Curaçao includes the main island of Curaçao and the much smaller, uninhabited island ofKlein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao").[12] Curaçao has a population of 158,665 (January 2019 estimate),[2] with an area of 444 km2 (171 sq mi); its capital isWillemstad.[12] Together withAruba andBonaire, Curaçao forms theABC islands. Collectively, Curaçao, Aruba, and other Dutch islands in theCaribbean are often called theDutch Caribbean. It is the largest of the ABC islands in terms of area and population, as well as the largest in the Dutch Caribbean.[13]
The island's name "Curaçao" may originate from the indigenous autonym of its people; this idea is supported by early Spanish accounts referring to the inhabitants as Indios Curaçaos. Curaçao's history begins with theArawak andCaquetioAmerindians; the island becoming a Spanish colony afterAlonso de Ojeda's 1499 expedition. Though labelled "the useless island" due to its poor agricultural yield and lack of precious metals, it later became a strategic cattleranching area. When the Dutch colonized the island in 1634, they shifted the island's focus to trade and shipping and later made it a hub of theAtlantic slave trade. Members of the Jewish community, fleeing persecution in Europe, settled here and significantly influenced the economy and culture.
British forces occupied Curaçao twice during theFrench Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars but it was returned to Dutch rule. The abolition of slavery in 1863 led to economic shifts and migrations. Dutch remains the official language, thoughPapiamentu, English, and Spanish are widely spoken, reflecting the island's diverse cultural influences. Curaçao was formerly part of theCuraçao and Dependenciescolony from 1815 to 1954 and later theNetherlands Antilles from 1954 to 2010, as Island Territory of Curaçao.[14][15][12]
The discovery of oil in theMaracaibo Basin in 1914 transformed Curaçao into a criticalrefinery location, altering its economic landscape. There were efforts towards becoming a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the island achieved autonomy in 2010.
One explanation for the island's name is thatCuraçao was theautonym by which its indigenous peoples identified themselves.[16] EarlySpanish accounts support this theory, referring to the indigenous peoples asIndios Curaçaos.[17]
From 1525, the island was featured on Spanish maps asCuraçote, Curasaote, Curasaore, and evenCuracaute.[18] By the 17th century, it appeared on most maps asCuraçao orCurazao.[17] On a map created byHieronymus Cock in 1562 inAntwerp, the island was calledQúracao.[19]
A persistent but undocumented story claims the following: in the 16th and 17th centuries—the early years of European exploration—whensailors on long voyages gotscurvy from lack ofvitamin C, sick Portuguese or Spanish sailors were left on the island now known as Curaçao. When their ship returned, some had recovered, probably after eating vitamin C-rich fruit there. From then on, the Portuguese allegedly referred to the island asIlha da Curação (Island of Healing) or the Spanish asIsla de la Curación.[12]
Map from 1562 with Curaçao indicated as QúracaoMap of Curaçao in 1836
The original inhabitants of Curaçao were theArawak andCaquetioAmerindians.[20] Their ancestors had migrated to the island from the mainland ofSouth America, probably hundreds of years before Europeans' first arrival.
The first Europeans recorded as seeing the island were members of a Spanish expedition under the leadership ofAlonso de Ojeda in 1499.[20] The Spaniardsenslaved most of the Caquetios (Arawak) forforced labour in theirHispaniola colony, but paid little attention to the island itself.[20] In 1515, almost all of the 2,000 Caquetios living there were also transported to Hispaniola as slaves.
Established in1499 as a Spanish launchpad for exploring northern South America, Curaçao was officially settled by Spain in1527. It functioned as an island extension of Venezuela throughout the 1500s. As mainland colonization advanced, Spain slowly withdrew from the island. The city registry ofCaracas,Venezuela holds one of the earliest written mentions of Curaçao. A document dated 9 December 1595 states that Francisco Montesinos,priest andvicar of "the Yslas de Curasao,Aruba andBonaire" conferred hispower of attorney to Pedro Gutiérrez de Lugo, a Caracas resident, to collect his ecclesiastic salary from the Royal Treasury ofKing Philip II of Spain.
The Spanish introduced numerous tree, plant and animal species to Curaçao, including horses, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle from Europe and other Spanish colonies. In general, imported sheep, goats and cattle did relatively well. Cattle were herded by Caquetios and Spaniards and roamed freely in the kunuku plantations andsavannas.
Not all imported species fared equally well, and the Spanish also learned to use Caquetio crops and agricultural methods, as well as those from other Caribbean islands. Though historical sources point to thousands of people living on the island, agricultural yields were disappointing; this and the lack of precious metals in the salt mines led the Spanish to call Curaçao "the useless island".
