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Cultural Muslims

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Non-practicing Muslims who still identify with Islam
This article is about non-practicing Muslims who still identify with Islam. For Muslims not affiliating with a specific school or branch, seeNon-denominational Muslim.
See also:Islam and secularism andIslam and modernity
Part of a series on
Nontheistic religion
Part ofa series on
Islam

Cultural Muslims, also known asnominal Muslims,[1]non-practicing Muslims ornon-observing Muslims,[2] are people who identify as Muslim but are not religious.[3] They may variously be non-observing, secular,irreligious,[4] or individuals who still identify with Islam due to belief, sprituality, family backgrounds, personal experiences, ethnic and national heritage, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up.[4][5][6][7][8]

Cultural Muslims can be found across the world, but especially in theBalkans,[9]Central Asia,[10]Europe,[11][12] theMaghreb,[13] various countries inSouth Asia andWest Asia,[14]Russia,[15]Turkey,[16]Singapore,[17]Malaysia,[18]Indonesia[19] and theUnited States.[11] In several countries and regions, self-reported Muslims practice the religion at low levels,[20] and for some, their "Muslim" identity is associated with cultural or ethnic or national heritage, rather than merely religious faith.[21]

The concept is not always met with acceptance in Islamic communities.[22] Cultural Muslims may be classified askafir (non-believers) by many religiousfundamentalist Muslims.[23][24][25]

Definition

[edit]

In Central Asia and in former communist countries, the term "cultural Muslim" came into use to describe those who wished their "Muslim" identity to be associated with certain national and ethnic rituals, rather than merely religious faith.[21]

Malise Ruthven (2000) discussed the terms "cultural Muslim" and "nominal Muslim" as follows:[26]

There is, however, a secondary meaning toMuslim which may shade into the first. A Muslim is one born to a Muslim father who takes on his or her parents' confessional identity without necessarily subscribing to the beliefs and practices associated with the faith, just as a Jew may describe him- or herself asJewish without observing the Tanakh or Halacha. In non-Muslim societies, such Muslims may subscribe to, and be vested with, secular identities. The Muslims of Bosnia, descendants of Slavs who converted to Islam under Ottoman rule, are not always noted for attendance at prayer, abstention from alcohol, and other social practices associated with believing Muslims in other parts of the world. They were officially designated asMuslims by nationality to distinguish them from Orthodox Serbs and Catholic Croats under the former Yugoslav communist regime. The labelMuslim indicates their ethnicity and group allegiance, but not necessarily their religious beliefs. In this limited context (which may apply to other Muslim minorities in Europe and Asia), there may be no contradiction between being Muslim and beingatheist oragnostic, just as there are Jewish atheists and Jewish agnostics. This secular definition of Muslim (sometimes the termscultural Muslim ornominal Muslim are used) is very far from being uncontested.

Scholar G. Hussein Rassool (2015) discussed the label "cultural Muslim" as follows:[4]

The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up.

A cultural Muslim internalizes the Islamic cultural tradition, or way of thinking, as aframe of reference. Cultural Muslims are diverse in terms of norms, values, political opinions, and religious views. They retain a shared "discourse or structure of feeling" related to shared history and memories.[27] The concept of acultural Muslim – someone who identifies as a Muslim yet is not religious – is not always met with acceptance in Islamic communities.[22]

Believer vs. non-believer and practicing vs. not-practicing

[edit]

In non-Muslim majority countries, Muslims may identify themselves by distinguishing themselves as practicing vs. not-practicing and believer vs. non-believer.[28] Usually, ritual practicing ones are presumed to be believers, while non-practicing ones may be believers or non-believers.[a]

Criticism

[edit]

According toKia Abdullah, cultural Muslims are at the receiving end of criticism not only from Muslims but also from someprogressives, saying that cultural Muslim cherry-pick the best of both worlds without enough proactive contribution and commitment toliberalism.[113]

Notable people

[edit]
  • Hasan Piker: the nephew of Cenk Uygur Is a self-described, non-practicing Muslim. He has admitted to not observing religious practices.[138][139]
  • Shohreh Aghdashloo: despite being born a Muslim, she has stated that she has never practiced it.[141]
  • T-Pain: he was raised in a Muslim household, but he lacked interest in the religion. His wife is a Christian, but his three children follow both religions.[142]
  • Zinédine Zidane: he has described himself as a "non-practising Muslim".[72][143]
  • O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson: he converted to Islam in the early 1990s after being introduced toNation of Islam though he denied membership to the group. Listening to his own conscience, he self-described as a "natural Muslim, 'cause it's just me and God. You know, going to the mosque, the ritual and the tradition, it's just not in me to do. So I don't do it."[144] He has also said that he thinks "religion is stupid" in part and explained, "I'm gonna live a long life, and I might change religions three or four times before I die. I'm on the Islam tip – but I'm on the Christian tip, too. I'm on the Buddhist tip as well. Everyone has something to offer to the world."[145]
  • Ali A. Rizvi: He has identified himself as an Cultural Muslim in his bookThe Atheist Muslim.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

Parallel concepts

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  4. ^abcRassool, G. Hussein (2015).Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice. Routledge. p. 10.ISBN 978-1-317-44125-0.The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.
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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Yilmaz, Selman. Cultural Muslims: Background Forces and Factors Influencing Everyday Religiosity of Muslim People. December 2014 DOI:10.7596/taksad.v3i3.360
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