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Slovene culture is the culture of theSlovenes, aSouth Slavic ethnic group. It is incredibly diverse for the country's small size, spanning the southern portion ofCentral Europe, being the melting pot of Slavic, Germanic and Romance cultures while encompassing parts of theEastern Alps, thePannonian Basin, theBalkan Peninsula and theMediterranean.
Throughout history, the territory ofSlovenia has been home to a number of civilizations and its territory has been included in various European kingdoms and empires. Notably, Slovenia, alongsideBosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia,Montenegro,North Macedonia andSerbia, was a constituent of theKingdom of Yugoslavia for the majority of the 20th century. Slovenia’s culture is expressed through its history, traditions, literature, mythology, music, dance, literature, cuisine, sports, arts, film, theatre, monuments and more. The country is also home to multipleUNESCO World Heritage Sites. TheFreising manuscripts comprised the first Latin-script continuous text in a Slavic language. Created in the late 10th century, it is also one of the oldest known Slovene documents.
The ancestors of Slovenes were Slavic inhabitants of the Slovenia and southernAustria, calledCarantanians. They were the first Slavic people in history to form a principality, which was aptly namedCarantania, and had an enduring cultural impact on the regions it encompassed.
Carantania was one of the first Slavic regions to be Christianized, and Slovenia’s national culture is deeply rooted in Christianity. WhileRoman Catholicism is the predominant Christian faith in Slovenia, the country is also home to sizeableOrthodox andProtestant communities.
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Pino Mlakar andPia Mlakar were the most notable ballet dancers and members of theLjubljana Opera and Ballet Company from 1946 to 1960. Pino Mlakar was also a full professor at theAcademy for Theatre, Radio, Film, and Television (AGRFT) of theUniversity of Ljubljana.
In the 1930s in Ljubljana was founded aMary Wigman dance school by her studentMeta Vidmar.
Folk dances in Slovenia include polka, waltz, and many regional specifics.
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A number of music, theater, film, book, and children's festivals takes place in Slovenia each year. In 2012, Maribor was theEuropean Capital of Culture.
Music festivals include theLjubljana Summer Festival andLent Festival.Historically, among the most popular music festivals was theSlovenska popevka festival. Between 1981 and 2000, theNovi Rock festival was notable for bringing rock music across theIron Curtain from the West to the Slovenian and then Yugoslav audience. InTitoist Yugoslavia,Jazz festival Ljubljana right after World War II has begun the long tradition of Jazz festivals in Slovenia.[1]
The best-known stand-up comedy festival is thePunch Festival in Ljubljana.
The children's festival celebrating thePipi Longstocking character is thePikin festival inVelenje.
The book festivals include domesticSlovene book fair and foreign booksFrankfurt po Frankfurtu Festival.
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Slovene film actors and actresses historically includeIda Kravanja, who played her roles asIta Rina in the early European films, andMetka Bučar.[2] After the WW II, one of the most notable film actors wasPolde Bibič, who played a number of roles in many films that were well received in Slovenia, includingDon't Cry, Peter (1964),On Wings of Paper (1968),Kekec's Tricks (1968),Flowers in Autumn (1973),The Widowhood of Karolina Žašler (1976),Heritage (1986),Primož Trubar (1985), andMy Dad, The Socialist Kulak (1987). Many of these were directed byMatjaž Klopčič. He also performed in television and radio dramas.[3] Altogether, Bibič played over 150 theatres and over 30 film roles.[3]
Film in Slovenia historically includesKarol Grossmann,František Čap,France Štiglic,Igor Pretnar,Jože Pogačnik,Peter Zobec,Matjaž Klopčič,Boštjan Hladnik,Dušan Jovanović,Vitan Mal,Franci Slak, andKarpo Godina as its most established filmmakers. Contemporary film directorsFilip Robar - Dorin,Jan Cvitkovič,Damjan Kozole,Janez Lapajne,Marko Okorn, andMarko Naberšnik are among the representatives of the so-called "Renaissance of Slovenian cinema". Slovene screenwriters, who are not film directors, includeSaša Vuga andMiha Mazzini. Women film directors includePolona Sepe,Hanna A. W. Slak, andMaja Weiss.[4]
Most notable documentaries made by Slovenian directors include the humanitarian films byTomo Križnar on the Nuba people.
Slovene film critics includeSilvan Furlan, the founder of theSlovenian Cinematheque,[5]Zdenko Vrdlovec,Marcel Štefančič Jr., andSimon Popek.
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Around the year 1000, the Freising manuscripts were written, which are the first Latin-script continuous text in a Slavic language and the oldest document in Slovene.
Slovene writing in the Middle Ages was heavily influenced by Austrians and the German language, as they were continuously joined with them in various states.