Over time, the number of Spaniards living on Curaçao decreased while the number of aboriginal inhabitants stabilized. Presumably through natural growth, return and colonization, the Caquetio population then began to increase. In the last decades of Spanish occupation, Curaçao was used as a large cattle ranch. At that point, Spaniards lived aroundSanta Barbara, Santa Ana and in the villages in the western part of the island, while the Caquetios are thought to have lived scattered all over the island.
In 1634, during theEighty Years' War of independence between theRepublic of the Netherlands and Spain, theDutch West India Company under AdmiralJohann van Walbeeck invaded the island; the Spanish surrendered in San Juan in August. Approximately 30 Spaniards and many indigenous people were then deported to Santa Ana de Coro in Venezuela. About 30 Taíno families were allowed to live on the island while Dutch colonists started settling there.[20]
The Dutch West India Company founded the capital of Willemstad on the banks of an inlet called the Schottegat; thenatural harbour proved an ideal place for trade. Commerce and shipping—andpiracy—became Curaçao's most important economic activities. Later,salt mining became a major industry, the mineral being a lucrative export at the time.[citation needed] From 1662, the Dutch West India Company made Curaçao a centre of theAtlantic slave trade, often bringing slaves from West Africa to the island, before selling them elsewhere in the Caribbean andSpanish Main.[20]
Sephardic Jews fleeing persecution inSpain andPortugal sought safe haven inDutch Brazil and theDutch Republic. Many settled in Curaçao, where they made significant contributions to its civil society, cultural development and economic prosperity.[21] In 1674 the island became afree port.[22]
In theFranco-Dutch War of 1672–78, French CountJean II d'Estrées planned to attack Curaçao. His fleet—12men-of-war, threefire ships, two transports, ahospital ship, and 12privateers—met with disaster, losing seven men-of-war and two other ships when they struckreefs off theLas Aves archipelago. The serious navigational error occurred on 11 May 1678, a week after the fleet set sail fromSaint Kitts. To commemorate its narrow escape from invasion, Curaçao marked the events with a day of thanksgiving, which was celebrated for decades into the 18th century.[citation needed]
Willemstad, 1885
Many Dutch colonists grew affluent from the slave trade, building impressive colonial buildings in the capital of Willemstad; the city is now aUNESCO World Heritage Site.
In 1795,a major slave revolt took place under the leadersTula Rigaud, Louis Mercier, Bastian Karpata, and Pedro Wakao. Up to 4,000 slaves in northwest Curaçao revolted, with more than 1,000 taking part in extended gunfights. After a month, the slave owners were able to suppress the revolt.[23][24]
The colorful buildings of the Handelskade inWillemstad, Curaçao
Curaçao's proximity to South America resulted in interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. Architectural similarities can be seen between 19th century Willemstad neighborhoods and the nearby Venezuelan city ofCoro inFalcón State, which has also been designated a World Heritage Site. Netherlands established economic ties with theViceroyalty of New Granada that included the present-day countries ofColombia andVenezuela. In the 19th century, Curaçaoans such asManuel Piar andLuis Brión were prominently engaged in the wars of independence of both Venezuela and Colombia. Political refugees from the mainland, such asSimon Bolivar, regrouped in Curaçao.[25]
The Dutchabolished slavery in 1863, causing vast changes in the economy with the shift towage labour.[27] Some Curaçao inhabitants emigrated to other islands, such asCuba, to work insugarcane plantations. Other former slaves had nowhere to go and continued working for plantation owners under thetenant farmer system,[28] in which former slaves leased land from former masters, paying most of theirharvest to owners as rent. The system lasted until the early 20th century.[citation needed]
Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of the colonial administration, but its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[29] Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the early 19th century, when the British occupied all three islands. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were made to introduce widespread bilingual Dutch andPapiamentu education in the late 19th century.[30]
When oil was discovered in the VenezuelanMaracaibo Basin town of Mene Grande in 1914, Curaçao's economy was dramatically altered. In the early years, bothShell andExxon held drillingconcessions in Venezuela, which ensured a constant supply of crude oil to refineries in Aruba and Curaçao. Crude oil production in Venezuela was inexpensive. Both Shell and Exxon werevertically integrated and controlled the entire industry, from pumping, transporting, and refining to sales. The refineries on Aruba and Curaçao operated in global markets and were profitable partly because of the margin between the production costs of crude oil and the revenues the sale of oil products. This provided a safety net for losses incurred through inefficiency or excessive operating costs at the refineries.[20][unreliable source?]
In 1929, Curaçao was attacked byVenezuelan rebel commanderRafael Simón Urbina, who, with 250 soldiers, captured the fort. The Venezuelans plundered weapons, ammunition, and the island's treasury. They also managed to capture the Governor of the island, Leonardus Albertus Fruytier (1882–1972), and hauled him off to Venezuela on a stolen American ship,Maracaibo. Fruytier was criticized and had to resign as governor. After returning to the Netherlands, he settled for a position as chief inspector inMaastricht. The Dutch increased their military presence on the island.[31][32]
In 1936 a burning bale of cotton thrown overboard by the crew of the M. S. Colombia, which lay anchored in the Schottegat, caused the oil floating on the water to catch fire. It took days to get the fire under control; houses had to be evacuated, but there were no casualties.
