of Fine Arts) and FAP (College of Arts of Paraná);
In the 1990s, the city started a project calledFaróis do Saber ("Lighthouses of Knowledge"). These libraries are free educational centres that includelibraries, free Internet access and other cultural resources. Libraries work with municipal schools, offering a collection of approximately 5000 books, and provide cultural reference and leisure.[89]
Among Brazilian capitals, Curitiba has the highest literacy rate,[90] and ranks number 1 in education among the Brazilian capitals.[91]
Curitiba has a planned transportation system, which includes lanes on major streets devoted to abus rapid transit system. The buses are split into three sections (bi-articulated) and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with access for disabled riders. Buses charge one price regardless of distance.[92]
The city preserves and cares for its green areas, boasting 51.5 m2 (554 sq ft) of green space per inhabitant.[93]
In the 1940s and 1950s,Alfred Agache, cofounder of theFrench Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan. It emphasised a star of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. The plan was too expensive to complete.[94]
Civic Center skyline in Curitiba, with many administrative and commercial buildings
By the 1960s, Curitiba's population had reached 430,000. Some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to damage the character of the city. In 1964, Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design. ArchitectJaime Lerner, who later became mayor, led a team from theUniversidade Federal do Paraná that suggested strict controls onurban sprawl, reduced traffic in the downtown area, preservation of Curitiba's Historic Sector and a convenient and affordable public transit system.[95]
This plan, known as the Curitiba Master Plan, was adopted in 1968. Lerner closedXV de Novembro St. to vehicles, because it had high pedestrian traffic. The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic: the Trinary Road System. This used two one-way streets moving in opposite directions that surround a smaller, two-lane street where the express buses have an exclusive lane. Five of these roads form a star that converges on the city centre. Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density development, to pull traffic away from the main roads. In a number of areas subject to floods, buildings were condemned and the land became parks.[96]
Today, Curitiba is considered one of the world's best examples of urban planning.[97] In June 1996, the chairman of theHabitat II summit of mayors and urban planners inIstanbul praised Curitiba as "the most innovative city in the country".[98]
15 November Street
Curitiba was recently recommended byUNESCO as a model for the reconstruction of the cities ofAfghanistan.[99] In the 1980s, the RIT (Rede Integrada de Transporte,Integrated Transport Network) was created.[100] At the same time, the city began building the "Faróis de Saber" (Lighthouses of Knowledge) educational centres.[101] The city has more than 400 km2 (154 sq mi) of public parks and forests.[102]
In 2007, the city placed third in a list of "15 Green Cities" in the world, according toGrist magazine, afterReykjavík in Iceland andPortland, Oregon in the United States. As a result, according to one survey, 99% of Curitibans are happy with their hometown.[103]
Jaime Lerner suggests urban acupuncture as the future solution for contemporary urban issues; focusing on very narrow pressure points in cities, can create positive ripple effects. Urban "acupuncture" reclaims land for the public and emphasizes the importance of community development through small interventions in design of cities.[104] It emphasises pinpoint interventions that can be accomplished quickly to create an immediate impact.[105]
The "capacity building job line"[106] was created to accelerate economic development. About 15,000 new jobs were generated by 2013.[107]
According to Jonas Rabinovitch, a United Nations senior adviser and former planner at theCuritiba Research and Urban Planning Institute (IPPUC), up to 8% of Curitiba's population still lived infavelas as of 2016.[108] According to 2010 census data collected byIBGE, 49,700 homes in Curitiba form part of irregular settlements.[109] This is equivalent to 163,300 people.[109] The population growth of favelas was 12.4% between 2000 and 2010, higher than the population in general (10.3%).[109]
For transportation, Curitiba has over 2 million people travel by bus while the city also has the most cars per capita in Brazil.[110]
The Cultural Complex Solar do Barão features the Photography Museum, the Engravings Museum and the Posters Museu. The MuMA – Museu Metropolitano de Arte (Museum of Metropolitan Art) displays artists from the state of Paraná as well as renowned Brazilianpainters such as Pancetti, Guignard andDi Cavalcanti.[19]
The Polish Immigrants Memorial, also known as The Pope's Woods, offers an enjoyable area surrounded by trees, which makes it a perfect choice for a stroll. The PolishPope John Paul II blessed the firstreplica of the traditional Polish houses that beautifully make up the Bosque do Papa when he visited the city in 1980.[111][112]
Restaurante Madalosso - one of the largest restaurants in the world
The capital of Paraná is an important gastronomic center in Brazil, and the typical foods of Curitiba tend be very different when compared to other common Brazilian dishes. The dishes of the local cuisine are a reflection of the history of the municipality and the typical foods. Curitiba's cuisine has mainly been influenced by Italian, Polish and German immigrants.[113]
Curitiba is the home of the largest restaurant in the Americas, and one of the world's largest restaurants,Restaurante Madalosso. Madalosso can feed more than 4,600 diners at a time in its 10 dining rooms, all named after Italian cities.[114]
Curitiba was Brazil's first city to have anIMAX movie theatre.[115] Curitiba has many theaters. The largest and most important one is the Guaíra Theater.[116] Every year, in April, it hosts the Curitiba Theater Festival.