Literature written inSlovene was founded in the 16th century byPrimož Trubar, who wrote the first Slovene books Abecednik and Katekizem, andother Protestant Reformers, that formed the modern Slovene language out of the dialects of three central parts of Duchy of Carniola (Kranjska);Upper Carniola (Gorenjska),Inner Carniola (Notranjska) andLower Carniola (Dolenjska).
Poetry in Slovene achieved its highest level with theRomantic poetFrance Prešeren (1800–1849). In the 20th century, the Slovene literary fiction went through several periods: the beginning of the century was marked by the authors ofSlovene Modernism, with the most influential Slovene writer and playwright,Ivan Cankar; it was then followed byexpressionism (Srečko Kosovel), avantgardism (Anton Podbevšek,Ferdo Delak) andsocial realism (Ciril Kosmač,Prežihov Voranc) before World War II, thepoetry of resistance and revolution (Karel Destovnik Kajuh,Matej Bor) during the war, andintimism (Poems of the Four, 1953),post-war modernism (Edvard Kocbek), andexistentialism (Dane Zajc) after the war. Short stories became a popular genre after the 1990s. There are several Sloveneliterary magazines that publish prose, poetry, essays, and local literary criticism.
Music of Slovenia historically includes numerous musicians and composers, such as theRenaissance composerJacobus Gallus (1550–1591), who greatly influenced Central European classical music, and the Baroque composerJoannes Baptista Dolar (ca. 1620–1673).
During the medieval era, secular music was as popular as church music, including wanderingminnesingers. By the time of theProtestant Reformation in the 16th century, music was used to proselytize. The first Slovenian hymnal,Eni Psalmi, was published in 1567. This period saw the rise of musicians likeJacobus Gallus andGeorge Slatkonia.[6]
In 1701,Johann Berthold von Höffer (1667–1718), a nobleman and amateur composer from Ljubljana, founded theAcademia Philharmonicorum Labacensis, as one of the oldest such institutions in Europe, based on Italian models.[7]
Composers of SlovenianLieder andart songs includeEmil Adamič (1877–1936),Fran Gerbič (1840–1917),Alojz Geržinič (1915–2008),Benjamin Ipavec (1829–1908),Davorin Jenko (1835–1914),Anton Lajovic (1878–1960),Kamilo Mašek (1831–1859),Josip Pavčič (1870–1949),Zorko Prelovec (1887–1939), andLucijan Marija Škerjanc (1900–1973).
In the early 20th century,impressionism was spreading across Slovenia, which soon produced composersMarij Kogoj andSlavko Osterc. Avant-gardeclassical music arose in Slovenia in the 1960s, largely due to the work ofUroš Krek,Dane Škerl,Primož Ramovš, andIvo Petrić, who also conducted theSlavko Osterc Ensemble.Jakob Jež,Darijan Božič,Lojze Lebič, andVinko Globokar have since composed enduring works, especially Globokar'sL'Armonia, an opera.
Modern composers includeUroš Rojko,Tomaž Svete,Brina Jež-Brezavšček,Božidar Kantušer, andAldo Kumar. Kumar'sSonata z igro 12 (A sonata with a play 12), a set of variations on a risingchromatic scale, is particularly notable.
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TheSlovene National Opera and Ballet Theatre serves as the national opera and ballet house.
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The composer offilm scoress for 170 films wasBojan Adamič (1912–1995).[8]
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Harmony singing is a deep-rooted tradition in Slovenia, and is at least three-part singing (four voices), while in some regions even up to eight-part singing (nine voices). Slovenian folk songs, thus, usually resounds soft and harmonious, and are very seldom in a minor.
Traditional Slovenian folk music is performed on Styrian harmonica (the oldest type of accordion), fiddle, clarinet,zithers, flute, and by brass bands of alpine type. Ineastern Slovenia, fiddle and cimbalon bands are calledvelike goslarije.
From 1952 on, theSlavko Avsenik's band began to appear in broadcasts, movies, and concerts all overWest Germany, inventing the original "Oberkrainer" country sound that has become the primary vehicle of ethnic musical expression not only in Slovenia, but also in Germany,Austria,Switzerland, and in theBenelux, spawning hundreds ofAlpine orchestras in the process. The band produced nearly 1000 original compositions, an integral part of theSlovenian-style polka legacy. Avsenik's most popularinstrumental composition is the polka that is titled "Na Golici" (in Slovene), or "Trompetenecho" (in German), and "Trumpet Echoes" (in English).Oberkrainer music, which the Avsenik Ensemble popularized, is always a strong candidate for the country (folk) music awards in Slovenia and Austria.
Many musicians followed Avsenik's steps, one of the most famous beingLojze Slak.
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A similarly high standing in Slovene culture, like theSanremo Music Festival, has had in Italian culture, was attributed to theSlovenska popevka, a specific genre of popular Slovene music.[9]
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Among pop, rock, industrial, and indie musicians, the most popular in Slovenia includeLaibach, an early 1980sindustrial music group, and most recently the Slovenian popa cappella bandPerpetuum Jazzile.