During the Second World War, the island played an important role in the supply of fuel for the Allied forces. In 1940, before the invasion of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany, the British occupied Curaçao and the French Aruba. The presence of powers other than the Netherlands alarmed the Venezuelan government given the proximity of these islands at the entrance to the Gulf of Venezuela and the fact they'd historically been used as bases to launch incursions against Venezuelan territory. In 1941, US troops occupied the island and built military airport "Hato". The main purpose was this deployment was to fight against expected future attacks by Axis submarines and potentially long-distance Nazi bombers. America was also concerned over the potential threat of a German invasion of the continental US launched with the aid of German settlers in South America.
In 1942 the port of Willemstad, one of the main sources of fuel for the Allied operations, was besieged by German submarines on several occasions under Neuland Operation. In August 1942, the Germans returned to Curaçao and attacked a tanker and received fire from a Dutch shore battery before slipping away. The US Navy established the Fourth Fleet, which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The US Army also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the Venezuelan Air Force.
A Dutch soldier on patrol in Willemstad following the 1969 riots
In 1954, Curaçao and other Dutch Caribbean colonies were joined to form theNetherlands Antilles. Discontent with Curaçao's seemingly subordinate relationship to the Netherlands, ongoingracial discrimination, and a rise inunemployment owing to layoffs in theShell refinery led to aseries of riots in 1969.[33] A state of emergency was declared after rioters set fire theWillemstad downtown and the bankers mansions. Protestors had to face the Dutch Navy marines dispatching from the local military base on the island, in order to quell the rebellion led by charismatic politicians asPapa Godett andStanley Browne. The riots resulted in two deaths, numerous injuries and severe damage in Willemstad. In response, the Dutch government introduced far-reaching reforms, allowing Afro-Curaçaoans greater influence over the island's political and economic life, and increased the prominence of the local Papiamentu language.[34]
Curaçao experienced an economic downturn in the early 1980s. Shell's refinery on the island operated with significant losses from 1975 to 1979, and again from 1982 to 1985. Persistent losses, globaloverproduction, stronger competition, and low market expectations threatened the refinery's future. In 1985, after 70 years, Royal Dutch Shell decided to end its activities on Curaçao. This came at a crucial moment. Curaçao's fragile economy had been stagnant for some time. Several revenue-generating sectors suffered even more during this period: tourism from Venezuela collapsed after thedevaluation of thebolivar, and a slowdown in the transportation sector had deleterious effects on the Antillean Airline Company and the Curaçao Dry Dock Company. The offshore financial services industry also experienced a downturn due to new U.S. tax laws.[citation needed]
In the mid-1980s, Shell sold its refinery for the symbolic amount of oneAntillean guilder to a local governmentconsortium. In recent years, the aging refinery has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that its emissions, includingsulfur dioxide andparticulate matter, far exceed safety standards.[35] The government consortium leases the refinery to the VenezuelanPDVSA state oil company.[35]
Continuing economic hardship in the late 1990s and early 2000s resulted in much emigration to the Netherlands.[36]
On 1 July 2007, Curaçao was due to become a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, like Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. On 28 November 2006, the change was delayed when the island council rejected a clarification memorandum on the process. A new island council ratified this agreement on 9 July 2007.[37] On 15 December 2008, Curaçao was again scheduled to become a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. A non-binding referendum on the move was held in Curaçao on 15 May 2009; 52% of voters supported it.[38]
Although Curaçao is autonomous, the Netherlands has intervened in its affairs to ensure that parliamentary elections are held and to assist in finalizing accurate budgets. In July 2017, Curaçaoan Prime MinisterEugene Rhuggenaath said he wanted Curaçao to take full responsibility over its affairs, but asked for more cooperation and assistance from the Netherlands, with suggestions for more innovative approaches to help Curaçao succeed and increase itsstandard of living.[44][45] The Dutch government reminded the Curaçaoan government that it had provided assistance with oil refinery negotiations with the Chinese "on numerous occasions".[46]
The 2020COVID-19 pandemic resulted inausterity measures. Curaçao had to impose spending cuts to qualify for additional aid from the Netherlands.[47] As part of the austerity package, the Government of Curaçao announced a 12.5% cut in benefits forcivil servants.[48] On 24 June 2020, a group of civil servants, together withwaste collectors from Selikor, marched toFort Amsterdam and demanded to speak with Rhuggenaath.[48] The demonstration turned into ariot, and police cleared the square in front of Fort Amsterdam[49] withtear gas.[50] The city centre ofWillemstad was laterlooted.[49] 48 people were arrested,[51] the city districts ofPunda andOtrobanda were placed underlockdown for the night, and a generalcurfew was declared from 20:30 to 06:00.[52]
Aerial view of the coast of CuraçaoEnlargeable, detailed map of CuraçaoGreen Iguana from Curaçao
Curaçao, lies on thecontinental shelf of South America featuring a hilly topography, with its highest point reaching 372 m (1,220 ft) abovesea level.[53] namedChristoffelberg. Curaçao has diverse range of beaches from coastline's bays, inlets, lagoons, seasonal lakes, rough seas at its northshore, and a spring water. In addition, Curaçao hasupwelling which is anoceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler and nutrient-rich water from deep ocean moving towards the ocean surface, contributing to the source of natural minerals, thermal conditions, and seawater used inhydrotherapy andmesotherapy, making the island one of manybalneoclimateric areas in the region. Furthermore, off the southeast coast of the main island of Curaçao lies the tiny unhabitated Isle ofKlein Curaçao.[12]Klein Curaçao boasts long stretched beach.
