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Theculture of Iraq (Arabic: ثقافة العراق) or theculture of Mesopotamia is one of the world's oldestcultural histories and is considered one of the most influential cultures in the world. The region between theTigris and Euphrates rivers, historically known asMesopotamia, is often referred to as thecradle of civilisation.[1] Mesopotamian legacy went on to influence and shape the civilizations of theOld World in different ways such as inventingwriting,mathematics,law,astrology and many more fields.[2] Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups who have contributed to the wide spectrum of the Iraqi Culture. The country is known for its poets, architects, painters and sculptors who are among the best in the region, some of them being world-class. The country has one of the longest written traditions in the world includingarchitecture,literature,music,dance,painting,weaving,pottery,calligraphy,stonemasonry andmetalworking.
Additionally, Iraq embraces and celebrates the achievements of both its pre-Islamic past, as well as in Islamic times during theIslamic Golden Age whenBaghdad was the capital of theAbbasid Caliphate.
The main languages spoken in Iraq areMesopotamian Arabic andKurdish, followed by theIraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialect ofTurkish, and theNeo-Aramaic languages (specificallySureth).[3] Arabic and Kurdish are written with versions of theArabic script. Since 2005, the Turkmen/Turkoman have switched from the Arabic script to theTurkish alphabet.[4]
In addition, theNeo-Aramaic languages use theSyriac script. Other smaller minority languages includeMandaic, English,Shabaki andArmenian.
According to theConstitution of Iraq (Article 4):
Sumerian (𒅴𒂠EME.G̃IR15 "native tongue") was the language of ancientSumer and alanguage isolate that was spoken in Mesopotamia. The Sumerian language is the earliest known written language.[6] The "proto-literate" period of Sumerian writing spans c. 3300 to 3000 BC. In this period, records are purelylogographic, with phonological content. The oldest document of the proto-literate period is theKish tablet.Falkenstein (1936) lists 939 signs used in the proto-literate period (late Uruk, 34th to 31st centuries).During the 3rd millennium BC, an intimate cultural symbiosis developed between theSumerians and theSemitic-speakingAkkadians, which included widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian and theEast Semitic languageAkkadian on each other is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a substantial scale to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.[7] This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium BC as aSprachbund.
Iraqi art typically refers to artworks produced in the geographical region of the modern Iraqi territory and includes some works produced in ancientMesopotamia. Most surviving works from this time are made from durable materials, including stone cylinder seals, moulded pottery, and small figurines.[8] Frequent subjects of ancient Mesopotamian art included deities (sometimes shown with worshipers) and animals portrayed in detailed scenes. Of the few paintings that have survived, most appear to suggest that painting was reserved for sculptures and geometric or plant-based decorative motifs.[9]
During theAbbasid period, pottery became highly sophisticated. Additionally, calligraphy began to be used to decorate the surfaces of objects and illuminated manuscripts, withQuranic texts in particular becoming more complex and stylised.[10] The first Islamic art school was established in the 12th century, allowing artisans and crafts guilds to flourish. From the late 12th century, Islamic art was influenced by a stylistic movement commonly known as theBaghdad School.[11]Yahya Al-Wasiti, who lived inBaghdad at this time, is a famous painter and calligrapher regarded as a preeminent artist of the Baghdad School. His most well-known works include the illustrations for the book of theMaqamat (Assemblies) in 1237, a series of anecdotes of social satire written byal-Hariri.[12]
Sumerian literature constitutes the earliest known corpus of recorded literature, including the religious writings and other traditional stories maintained by the Sumerian civilization and largely preserved by the later Akkadian and Babylonian empires. These records were written in theSumerian language during theMiddle Bronze Age.
TheSumerians invented one of the firstwriting systems, developingSumerian cuneiform writing out of earlierproto-writing systems by about the 30th century BC. TheSumerian language remained in official and literary use in theAkkadian andBabylonian empires, even after the spoken language disappeared from the population; literacy was widespread, and the Sumerian texts that students copied heavily influenced laterBabylonian literature.
Poetry is the most dominant form of literature in Iraq and the country is known for having notable poets.
An ancient Mesopotamian poem gives the first known story of theinvention of writing:
Because the messenger's mouth was heavy and he couldn't repeat [the message], the Lord ofKulaba patted some clay and put words on it, like a tablet. Until then, there had been no putting words on clay.
— Sumerian epic poemEnmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. Circa 1800 BC[13][14]
Gilgamesh (Sumerian: 𒀭𒄑𒉋𒂵𒈨𒌋𒌋𒌋,romanized:Gilgameš; originallySumerian: 𒀭𒉋𒂵𒈩,romanized:Bilgamesh) was a major hero inancient Mesopotamian mythology and the protagonist of theEpic of Gilgamesh.