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Other popular bands, most largely unknown outside the country, includeNegligence (thrash metal),Elvis Jackson (ska punk),Lačni Franz,Bohem,Puppetz (Indie),Tabu,Društvo Mrtvih Pesnikov (pop-rock),Naio Ssaion (Gothic metal),Terrafolk,Leaf Fat (screamo),Avven,Perpetuum Jazzile,Carpe Diem,Šank Rock,Big Foot Mama,Yogurt,Levitan,Dan D,Time to time,Flirrt,Zablujena generacija,Slon in Sadež,Katalena,Rock Partyzani,Shyam,Eroika,Hic et Nunc,Devil Doll (experimental rock),Chateau,Posodi mi jürja,Rok'n'band,Čuki,Juliette Justine,Zaklonišče Prepeva,Psycho-Path,Dekadent (black metal) andBuldožer (progressive rock), and most recentlyPerpetuum Jazzile with more than 12 million views combined for the twoa cappella "Africa" performance videos since their publishing on YouTube in May 2009 until September 2011,[10][11] earning them kudos from the song's co-writer,David Paich.[12]
Slovenian post-WWII singer-songwriters includeFrane Milčinski (1914–1988),Tomaž Pengov whose 1973 albumOdpotovanja is considered to be the first singer-songwriter album informer Yugoslavia,[13]Tomaž Domicelj,Marko Brecelj,Andrej Šifrer,Eva Sršen,Neca Falk, andJani Kovačič. After 1990,Adi Smolar,Iztok Mlakar,Vita Mavrič,Vlado Kreslin,Zoran Predin,Peter Lovšin, andMagnifico have been popular in Slovenia, as well.
In the 1970s,Bratko Bibič's bandBegnagrad is considered one of the direct influences on modernworld music. Bibič's uniqueaccordion style, often solo, with no accompaniment, has also made him a solo star.
Slovenia was the center forpunk rock inTitoist Yugoslavia. The most famous representatives of this genre werePankrti,Niet,Lublanski Psi,Čao Pičke,Via Ofenziva,Tožibabe, andOtroci Socializma.
Slovenia has also produced two renowned DJs:DJ Umek andValentino Kanzyani. Specialising in a frantic brand of party techno and tech-house, the pair co-founded the labelRecycled Loops as well as having many releases on labels such as Novamute, Primate, Intec, and Bassethound Records.
Slovenia has a strong tradition of live theatre. Both professional and amateur theatre are financially supported by the government. Professional theatre in Slovenia runs in a repertory system; the majority of professional theatres employ an ensemble of actors, and produce a season with four to twelve plays. The plays stay on repertory for a minimum of one season, but often, shows continue playing for a few years. There are four national theatres in Slovenia:Slovene National Theatre, Ljubljana, andMaribor National Drama Theatre, Slovene National Opera in Ljubljana and Slovene National Theatre in Nova Gorica. In addition, there are other nationally funded repertory theatres Mestno Gledalisce Ljubljansko (City Theatre Ljubljana), Mladinsko Gledalisce Ljubljana, Presernovo gledalisce Kranj, Slovensko Ljudsko Gledalisce Celje, Mestno gledalisce Ptuj, Anton Podbevsek Teater Novo Mesto, Gledalisce Koper, Gledalisce Glej, and Mini Teater. Lastly, Slovenia also has two national repertory theatres dedicated to producing puppetry; Lutkovno gledalisce Ljubljana and Lutkovno gledalisce Maribor.
Independent, small producers are also active in Slovenia, includingphysical theatre (e.g.,Betontanc),street theatre (e.g.,Ana Monró Theatre),theatre sports championshipImpro League, andimprovisational theatre (e.g.,IGLU Theatre).
First theatrical performances in Slovenia date all the way back to the 18th century. Between 1715 and 1727,Passion procession play was performed in the town of Skofja Loka. However, the first play written and performed in Slovene isŽupanova Micka byAnton Tomaž Linhart, which premiered on 28 December 1789. The play was very influential in the formation of national cultural and linguistic identity. Slovenia at the time was not a sovereign country, and Slovene was not recognized as a language. The majority of literary works and business transactions were conducted in German, and Slovene playwriting, as well as discussions regarding the nature of Slovene identity, were closely connected with the formation of theatre. In 1879 a Dramatic Society was formed in Ljubljana as a formal attempt to professionalize and institutionalize theatre and playwriting in Slovenia. Between 1879 and 1941, there are several initiatives leading towards the professionalization of Slovene theatre; the first theatre venue is opened in Ljubljana before the end of 19.century, and the Drama Society operates as a kind of three-pronged organization under one umbrella. There are research and international dialogue forming a sort of institute-like branch, there is an early drama school educating performers, and a repertory theatre with a year-long full season. Between 1920 and 1941, the government tries to suppress the theatre, which springs back to life after 1941, when Slovenia joins Yugoslavia. In 1952 additional seven professional repertory theatres are founded by the national government and large municipalities who both provide ongoing long-term funding. The late 50's, 60's and 70's mark the time of a new wave of experimental, independent theatre in Slovenia.