Curaçao issemi-arid, and as such has not supported the numerous tropical species of mammals, birds, and lizards most associated withrainforests. Dozens of species ofhummingbirds,bananaquits,orioles, and the largerterns,herons,egrets, and evenflamingos make their homes near ponds or in coastal areas. The trupial, a black bird with a bright orange underbelly and white swatches on its wings, is common to Curaçao. Themockingbird, calledchuchubi in Papiamentu, resembles the North American mockingbird, with a long white-grey tail and a grey back. Near shorelines, big billedbrown pelicans feed on fish. Other seabirds include several types ofgulls and largecormorants.[54]
Other than field mice, small rabbits, and cave bats, Curaçao's most notable animal is thewhite-tailed deer. This deer is related to the American white-tailed deer, or Virginia deer, found in areas from North America through Central America and the Caribbean, and as far south as Bolivia. It can be a large deer, some reaching six feet (2 m) in length and three feet (0.9 m) in height and weighing as much as 300 pounds (140 kg). It has a long tail with a white underside and is the only type of deer on the island. It has been aprotected species since 1926, and an estimated 200 live on Curaçao. They are found in many parts of the island, but most notably at the west end's Christoffel Park, where about 70% of the herd resides.Archaeologists believe the deer were brought from South America to Curaçao by its original inhabitants, the Arawaks.[citation needed]
There are several species ofiguana, light green in colour with shimmering shades of aqua along the belly and sides, found lounging in the sun across the island. The iguanas found on Curaçao serve not only as a scenic attraction but, unlike many islands that gave up the practice years ago, remain hunted for food. Along the west end of the island's north shore are several inlets that have become home to breedingsea turtles. These turtles are protected by the park system in Shete Boka Park and can be visited accompanied by park rangers.[citation needed]
Historically, Curaçao contained a diverse ecosystem ofstygofauna, including members from relictual crustacean groups such asThermosbaenacea. However, this network of aquatic species, involving numerous endemic taxa, have not been detected since the 1970s. Their abrupt disappearance is hypothesized to have resulted from a combination of habitat destruction and contamination of groundwater by oil and discharge, the result of oil industry activities in the late 1900s.[55]
Curaçao has ahot, semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classificationBSh) with adry season from January to September and awet season from October to December.[56] Rainfall is scarce, only 450 millimeters (~17 inches) per year; in particular, the rainy season is drier than it normally is in tropical climates; during the dry season, it almost never rains. Owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the landscape of Curaçao is arid; especially on the north coast of the island. Temperatures are relatively constant, with small differences measured throughout the year. Thetrade winds cool the island during the day and warm it at night. The coolest month is January with an average temperature of 26.6 °C or 80 °F; the hottest is September with an average temperature of 29.1 °C or 84 °F. The year's average maximum temperature is 31.4 °C or 89 °F. The year's average temperature is 25.7 °C or 78 °F. The seawater around Curaçao averages around 27 °C (81 °F) and is coolest (avg. 25.9 °C [78.6 °F]) from February to March, and hottest (avg. 28.2 °C [82.8 °F]) from September to October.[citation needed]
Because Curaçao lies North of theIntertropical Convergence Zone and in an area of low-level divergence where winds flow parallel to the coast, its climate is much drier than expected for the northeastern side of a continent at its latitude. Rainfall is also extremely variable from year to year,[57] being strongly linked to theEl Niño Southern Oscillation. As little as 200 millimetres or 8 inches may fall in a strong El Niño year, but as much as 1,150 millimetres or 45 inches is not unknown in powerfulLa Niña years.
