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Theculture of theSoviet Union passed through several stages during the country's69-year existence. It was contributed to by people of various nationalities from every one of fifteen union republics, although the majority of the influence was made by the Russians. The Soviet state supported cultural institutions, but also carried out strict censorship.
The main feature of communist attitudes towards the arts and artists in the years 1918–1929 was relative freedom, with significant experimentation in several different styles in an effort to find a distinctive Soviet style of art. In many respects, theNEP period was a time of relative freedom and experimentation for the social and cultural life of the Soviet Union. The government tolerated a variety of trends in these fields, provided they were not overtly hostile towards the establishment. In art and literature, numerous schools, some traditional and others radically experimental, proliferated. Communist writersMaxim Gorky andVladimir Mayakovsky were active during this time, but other authors, many of whose works were later repressed, published work lacking socialist political content. Film, as a means of influencing a largely illiterate society, received encouragement from the state; much of cinematographerSergei Eisenstein's best work dates from this period.[1]
Education, under CommissarAnatoly Lunacharsky, entered a phase of experimentation based on progressive theories of learning. At the same time, the state expanded the primary and secondary school system, and introduced night schools for working adults. The quality of higher education was affected by admissions policy that preferred entrants from the proletarian class over those from bourgeois backgrounds, regardless of the applicants' qualifications.[1]
Under NEP, the state eased its active persecution of religion begun duringwar communism but continued to agitate on behalf of atheism. The party supported theLiving Church reform movement within the Russian Orthodox Church in hopes that it would undermine faith in the church, but the movement died out in the late-1920s.[1]
In family life, attitudes generally became more permissive. The state legalizedabortion, and it made divorce progressively easier to obtain,[1] whilst public cafeterias proliferated at the expense of private family kitchens.
Arts during the rule ofJoseph Stalin were characterized by the rise and domination of the government-imposed style ofsocialist realism, with all other trends being severely repressed, with rare exceptions. Many notable works ofMikhail Bulgakov were not repressed, although the full text of his novelThe Master and Margarita was published only in 1966. Many writers were imprisoned and killed, or died of starvation, examples beingDaniil Kharms,Osip Mandelstam,Isaac Babel andBoris Pilnyak.Andrei Platonov worked as a caretaker and was not allowed to publish. The work ofAnna Akhmatova was also condemned by the government, although she notably refused the opportunity to escape to the West. During the time when the Party was trying to make Soviet government more palatable to Ukrainians, a great deal of nationalself-determination and cultural development was tolerated.[2] After this short period of the renaissance of Ukrainian literature ended, more than 250 Ukrainian writers died during theGreat Purge, for exampleValerian Pidmohylny (1901–1937), in the so-calledExecuted Renaissance. Texts of imprisoned authors were confiscated by theNKVD and some of them were published later. Books were removed from libraries and destroyed.
In addition to literature, musical expression was also repressed during the Stalin era, and at times the music of many Soviet composers was banned altogether.Dmitri Shostakovich experienced a particularly long and complex relationship with Stalin, during which his music was denounced and prohibited twice, in 1936 and 1948 (seeZhdanov Doctrine).Sergei Prokofiev andAram Khachaturian had similar cases. AlthoughIgor Stravinsky did not live in the Soviet Union, his music was officially considered formalist and anti-Soviet.
In the late Soviet Union, Soviet popular culture was characterized byfascination with the Western popular culture as exemplified by theblue jeans craze.[3]
In arts, the liberalization of all aspects of life starting from theKhrushchev Thaw created a possibility for the evolution of various forms of non-formal, underground and dissident art; still repressed, but no longer under the immediate threat of imprisonment.Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote the criticalOne Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, was awarded theNobel Prize in Literature and subsequently exiled from the Soviet Union.
Greater experimentation in art forms became permissible in the 1970s, with the result that more sophisticated and subtly critical work began to be produced. The government loosened the strictures ofsocialist realism; thus, for instance, many protagonists of the novels of authorYury Trifonov concerned themselves with problems of daily life rather than with building socialism. In music, although the state continued to frown on such Western phenomena asjazz androck, it began to permit Western musical ensembles specializing in these genres to make limited appearances. But the native balladeerVladimir Vysotsky, widely popular in the Soviet Union, was denied official recognition because of his iconoclastic lyrics.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. Soviet Union: A Country Study.Federal Research Division.| Sovereign states |
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