TheEpic of Gilgamesh (/ˈɡɪlɡəmɛʃ/) is anepic poem from ancientMesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature. The literary history ofGilgamesh begins with fiveSumerian poems about Bilgamesh (Sumerian for "Gilgamesh"), king ofUruk, dating from theThird Dynasty of Ur (c. 2100 BCE). These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic inAkkadian. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version dates to the 18th century BCE and is titled after itsincipit,Shūtur eli sharrī ("Surpassing All Other Kings"). Only a fewtablets have survived. The later Standard Babylonian version compiled bySîn-lēqi-unninni dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BCE and bears the incipitSha naqba īmuru[15]("He who Saw the Abyss", in modern terms: "He who Sees the Unknown"). Approximately two-thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered. Some of the best copies were discovered in thelibrary ruins of the 7th-century BCAssyrian kingAshurbanipal.
During theAbbasid Caliphate, the well established tradition of poetry continued to be the most dominant form of literature. In addition, Abbasid literature was characterized by the emergence of many new genres and of a scholarly and sophisticated critical consciousness.
Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of theMuslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including theHouse of Wisdom, as well as hosting a multiethnic and multireligious environment, garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Centre of Learning".[16]
Some of the most important figures of 20th century Iraqi literature includeSafa Khulusi,Maruf Rusafi,Daisy Al-Amir,Jamil Zahawi,Jawahiri andKhazal al Majidi.
The ancientarchitecture of Mesopotamia encompassed several distinct cultures and spanned a period from the 10th millennium BC, when the first permanent structures were built in the 6th century BC. Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development ofurban planning, thecourtyard house, andziggurats. No architectural profession existed in Mesopotamia; however, scribes drafted and managed construction for the government, nobility, or royalty. The local architecture of Iraq was often based on vernacular architecture inherited from one generation to the next. Since the Iraqi society is composed of multicultural social groups with different architectural heritage, old Iraqi cities have several types architecture and urban forms.[17]
Iraq is known for having world-class architects, such asZaha Hadid,Rifat Chadirji andHisham N. Ashkouri among others.
While the first Iraqi film projection took place in 1909, cinema was not truly regarded as a cultural activity or pastime until the 1920s. The first cinemas, like the famous al-Zawra cinema on Baghdad's bustling thoroughfare al-Rashid, played mostly American silent films for British citizens. In the 1940s under the rule ofKing Faisal II of Iraq, a real Iraqi cinema began. Supported by British and French financiers, movie production companies established themselves in Baghdad. The Baghdad Studio was established in 1948, but soon came apart when tensions between the Arab and Jewish founders flared up. For the most part, the product was purely commercial, fluffy romances with plenty of singing and dancing often set in small villages. The World of Arts (Dunyat Alfann) studio, which was founded by actors, reached for more serious fare. In 1955, they produced Haidar Al-Omar's Fitna wa Hassan, an Iraqi retelling of Romeo and Juliet, that received international attention. But for the most part, the strong-fist rule of the state discouraged any socially relevant films. In 1959 when King Faisel II's government was overthrown, the Cinema and Theater General organization came into existence with the purpose of promoting the political goals of the new regime both in documentaries and features. Typical were documentaries like the 1969 Al Maghishi Project, which showcased the government's irrigation campaigns and the 1967 A Wedding in Heaven, which celebrates the air force and their weapons system. The 1968 revolution that put the Ba'ath party in power further solidified the government's control of film material, and the state's need to make all films validate its power.
Saddam Hussein's ascension to power in 1979 pushed the Iraqi cinema in a slightly different direction. The drain on national resources from the 1980 Iraq-Iran war brought film production to a near halt. The few films put into production were mainly intent on glorifying a mythic Iraqi history or celebrating Hussein's rule. In 1981, the government commissioned Egyptian filmmaker Salah Abouseif to make Al-Qadisiya, a period epic recounting the triumph of the Arabs over the Persians in 636 AD. Likewise Mohamed Shukri Jameel's melodramatic The Great Question (al-Mas' Ala Al-Kubra) cast British actor Oliver Reed as the vicious Lt-Col Gerard Leachman who is righteously killed in the 1920 Iraqi revolution. In 1980 Hussein promoted his own mythology with the autobiographical 6-hour epic The Long Days (al-Ayyam al-tawila), the saga of Hussein's participation in the 1958 failed assassination attempt on Prime MinisterAbd al-Karim Qasim, and his subsequent heroic escape back to Tikrit. The film was edited and partially directed by Terence Young, the British director who made his name helming the early James Bond films Dr. No and Thunderball (film). Hussein is played by Saddam Kamel, a cousin and son-in-law of Hussein's, who eventually ran afoul of the dictator and was murdered in 1996. After Iraqinvaded Kuwait, sanctions against Iraq made filmmaking an impossibility in the country, although a new generation of filmmakers is coming alive in Baghdad.