Curaçao lies outside theMain Development Region fortropical cyclones, but is still occasionally affected by them, as with HurricanesHazel in 1954,Anna in 1961,Felix in 2007, andOmar in 2008. No hurricane has madelandfall in Curaçao since the USNational Hurricane Center started tracking hurricanes. Curaçao has, however, been directly affected by pre-hurricane tropical storms several times; the latest being HurricaneTomas in 2010,Cesar in 1996,Joan in 1988,Cora andGreta in 1978,Edith andIrene in 1971, andFrancelia in 1969. Tomas brushed past Curaçao as a tropical storm, dropping as much as 265 mm (10.4 in) of rain on the island, nearly half its annual precipitation in a single day.[58] This made Tomas one of the wettest events in the island's history,[59] as well as one of the most devastating; its flooding killed two people and caused over NAƒ50 million (US$28 million) in damage.[60][61]
According to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, averagecarbon dioxide emissions per person on the island were 52 tonnes in 2018, the second highest in the world.[62]
Meteo, the Curaçao weather department, provides up-to-date information about weather conditions via itswebsite andmobile apps foriOS andAndroid.[63]
Climate data for Curaçao - Hato International airport (TNCC) (1981–2010)
Average temperatures have risen sharply in the past 40 years in the Caribbean Netherlands and Curaçao has experienced more warm days and fewer cooler nights.[65] TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that should air temperatures increase by 1.4 degrees, there will be a 5% to 6% decrease in rainfall, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (including a 66% increase in hurricane intensity), and a 0.5- to 0.6-meter sea-level rise in the Caribbean Netherlands.[65]
The northernseabed drops steeply within 60 m (200 ft) of the Curaçaoan shore. This drop-off is known as the "blue edge".
On Curaçao, four majorgeological formations can be found: the lava formation, the Knip formation, the Mid-Curaçao formation and limestone formations.[66]
Curaçao lies within theCaribbean large igneous province (CLIP) with key exposures of those lavas existing on the island consisting of the Curaçao Lava Formation (CLF). The CLF consists of 5 km ofpillow lavas with somebasaltintrusions. The ages of these rocks include 89Ma for the lavas and 75 Ma for thepoikiliticsills, though some sequences may have erupted as late as 62–66 Ma, placing them in theCretaceous period. Their composition includespicrite pillows at the base, followed bytholeiitic lavas, thenhyaloclastites, then the poikilitic sills. The CLF was graduallyuplifted untilEocene-Miocene limestone caps formed, before final exposure above sea level.Christoffelberg and the Zevenbergen (Seven Hills) portion of the island have exposures of the KnipFormation. This formation includes deepwater deposits ofcalcareoussands and fineclays, capped bysiliceouschert containingradiolarians. Middle Curaçao containsalluvial soils from eroded CLF and limestone.[67][68]
The island has diverse architectural styles reflecting the influence of the various historical rulers over the region, including Spain, the Netherlands, with more modern elements under Western influence primarily including the United States and other European countries. This ranges fromruins and colonial buildings to modern infrastructure.
When the Dutch arrived in 1634, they built forts at key points around the island to protect themselves from foreign powers, privateers, and pirates. Six of the best-preserved forts can still be seen today:
The Rif Fort is located opposite of the Waterfort, across theOtrobanda harbour entrance. It contains restaurants and shops, and in 2009, the Renaissance Curaçao Resort and Casino opened next to it.[72][73]
Defence of the island is the responsibility of the Netherlands.[12] TheNetherlands Armed Forces deploy both ground and naval units in the Caribbean with some of these forces based on Curaçao. These forces include:
Suffisant Naval Base has facilities used forconscription in the Caribbean. There has been no military conscription since 1997, but a form ofcivil conscription has replaced it, compelling underprivileged young Antilleans to undertake professional training.[81]
While tourism plays a major role in Curaçao's economy, the island is less reliant on tourism than many other Caribbean countries. Most tourists come to Curaçao from the Netherlands, the eastern United States, South America and other Caribbean islands.[citation needed] Curaçao was a Caribbean leader incruise ship tourism growth, with 610,186 cruise passengers in 2013, a 41.4% increase over the previous year.[92]Hato International Airport received 1,772,501 passengers in 2013 and announced capital investments totaling US$48 million aimed at transforming the airport into aregional hub by 2018.
