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Guyanese culture reflects the influence ofIndian,African,Amerindian,British,Portuguese,Chinese,Creole, andDutch cultures.[1][2]Guyana is part of the mainlandCaribbean region. Guyanese culture shares a continuum with the cultures of islands in theWest Indies.
Celebrations in Guyana reflect the diverse origins of its people; typical European holidays such asEaster andChristmas, Diwali, and Phagwah from Guyanese Hindus, andMashramani, a holiday to celebrate Guyana's independence inspired by Amerindian festivals.
Colonial society put a greater value on entertainment from Europe than locally-produced ones, and for the most part sought to emulate popular Victorian English styles. Abolition of slavery and the end of indenture were factors in a growing middle class, and towards the middle of the 20th century, there was a growing need for arts that reflected the reality of life and people of the Caribbean region.
Notable Guyanese authors includeEdgar Mittelholzer,Wilson Harris,Jan Carew,Denis Williams,Roy A. K. Heath,Edgar Mittelholzer,Fred D'Aguiar,David Dabydeen,Martin Carter andShana Yardan. andE. R. Braithwaite. Other writers who have made a significant contribution to Guyanese literary culture includeFred D'Aguiar,David Dabydeen,Martin Carter andShana Yardan.
Theatre was historically European; local theatre for the African and Indian Guyanese middle-class began in the early 20th century. It became more diverse in the 1950s, but declined in the 1980s. Repertory threatres include theTheatre Guild of Guyana and influential writers include those such asWordsworth McAndrew.[3]
Guyanese actors who have been successful internationally includeHarry Baird,Norman Beaton,Anthony Chinn,Tommy Eytle,Cy Grant,Ram John Holder,Pauline Melville,Carmen Munroe,Sol Raye, andIan Valz.
Guyana's musical tradition is a mix of African,Indian, European, and Latin elements. The most popular type of music is Calypso and its offshoots and mixes, like in other parts of the Eastern Caribbean. The various types of popular music include reggae,calypso,chutney,Soca, local Guyanese soca-chutney and Bollywood film songs (or Indian music). Due to globalization, sounds from neighbouring countries can be heard such asMerengue,Bachata,Salsa, withReggaeton being the most popular.[4] Popular Guyanese performers include Billy (William) Moore,Terry Gajraj, Mark Holder,Eddy Grant, Dave Martins & the Tradewinds,Aubrey Cummings and Nicky Porter. Among the most successful Guyanese record producers areEddy Grant,Terry Gajraj and Dave Martin.
Commons themese in visual art include Amerindian themes, the ethnic diversity of the population and the natural environment. Modern and contemporary visual artists living in, or originally from, Guyana includeStanley Greaves, Ronald Savory, Philip Moore,Donald Locke,Frank Bowling,Hew Locke,Roshini Kempadoo,Leila Locke,George Simon andAubrey Williams.
Bollywood films and music are also very popular in Guyana, especially among the Indo-Guyanese population. When famed Bollywood playback singer,Lata Mangeshkar, visited Guyana, she was given a key to the capital city, Georgetown.
Guyanese architecture is influenced by Britain, due to its past as a British colony.
The most-played sports in Guyana arecricket, basketball andfootball. Key sport organizations in Guyana include the government's Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport; the Guyana Cricket Board; Guyana Amateur Basketball Federation; and theGuyana Football Federation.[5] Professional level sports have suffered from lack of funding, lacking access to facilities and training.[6] Guyana plays as part ofWest Indies team for international cricket since 1928.[7]
Guyana's national football teams, the Golden Jaguars and the Lady Jaguars, participate at the international level. A number of boxers have done well at the international level, includingAndrew Lewis,[8]Vivian Harris,Wayne Braithwaite.[9] Boxing is the only sport that has earned Guyana an Olympic medal.[10]
Cricket has been an important vehicle for cultural unity across the Caribbean. In British Guiana, it represented a way for the non-white lower classes to earn recognition in colonial society. It was introduced to Guyana by British military teams, and has since become dominated byAfro andIndo-Guyanese. The West Indies team victory in 1950 against England atLord's, "still remains the single most satisfying moment in the history of West Indies cricket" also inspired a calypso.[11]
Guyana hosted international cricket matches as part of the2007 Cricket World Cup. The new 15,000-seatProvidence Stadium, also referred to as Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for the beginning of play on March 28. At the first international game of CWC 2007 at the stadium,Lasith Malinga of theSri Lankan team performed a "helmet trick" or "double hat-trick" (four wickets in four consecutive deliveries).
Guyanese cuisine is similar to the rest of the Anglo-Caribbean, especially Trinidad and Tobago and Dutch-speaking Suriname, where the ethnic mix is somewhat similar. The food reflects the ethnic makeup of the country and its colonial history, and includes ethnic groups ofIndian,African,Creole, Portuguese, Amerindian,Chinese and European (mostly British) influences and dishes. The food is diverse and includes dishes such asdal bhat, curry,roti,kitchrie, and cook-up rice (the local variation on the Anglo-Caribbeanrice and peas). The one-pot meal, while not the national dish, is one of the most cooked dishes.