Curitiba has yearly festivals related to arts, such as Curitiba Theatre Festival[120] and the Music Workshop of Curitiba.[121] Others celebrate immigrants festivals, such as the Grape Feast ("Festa da Uva"),[122] which is related toItalian immigrants, and the fourMatsuri, related toJapanese immigrants.
The four Matsuri set in Curitiba are: Imin Matsuri (Japanese: 移民祭り, "Immigration Festival") which celebrates the arrival of Japanese immigrants in Brazil,[123][124] Haru Matsuri (Japanese: 春祭り, "Spring Festival") which celebrates the end of winter and coming of spring,[125] Hana Matsuri[126] (Japanese: 花祭り, "Flower Festival"), which celebrates the birth ofSakyamuni,[127] and Seto Matsuri ("Seto Festival"), in honor ofCláudio Seto,[128] comic artist, precursor of themanga in Brazil and idealist of the first Matsuri in Curitiba.
Curitiba also hold the famous Psycho Carnival,[129] a three-day festival that happens during the Brazilian Carnival, but devoted to psychobilly and rockabilly genres, attracting people from all over the world. In the same occasion the Zombie Walk also happens. The 2016 edition took more than 20,000 people to the streets.[130]
Curitiba's public transportation consists entirely of buses. It opened the world's secondbus rapid transit (BRT) system,Rede Integrada de Transporte, in 1974.[132] The popularity of Curitiba's BRT has effected amodal shift from automobile travel to bus travel. Based on 1991 traveler survey results, it was estimated that the introduction of the BRT had caused a reduction of about 27 million auto trips per year, annually saving about 27 million liters of fuel. In particular, 28 percent of BRT riders previously traveled by car. Compared to eight other Brazilian cities of its size, Curitiba uses about 30 percent less fuel per capita, resulting in one of the country's lowest rates of ambient air pollution. Some 1,100 buses make 12,500 trips every day, serving more than 1.3 million passengers, 50 times the number from 20 years ago. Eighty percent of travelers use the express or direct bus services. Curitibanos spend only about 10 percent of their income on transportation, far below the national average.[133]
The biggest bi-articulated bus in the world operating in the city.
Curitiba has in its transport fleet the largest bi-articulated bus in the world, with 28 meters in length and capacity for 250 passengers. The bus operates only with soy-based biofuel, which reduces pollutant emissions by 50%.[134]
The city government has been planning to introduce anunderground metro for a number of years and in 2014 announced opened tenders for a 35-yearpublic private partnership contract to build and operate a 17.6 km (10.9 mi), 14-station north–south line. The cost is estimated at 4.62 billion reais.[135]
Rodovia do Café (Coffee Highway), one of the highways serving Curitiba.
Moving around in a car can be difficult in and around the city centre because of the many one-way streets and frequent traffic jams. The Trinary Road System allows quick access to the city centre for drivers. Some avenues are spacious and laid out in a grid. Apart from some points around the city centre, Munhoz da Rocha Street and Batel Avenue, traffic jams are not severe.[136]
Afonso Pena International Airport is Curitiba's main airport. It is located in the nearby city ofSão José dos Pinhais. All commercial flights operate from this airport.[137] It was evaluated as the best airport in Brazil according to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Brazil.[138]
The airport obtained the highest marks among all participants for queuing time at customs and the cordiality of customs officials; availability of sockets and seats in the departure lounge; quality of airport signage and vehicle parking facilities; availability and cleanliness of the toilets; general cleaning; airport thermal and acoustic comfort; quality of information on baggage claim conveyor panels, as well as availability of public transport to the airport.[138]
There is also theBacacheri Airport, a smaller general aviation facility. It serves the handling of small and medium business aircraft.