The Curaçaoaninsular shelf's sharp drop-off known as the "Blue Edge" is often visited byscuba diving tourists.[93] Coral reefs forsnorkeling and scuba diving can be reached without a boat. The southern coast has calm waters as well as many small beaches, such as Jan Thiel and Cas Abou. At the westernmost point of the island isWatamula and theCliff Villa Peninsula which are good locations for drift diving. The coastline of Curaçao features numerous bays and inlets which serve as popular mooring locations for boats.[94]
In June 2017, the island was named the Top Cruise Destination in the Southern Caribbean byCruise Critic, a major online forum. The winners of the Destination Awards were selected based on comments from cruise passengers who rated the downtown area of Willemstad as "amazing" and the food and shopping as "excellent".[95] The historic centre of Willemstad is aWorld Heritage Site. Another attraction is the town's colourful street art. TheBlue Bay Sculpture Garden with works from known Curaçao artists is situated in a nearby resort.[96]Landhuis Bloemhof is an art museum and gallery located in Willemstad.[97]
Some of the coral reefs are affected by tourism.Porto Marie Beach is experimenting with artificial coral reefs in order to improve the reef's condition.[citation needed] Hundreds of artificial coral blocks that have been placed are now home to a large array of tropical fish. It is now under investigation to see if the sewer waste of hotels is a partial cause of the dying of the coral reef.[98]
Ecotourism is a growing segment of Curaçaoan tourism.[99] One site in particular –Mambo Beach, also known as "Seaquarium Beach" – is a popular destination due to the calm tides for children, frequent viewing of marine life, and vibrant coral reefs – some of which have been artificially planted to improve reef health.[100]
The Curaçao Sea Aquarium and the Dolphin Academy share this islet on the west coast of Curaçao, withSeaquarium Beach nearby.
In 2016, a Labour Force Survey (LFS) indicated that the unemployment rate was 13.3%. For residents ages 15–64, the employment rate was 70.4%.[101][102]
Curaçao's history infinancial services dates back toWorld War I. Prior to this period, the financial arms of local merchant houses functioned as informal lenders to the community. However, at the turn of the 20th century, Curaçao underwent industrialization, and a number of merchant houses established privatecommercial banks.[103] As the economy grew, these banks began assuming additional functions eventually becoming full-fledged financial institutions.
On 30 June 2014, Curaçao[105] was deemed to have an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States of America with respect to the "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act" of the United States of America. The Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed in Washington, D.C., on 17 April 2002[106] between the U.S. and the Kingdom of the Netherlands includes Curaçao, and was updated with respect to Curaçao in 2014, taking effect in 2016.
Curaçao trades mainly with the United States, Venezuela, and the European Union. It has an Association Agreement with the European Union which allows companies which do business in and via Curaçao to export products to European markets,[107] free of import duties and quotas. It is also a participant in the USCaribbean Basin Initiative allowing it to have preferential access to the US market.[108]
Prostitution in Curaçao is legal only for foreign women who get a temporary permit to work in the large open-air brothel called "Le Mirage" or "Campo Alegre". Using prostitution services is legal for men (locals included). The brothel has operated near the airport since the 1940s.[109][110] Curaçao monitors, contains and regulates the industry. The government states that the workers in these establishments are thereby given a safe environment and access to medical practitioners. However this approach does exclude local women (or men) to legally make a living from prostitution and does lead to loss of local income, as the foreign prostitutes send or take most of their earnings home.[111]
Since its closure in 2020 after 71 years of operation, Campo Alegre, Curaçao's largest open-air brothel, has been at the center of significant developments. Following the closure, a government-appointed working group proposed three scenarios for the site: transforming it into a regulated prostitution area, repurposing it for commercial use, or converting it into a residential area.[112]
In 2023, the property was put up for auction, attracting various potential buyers.[113] In a significant move, the Curaçao government purchased the Campo Alegre property, aiming to have more control over its future use.[114]
The current ruling political party, Movement for the Future of Curaçao (MFK), had made an election promise to reopen Campo Alegre as a regulated prostitution center. This promise aligns with the recommendations of the working group and reflects the party's stance on creating a controlled environment for sex work.
As of 2024, the government is evaluating scenarios to ensure that the chosen path will benefit the local economy and social landscape.
TheU.S. State Department has cited anecdotal evidence claiming that, "Curaçao...[is a] destination island... for women trafficked for the sex trade from Peru, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, according to local observers. At least 500 foreign women reportedly are in prostitution throughout the five islands of the Antilles, some of whom have been trafficked."[115] The US Department of State has said that the government of Curaçao frequently underestimates the extent ofhuman trafficking problems.[115]
Santa Famia church, WillemstadTheMikvé Israel-Emanuel Synagogue in Willemstad is the oldest surviving synagogue in the Western hemisphere.
Owing to the island's history of colonial times, the majority of the Curaçaoans are ofAfrican descent, including many of "Mulatto" descent (mixed African and European descent).[12] There are also significant minorities of immigrants and Curaçaoans ofDutch, French,Portuguese,Latin American,South Asian,East Asian, andLevantine descent on the island.[116]
According to 2022 data from the CIA, Curacao has a total of only 92 men for every 100 women.[117]
There has been a shift towards the Charismatic movement in recent decades. Other denominations include theSeventh-day Adventist Church and theMethodist Church. Alongside these Christian denominations, some inhabitants practiseMontamentu and other diaspora African religions.[119] As elsewhere in Latin America,Pentecostalism is on the rise.[citation needed] There are also practising Muslims and Hindus.
