| Cuju | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Chinese women playingcuju, by the Chinese painterDu Jin duringMing Dynasty period | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 蹴鞠 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "kick ball" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cuju orts'u-chü (Chinese:蹴鞠;pinyin:cù jū) is an ancient Chinese football game, that resembles a mix ofbasketball,football andvolleyball.[1][2]FIFA cites cuju as the earliest form of a kicking game for which there is documentary evidence, a military manual from theHan dynasty.[3]
It is a competitive game that involves both teams trying to kick a ball through an opening into a central hoop without the use of hands whilst ensuring the ball does not touch the ground.[1] This is similar to howhacky sack is played today. Descriptions of the game date back to theHan dynasty, with a Chinese military work from the 3rd–2nd century BC describing it as an exercise.[4][5] It was also played in other Asian countries likeKorea,Japan andVietnam.[6]
The first mention ofcuju in a historical text is in theWarring States eraZhan Guo Ce, in the section describing thestate of Qi.[7] It is also described inSima Qian'sRecords of the Grand Historian (under the Biography ofSu Qin), written during theHan dynasty.[8][9] A competitive form ofcuju was used as fitness training formilitarycavaliers, while other forms were played for entertainment in wealthy cities likeLinzi.[8]
During the Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220), the popularity of cuju spread beyond the military to the royal courts andupper classes.[10] It is said that the Han emperor Wu Di enjoyed the sport. At the same time,cuju games were standardized and rules were established.Cuju matches were often held inside the imperial palace. A type of court calledju chang (鞠場) was built especially forcuju matches, which had six crescent-shaped goal posts at each end.
The sport was improved during theTang dynasty (618–907).[11] First of all, the feather-stuffed ball was replaced by an air-filled ball with a two-layered hull. Also, two different types of goal posts emerged: One was made by setting up posts with a net between them and the other consisted of just one goal post in the middle of the field. The Tang dynasty capital ofChang'an was filled withcuju fields, in the backyards of largemansions, and some were even established in the grounds of thepalaces.[12] Soldiers who belonged to the imperial army and Gold Bird Guard often formedcuju teams for the delight of the emperor and his court.[12] The level of femalecuju teams also improved.Cuju even became popular amongst the scholars and intellectuals, and if a courtier lacked skill in the game, he could pardon himself by acting as a scorekeeper.[12]
Cuju flourished during theSong dynasty (960–1279) due to social and economic development, extending its popularity to every class in society. At that time, professionalcuju players were popular, and the sport began to take on a commercial edge. Professionalcuju players fell into two groups: One was trained by and performed for the royal court (unearthed copper mirrors and brush pots from the Song often depict professional performances) and the other consisted of civilians who made a living ascuju players. During this period only one goal post was set up in the center of the field.
It influenced the development in Japan ofkemari (蹴鞠), which is still played today on special occasions. Thekanji writing (蹴鞠) is the same as forcuju.TheSilk Road facilitated the transmission ofcuju, especially the game popular in theTang dynasty, the period when theinflatable ball was invented and replaced the stuffed ball.[13]Cuju began to decline during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) due to neglect, and the 2,000-year-old sport slowly faded away.
Historically, there were two main styles ofcuju:zhuqiu (筑球) andbaida (白打).
Zhuqiu was commonly performed at court feasts celebrating the emperor's birthday or during diplomatic events. A competitivecuju match of this type normally consisted of two teams with 12–16 players on each side.
Baida became dominant during the Song dynasty, a style that attached much importance to developing personal skills. Scoring goals became obsolete when using this method with the playing field enclosed using thread and players taking turns to kick the ball within these set limits. The number of fouls made by the players decided the winner. For example, if the ball was not passed far enough to reach other team members, points were deducted. If the ball was kicked too far out, a large deduction from the score would result. Kicking the ball too low or turning at the wrong moment all led to fewer points. Players could touch the balls of other players with any part of the body except their hands, whilst the number of players ranged anywhere from two to ten. In the end, the player with the highest score won.
According toDongjing Meng Hua Lu, in the 10th century, acuju league, Qi Yun She (齊雲社) was developed in large Chinese cities. Local members were eithercuju lovers or professional performers. Non-professionals had to formally appoint a professional as their teacher and pay a fee before becoming members.[14][15] This process ensured an income for the professionals, unlikecuju of the Tang dynasty. Qi Yun She organised annual national championships known as Shan Yue Zheng Sai (山岳正賽).[citation needed]
In 2010, the city of Linzi organized a game ofcuju for foreigners and locals in period costumes.[16] Brazilian playerKaká playedcuju during his tour while visiting China.[17]
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