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Slovenia's visual arts, architecture, and design are shaped by a number of architects, designers, painters, sculptors, photographers, graphics artists, as well as comics, illustration, and conceptual artists. The most prestigious institutions exhibiting works of Slovene visual artists are theNational Gallery of Slovenia and theMuseum of Modern Art.
Slovenia, like most ofCentral Europe, boasts architectural styles from many periods and styles, specifically those connected to Austrian, Venetian and Hungarian historical states.Modern architecture in Slovenia was introduced byMax Fabiani, and in the mid-war period further byJože Plečnik, whose works in Slovene capitalLjubljana received UNESCO recognition and shaped towns even outside of Slovenia, andIvan Vurnik.[17] In the second half of the 20th century, the national and universal styles were merged by the architectsEdvard Ravnikar andMarko Mušič.
Milko Bambič is known for the firstSlovenecomic stripLittle Negro Bu-ci-bu,[18] an allegory ofMussolini's career,[18] and as the creator of theThree Hearts (Tri srca) brand, still used today byRadenska.After WW II, both the comics and animated advertisements drawn byMiki Muster gained popularity in Slovenia.
The first Slovenian animated feature film was the 1998Socialization of a Bull, made byZvonko Čoh andMilan Erič who together drew fifty thousand frames during the ten years of its making. The first entirelycomputer made animations are the 2003Perkmandeljc and the 2008Čikorja an' kafe, both made byDušan Kastelic.
A number ofconceptual visual art groups were formed, includingOHO,Group 69, andIRWIN. Nowadays, the Slovene visual arts are diverse, based on tradition, reflect the influence of neighbouring nations, and are intertwined with modern European movements.[19]
The most known among Slovene interior designers is the designer ofScandinavian design-inspired 1952Rex chair,Niko Kralj. His design is included in the collection of theMuseum of Modern ArtMOMA in New York City.
Elan SCX is one of the bestindustrial design items that changed the world ski industry. They were designed by the internationally known SlovenianElan company. Elan skis were depicted, even beforeElan SCX, in the 1985James Bond, film series partA View to a Kill with Roger Moore. In the romantic comedy filmWorking Girl,Katharine Parker (Sigourney Weaver) was depicted as skiing on theRC ELAN model skis and poles.
During World War II, numerous graphics were created byBožidar Jakac, who helped establish the post-warAcademy of Visual Arts in Ljubljana.
In 1917Hinko Smrekar illustrated the notableFran Levstik'sMartin Krpan book about the Slovene folk hero. The children's books illustrators include a number of women illustrators, such asMarlenka Stupica,Marija Lucija Stupica,Ančka Gošnik Godec,Marjanca Jemec Božič, andJelka Reichman.
Many generations of children have been educated by the technical and science illustrations created byBožo Kos and published in Slovenian children's magazines, such asCiciban.
Recently,Lila Prap's illustrations gained popularity in Japan, where children's cartoons based on her illustrations have been televised.
Historically, painting and sculpture in Slovenia were in the late 18th and the 19th century marked byNeoclassicism (Matevž Langus),Biedermeier (Giuseppe Tominz), andRomanticism (Michael Stroy). The first art exhibition in Slovenia was organized in the late 19th century byIvana Kobilca, a woman-painter who worked in therealistic tradition.Impressionist artists includeMatej Sternen,Matija Jama,Rihard Jakopič,Ivan Grohar, whoseThe Sower (Slovene: Sejalec) was depicted on the €0.05Slovenian euro coins, andFranc Berneker, who introduced impressionism to Slovenia.Espressionist painters includeVeno Pilon andTone Kralj, whose picture book, reprinted thirteen times, is now the most recognizable image of the folk heroMartin Krpan.[20]
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In 1841,Janez Puhar (1814–1864) invented a process for photography on glass, recognized on 17 June 1852 in Paris by the Académie Nationale Agricole, Manufacturière et Commerciale.[21]Gojmir Anton Kos was a notablerealist painter and photographer between First World War and WW II.
The first photographer from Slovenia whose work was published byNational Geographic magazine isArne Hodalič[22]
The renewal of Slovene sculpture begun withAlojz Gangl (1859–1935), who made the first public monument of the notableEnlightenment figureValentin Vodnik and providedThe Genius of the Theatre and other statues for theSlovenian National Opera and Ballet Theatre building.[23]