While small, Curaçao'sJewish community has had a significant impact on the island's history.[21] Curaçao has the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651. TheCuraçao synagogue is the oldest synagogue of the Americas in continuous use, since its completion in 1732 on the site of a previous synagogue.[120] Additionally, there are bothSephardic andAshkenazi Jewish communities.[12] As of the year 2000 there were approximately 300 Jewish people living on the island.[121]
Curaçao is amultilingual society. The official languages areDutch,Papiamentu and English.[122][12] However, Dutch is the sole language for all administration and legal matters.[123] Most of Curaçao's population is able to converse in at least two, though more commonly in all four of the languages of Papiamentu, Dutch, English, and Spanish.[citation needed]
The most widely spoken language is Papiamentu, aPortuguese creole with African, Dutch and Spanish influences, spoken in all levels of society.[12] Papiamentu was introduced as a language of primary school education in 1993, making Curaçao one of a handful of places where a creole language is used as a medium to acquire basic literacy.[124]Spanish and English also have a long historical presence in Curaçao. Spanish became an important language in the 18th century due to the close economic ties with Spanish territories in what are now Venezuela and Colombia[29] and several Venezuelan TV networks are received. Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British occupied Curaçao, Aruba andBonaire. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted the widespread use of the English language.[29]
According to the 2001 census, Papiamentu was thefirst language of 81.2% of the population. Dutch of 8%, Spanish of 4%, and English of 2.9%.[125] However, these numbers divide the population in terms of first language and do not account for the high rate ofbilingualism in the population of Curaçao.[citation needed]
Curaçao was divided into five districts from 1863 to 1925, after which it was reduced to the two outer districts ofBandabou andBandariba and the city district of Willemstad. Over the years, the capital, Willemstad, encompassed the entire area surrounding the large natural harbour, the Schottegat. As a result, many formerly isolated villages have grown together to form a large urbanised area. The city covers approximately one third of the entire island in the east. Willemstad's most famous neighbourhoods are:
Punda, the historic city centre with the Handelskade on St. Anna Bay.
Public education is based on the Dutch educational system and besides the public schools, private and parochial schools are also available. Since the introduction of a new public education law in 1992, compulsory primary education starts at age six and continues for six years; secondary lasts for another four.[127]
The main institute of higher learning is theUniversity of Curaçao (formerly University of The Netherlands Antilles), enrolling 2,100 students.[127] The comprehensive model of education is influenced by both the Dutch and American education systems. Other higher education offerings on the island includeoffshore medical schools,universities, language schools and academies for fine art, music, police, teacher and nurse-training.[128]
Visual art in Curaçao encompasses painting, sculptures, and street art.[129]
Curaçao promotes street art with a festival, Kaya Kaya, held in the Otrabanda neighborhood of Willemstad.[130] The streets of Willemstad are filled with murals from multiple versions of the festival.
Despite the island's relatively small population, the diversity of languages and cultural influences on Curaçao have generated a remarkable literary tradition, primarily inDutch andPapiamentu. The oral traditions of theArawakindigenous peoples are lost. West African slaves brought the tales ofAnansi, thus forming the basis of Papiamentu literature. The first published work in Papiamentu was a poem by Joseph Sickman Corsen entitledAtardi, published in theLa Cruz newspaper in 1905.[citation needed] Throughout Curaçaoan literature, narrative techniques and metaphors best characterized asmagic realism tend to predominate. Novelists and poets from Curaçao have contributed toCaribbean andDutch literature. Best known areCola Debrot,Frank Martinus Arion,Pierre Lauffer,Elis Juliana [nl], Guillermo Rosario,Boeli van Leeuwen [nl] andTip Marugg.[citation needed]
Local food is calledKrioyo (pronounced the same ascriollo, the Spanish word for "Creole") and boasts a blend of flavours and techniques best compared toCaribbean cuisine andLatin American cuisine. Dishes common in Curaçao are found inAruba andBonaire as well. Popular dishes include stobá (a stew made with various ingredients such aspapaya, beef or goat), Guiambo (soup made fromokra and seafood), kadushi (cactus soup), sopi mondongo (intestine soup), funchi (cornmeal paste similar tofufu,ugali andpolenta) and fish and other seafood. The ubiquitous side dish is friedplantain. Local bread rolls are made according to a Portuguese recipe. All around the island, there are snèks which serve local dishes as well as alcoholic drinks in a manner akin to the Englishpub.[citation needed]