Dishes have been adapted to Guyanese tastes, often by the addition of herbs and spices. Unique preparations[12] includeGuyana pepperpot, a stew of Amerindian origin made with meat, andcassareep, a bitter extract of the cassava. Other common dishes are cassava bread, stews, andmetemgee, a thick, rich type of soup withground provisions,coconut milk, and large dumplings called duff, eaten with fried fish or chicken. Homemade bread-making, an art in many villages, is a reflection of the British influence that includes pastries such as cheese rolls, pine tarts (pineapple tarts), and patties.
Many common dishes have their ultimate ancient origins in eastern Uttar Pradesh.[citation needed] These includesatwa,pholourie,prasad,pera,dal puri, and several other variations of Indian dishes. Curry is widely popular in Guyana and most types of meat can be curried: chicken, seafood, goat, lamb, and duck.
Caribbean ground provisions (known colloquially as "provisions") are part of the staple diet and include cassava,sweet potato, andeddoes. There is an abundance of fresh fruits, vegetables and seafood on the coast.
Most individuals use fresh fruits to make their own beverages, which are called "local drink", made from readily available fruits or other parts of plants. Popular homemade drinks are lime wash (likelemonade); pine drink (from a pineapple);mauby, made from the bark of a tree;sorrel drink, made fromhibiscus;[13]ginger beer (made from ginger root); andpeanut punch.
Fresh fish and seafood are an integral part of the Guyanese diet, especially in rural areas and small villages along the coast. Popular fish types include gilbaka, butter fish, tilapia, catfish, and hassa (Hoplosternum). Crab soups withokra from theBerbice coastal region resemble Louisiana Creole soups likegumbo.
Christmas and Old Year's Night (New Year) is the most celebrated time for Guyanese for food and festivities. Advance preparation starts with the preparation and soaking of fruits and rum or wine forblack cake weeks or sometimes months ahead to intensify the flavour. Local drinks such as ginger beer, mauby and sorrel are fermented and require a sitting period prior to making. Ginger beer is the Christmas drink of choice, similar to the popularity ofeggnog in North America. Guyana pepperpot, garlic pork, black cake, sponge cake and homemade bread are traditionally served.[citation needed]
Guyanese-style Chinese food andfried chicken are common restaurant and take-out items in bigger towns. Popular Chinese dishes includelo mein,chow mein, and "chicken in the ruff", fried rice with Chinese-style fried chicken.[citation needed]
Guyanese folklore is similar to Caribbean folklore, mixed with African, Indian, Amerindian, and British/European beliefs.Folklores are the cultural beliefs and demonstrations that bind people from a group and help them to form an identity. These expressions can be in the form of dances, food, festivals, proverbs, stories, legends, music, festivals and costumes. Guyanese myths have their foundations in cultural influences from Amerindian, European, African and Indian backgrounds. Some of these beliefs are similar to the Caribbean diaspora while some are uniquely Guyanese. Some known Guyanese myths include:
The Old Higue (Hag)
An Old Higue is an old woman, who can also be depicted as a man, that becomes a ball of fire at night and flies through the air seeking babies' blood. After shedding her skin, she places it in a calabash gourd or in a tree for safekeeping and then proceeds to travel until she finds a newborn baby. She draws blood from the infant who then becomes blue and dies. The belief of this being is still upheld in many rural areas and people usually set traps to catch the old higue after which they would beat her with a manicole broom. The manicole broom is left over the doorway along with a bowl of uncooked rice which she cannot resist counting. When the Old Higue begins to count the rice grain she has to be careful not to drop it, or she would have to restart her undertaking which may keep her into the morning hours and get her caught by the family. People also believe that if the Old Higue's skin is found, it should be pounded with salt and pepper and left where found. Once the old higue puts back the on their body it will burn them to death.
Obeah
Obeah is a practice stemming from African origins passed down from the times of slavery. This is a practice where people petition to dead ancestors for assistance with issues like health, family, work, love or seeking favour and protection. An offering and commitment have to be made after which the instructions given should be followed precisely.
Cumfa
This is an African-style dance which includes the beating of drums. The drums are an instrument used to summons spirit into a human host's body. The dancers perform ceremonial, acrobatic and energetic dances sometimes over broken bottles and whilst eating fire in tribute to spirits and ancestors. The dancers are unscathed and do not have recollection of the performance once the spirit leaves the body.
Dmitri Allicock. (2012). Myths, Legends, Folktales and Fables of Guyana. Retrieved from:https://guyaneseonline.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/myths-legends-folktales-and-fables-of-guyana.pdf
English is the main language, and Guyana is the only English-speaking country in South America, although many people in neighboring Suriname also speak English. British English is taught in school and used in Government and business. Guyanese creole, a pidgin of 17th-century English, African and Hindi words, is used at home and on the street. It is the same as creoles spoken in the Eastern Caribbean such Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and St. Vincent but with different accent or emphasis on how the words are pronounced.
There are also a small number of trace words from the extinct Dutch Creoles, and French. Depending on the race of the person and location, the accent and sprinkling of other words can also change. An example of this would be an Indo Guyanese who would use a word or two words left over from when they spoke Hindi.
As time passes, British terms and phrases for things are being replaced by American ones, due to U.S. influence. Where once people would have said "flats" as in England, the term "apartment" is now being used by some people.
There are 3 major religions in Guyana;Christianity,Islam, andHinduism.