Iraq is known primarily for its richmaqam heritage, which has been passed down orally by the masters of the maqam in an unbroken chain of transmission leading up to the present. Themaqam al-Iraqi is considered to be the most noble and perfect form of maqam. Al-maqam al-Iraqi is the collection of sung poems written either in one of the sixteen meters of classical Arabic or in Iraqi dialect (Zuhayri).
This Form of art is recognised by UNESCO as "an intangible heritage of humanity".[18]
Football is the most popular sport in Iraq. TheIraqi Football Association (Arabic:الاتحاد العراقي لكرة القدم) is the governing body of football in Iraq, controlling the Iraq national football team and theIraq Super League (also known asDawri Al-Nokba). It was founded in 1948, and has been a member ofFIFA since 1950, and theAsian Football Confederation since 1971.
The Iraq national football team were the 2007 AFC Asian Cup Champions after defeating Saudi Arabia in the final, held in Jakarta, Indonesia. In 2006, Iraq reached the football final of the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, after defeating former FIFA World Cup semi-finalists South Korea and eventually finished as runners-up, winning silver. The football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, saw Iraq finish in fourth place, with the Italy national football team claiming bronze from a single goal.
Basketball,swimming,weightlifting,bodybuilding,boxing,kickboxing, andtennis are also popular sports. Notable sports clubs in Iraq includeAl-Shorta, Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, Al-Zawraa,Erbil SC,Duhok SC, Al Talaba andNajaf FC.
Iraqi cuisine orMesopotamian cuisine has a long history going back approximately 10,000 years to theSumerians,Babylonians,Assyrians, andAncient Persians.[19]Tablets found in ancient ruins in Iraq show recipes prepared in the temples during religious festivals - the first cookbooks in the world.[19]
During theIslamic Golden Age, the Iraqi culinary arts reached its zenith.[19] In the 10th century,Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq authored the oldest surviving Arabic cookbook, titled theKitab al-Tabikh (The Book of Dishes). Today, the cuisine of Iraq reflects the inheritance of techniques established during the Islamic Golden Age, as well as strong influences from the culinary traditions of neighbouringPersia,Turkey, and theSyria region.[19]
Popular Iraqi dishes includeKebab (often marinated with garlic, lemon, and spices, then grilled),Gauss (grilled meat sandwich wrap, similar toDöner kebab),Bamieh (lamb, okra, and tomato stew),Quzi (lamb with rice, almonds, raisins, and spices), salads inpita,Kubbah (minced meat ground withbulghur wheat, or rice and spices),Masgûf (grilled fish with pepper and tamarind), andMaqluba (a rice, lamb, tomato, and aubergine dish). Stuffed vegetable dishes such asDolma andMahshi are also popular.[20]Machbous is also a popular dish in the south and south east of Iraq.
ContemporaryIraq reflects the same natural division as ancientMesopotamia,[21] which consisted ofAssyria in the arid northern uplands andBabylonia in the southern alluvial plain.[21]Al-Jazira (the ancient Assyria) growswheat and crops requiring winter chill such asapples and stone fruits.[21]Al-Irāq (Iraq proper, the ancient Babylonia) growsrice andbarley,citrus fruits, and is responsible for Iraq's position as the world's largest producer ofdates.[21]
Iraq has a wide and varied heritage and is home to many religious groups (Muslims,Christians,Jews,Mandaaeans andYazidis) and ethnic groups (Arabs,Kurds andTurkmen). Many present day street markets reflect the local culture and economy, such as the famousal-Safafeer market in Baghdad. This market was established during the Abbasid Caliphate and is one of the oldest in the city. Today, it remains famous for various copper collectables and exhibits.
Tea houses are scattered throughout Iraq. During the afternoon, it is a common practice for shopkeepers to retreat into the back with close friends to sip tea over gossip, an Iraqisiesta.
Some important cultural institutions in the capital include theIraqi National Orchestra (rehearsals and performances were briefly interrupted during theOccupation of Iraq, but have since returned to normal) and theNational Theatre of Iraq (the theatre was looted during the2003 Invasion of Iraq, but efforts are underway to restore the theatre). The live theatre scene received a boost during the 1990s, when UN sanctions limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 movie theatres were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range ofcomedies anddramatic productions.
Institutions offering cultural education inBaghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts, and theMusic and Ballet school Baghdad. Baghdad also features a number of museums including theNational Museum of Iraq - which houses the world's largest and finest collection ofartifacts andrelics ofAncient Iraq civilizations; some of which were stolen during theIraq War.[22]
The Babylon International Festival is a showcase and celebration of traditionalBabylonian dance, music, and visual arts. The festival was first established in 1987 and celebrated several times before being discontinued in 2002 amidst political turmoil associated with theIraq War. The festival returned in 2021 and has since taken place annually.[23] The festival is an international event, drawing visitors and performance artists from around the world.[24]
In 2022, the city of Mosul with support fromUNESCO hosted The Mosul Traditional Music Festival. Organizers of the event expressed intent to hold this festival annually.[25]
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