Brazil's transportation and railway company,Rumo, has its headquarters in Curitiba.[139] Serra Verde Express provides a tourist train through scenic country[140] toMorretes and Paranaguá.[141]
The city has 100 km (62 mi) of bike routes, used by around 30 thousand bikers daily. City streets carry almost one million vehicles, of which 2,253 are orange Taxis. To service these vehicles, more than 355 petrol stations serve the city.[142]
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Curitiba, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 72 min. 21% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min, while 33% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[143]
Most districts of Curitiba were born of colonial groups, formed by families of European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century.
The centro (downtown or central business district), where the city was founded, is the most bustling area, housing most of the financial institutions of Curitiba.
Bairros (neighborhoods) of Curitiba define the city's geographical divisions. Administrative powers are not delegated to neighborhoods, although neighborhood associations work to improve their communities.Curitiba is divided into 9 regional governments (boroughs) covering the 75 neighborhoods.
Civic Center (InPortuguese:Centro Cívico) is where the main government buildings are located. It was the first neighborhood in the municipality of Curitiba, capital of the state ofParaná. The name means 'Center of the Citizen''.
It was conceived in 1953, with the greater independence which came with the creation of a new state.[145][146]
In August 2011, the Civic Center was listed as an urban and architectural ensemble. The buildings on the central axis of Avenida Cândido de Abreu are protected, including Plaza 19 de Dezembro, Tiradentes State College, Courts of Justice, Accounts and Jury buildings, the Iguaçu Palace, the Oscar Niemeyer Museum and the Square Our Lady of Salette.[147]
The municipal flag of Curitiba is one of the official symbols of the city which, together with itscoat of arms and anthem, was officially adopted on 11 May 1967 under Municipal Law No. 2993. The flag is rectangular, with a width to length ratio of 7:10. A green field is divided into eight parts by tracks of white outlined with red. The city's coat of arms is in the center of the flag, on a white rectangle.[148][149]
Street mall in CuritibaLandscape with Canoe on the Margin (1922). Painting by Alfredo Andersen (São Paulo Museum of Art,São Paulo).Araucárias of Botanical GardenPasseio Público is the oldest public park in Curitiba. It opened in 1886.German Portal, in the Plaza of Culture German in CuritibaCherry blossoms in CuritibaApartment towers in the Campo Comprido neighborhood
^"Insolação Total (horas)".Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1991-2020 (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived fromthe original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved25 May 2024.
^"Station Curitiba" (in French). Meteo Climat.Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved14 October 2018.
^"Beit Chabad". Chabadcuritiba.com.Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved7 March 2011.
^Israel SynagogueArchived 22 September 2009 at theWayback Machine in addition to the Hevra Kadisha Synagogue and the Habad Synagogue mentioned in the Chabad reference
^Irazábal, Clara Elena (2002)Curitiba and Portland: Architecture, City Making, and Urban Governance in the Era of Globalization, PhD Dissertation in Architecture, University of California, Berkeley, p.112
^Anil Mundra (27 December 2012)."Curitiba – Sustainable City". Green Planet Monitor.Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved19 March 2013.
^abc"9,3% dos curitibanos moram em favelas – Giro pelos Bairros".Giro pelos Bairros (in Brazilian Portuguese). Gazeta do Povo. 6 September 2012.Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved2 August 2017.Em Curitiba, há 49,7 mil domicílios nesta situação. Isso é equivalente a 163,3 mil pessoas. O crescimento populacional das favelas cresceu 12,4% entre 2000 e 2010, ritmo mais acelerado do que a população como um todo (10,3%).
^Tadaima! Curitiba (25 March 2011)."Evento: Hana Matsuri 2011". Tadaima! Curitiba.Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved3 January 2013.
^"Hanamatsuri". Culturajaponesa.com.br.Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved3 January 2013.
^"Cidades-irmãs de Curitiba".curtacuritiba.com.br (in Portuguese). Curta Curitiba. 20 April 2018.Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved22 May 2020.
.jpg)
%2c_Paran%25C3%25A1%2c_Brasil_by_Nivaldo_Cit_Filho_-_panoramio_(1).jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