The ubiquitous breakfast dish ispastechi: fried pastry with fillings of cheese, tuna, ham, or ground meat. Around the holiday season special dishes are consumed, such as thehallaca and pekelé, made out ofsalt cod. At weddings and other special occasions a variety of kos dushi are served: kokada (coconut sweets), ko'i lechi (condensed milk and sugar sweet) and tentalaria (peanut sweets). TheCuraçao liqueur was developed here, when a local experimented with the rinds of the localcitrus fruit known aslaraha.Surinamese, Chinese, Indonesian, Indian and Dutch culinary influences also abound. The island also has a number of Chinese restaurants that serve mainly Indonesian dishes such assatay,nasi goreng andlumpia (which are all Indonesian names for the dishes). Dutch specialties such ascroquettes andoliebollen are widely served in homes and restaurants.[citation needed]
The 2010 documentary filmBoys of Summer[134] details Curaçao's Pabao Little League All-Stars winning their country's eighth straight championship at the 2008Little League World Series, then going on to defeat other teams, including Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and earning a spot inWilliamsport.[135]
There is warm, clear water around the island.Scuba divers and snorkelers may have visibility up to 30 metres (98 feet) at the Curaçao Underwater Marine Park, which stretches along 20 kilometres (12 miles) of Curaçao's southern coastline.[138]
Curaçao participated in the2013 CARIFTA Games. Kevin Philbert stood third in the under-20 male Long Jump with a distance of 7.36 metres (24.15 feet). Vanessa Philbert stood second the under-17 female 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) with a time of 4:47.97.[139][140][141][142]
Curaçao International Airport (also called Hato International Airport) is located on the northern coast of the island and offers connections to the Caribbean region, South America, North America and Europe. Curaçao Airport is a fairly large facility, with the third longest commercial runway in the Caribbean region after Rafael Hernández Airport in Puerto Rico andPointe-à-Pitre International Airport in Guadeloupe. The airport served as a main base forInsel Air, and forAir ALM, the former national airlines of Curaçao.[citation needed]
In 1887 a horse drawn street tramway opened in Punda, the part of the capital Willemstad on the eastern side of Sint Annabaai. It had a U-shaped route about 2 km in length. In 1896, a tramway opened in Otrabanda on the opposite side of the bay, but it ceased operations within a few months. The Punda line was rebuilt in 1911, regauged to metre gauge, and the horse-drawn trams replaced by petrol engined ones. The line closed in 1920.[145]
ABC (Auto Busbedrijf Curaçao, "Curaçao Bus Company") provides bus transportation in and around Willemstad with 21 lines, all departing from either Otrabanda and Punda bus stations, including lines 4A, 2A, 2B and 2C serving the airport. Fares range from 2.00 to 2.50guilders.[146]
TheQueen Emma (semi-open), and theQueen JulianaSmith brug over the WaaigatKon. Wilhelmina brug over the Waaigat
TheQueen Emma Bridge, a 168 metres (551 ft) longpontoon bridge, allows pedestrians to walk between the Punda and Otrobanda districts.[147] This swings open to allow the passage of ships to and from the port.[148] The bridge was originally opened in 1888 and the current bridge was installed in 1939.[149] It is best known and, more often than not, referred to by the locals as "Our Swinging Old Lady".[150]
TheQueen Juliana Bridge carriesmotor vehicle traffic between the same two districts and its 1974 opening allowed the Queen Emma Bridge to become a pedestrian-only bridge. At 185 feet (56 m) above the sea, the Queen Juliana Bridge is one of the highest bridges in the Caribbean.[148]
Aqualectra, a government-owned company[151] and a full member ofCARILEC, delivers potable water and electricity to the island. Rates are controlled by the government. Water is produced byreverse osmosis ordesalinization.[152] It services 69,000 households and companies using 130,000 water and electric meters.[152] The power generation company NuCuraçao opened wind farms in Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa in 2012, and expanded in Tera Kora in 2015.[153] There is no natural gas distribution grid; gas is supplied to homes by pressurized containers.[154]
^(Dutch:Eilandgebied Curaçao,Papiamentu:Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou).
^The English name is used by the governments of Curaçao and Netherlands Antilles, as English was an official language of the Netherlands Antilles and the Island Territory of Curaçao.
^Anderson & Dynes 1975, p. 81, Oostindie & Klinkers 2013, p. 98, "Striking Oil Workers Burn, Loot in Curacao".Los Angeles Times. 31 May 1969, p. 2.
^Anderson & Dynes 1975, pp. 100–101, Sharpe 2015, p. 122, Verton 1976, p. 90, "Nieuwe ministers legden eed af" (in Dutch).Amigoe di Curaçao. 12 December 1969, p. 1.
^Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; inJournal of Climate, 12; pp. 3457–3466
^Loewen, M.W.; Duncan, R.A.; Krawl, K.; Kent, A.J.; Sinton, C.W.; Lackey, J. (2011). "Prolonged volcanic history for the Curaçao Lava Formation inferred from new 40Ar-39Ar ages and trace phase geochemistry".American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011, Abstract Id. V51D-2542.2011: V51D–2542.Bibcode:2011AGUFM.V51D2542L.
Boskaljon, Rudolph (1958).Honderd jaar muziekleven op Curaçao. Anjerpublicaties 3. Assen: Uitg. in samenwerking met het Prins Bernhard fonds Nederlandse Antillen door Van Gorcum. Archived fromthe original on 2 February 2004.
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