Microsoft has been criticized for various aspects of its products and business practices. Issues withease of use,robustness, andsecurity of the company's software are common targets for critics. In the 2000s, a number ofmalware mishaps targeted security flaws inWindows and other products. Microsoft was also accused of locking vendors and consumers in to their products, and of not following or complying with existing standards in its software.[1][2]Total cost of ownership comparisons betweenLinux and Microsoft Windows are a continuous point of debate.[3]
The company has been the subject of numerouslawsuits, brought by several governments and by other companies, for unlawful monopolistic practices. It was the subject of thelandmark 1998United States v. Microsoft Corp. Americanantitrust law case, during which Microsoft CEOBill Gates was called "evasive and unresponsive" and the company's officials were found on a number of occasions to have falsified evidence.[4][5] In 2004, theEuropean Union found Microsoft guilty in theMicrosoft Corp. v. Commission case, and it received an 899 million euro fine.[6]
On September 14, 2019, Microsoft's flagship store was shut down by protestors as part of adirect action organized by Close the Camps NYC. The action was in response to Microsoft's $19.4 million contract withU.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).[7][8][9][10] Microsoft's relationship with the immigration enforcement agency was revealed by executive Tom Keane, through a company blog post that describes ICE's use of the company's high-security cloud storage product Azure Government.[11] He went on to say the company is "proud to support" the work of ICE.[11] Microsoft has stated it "is not working with the U.S. government on any projects related to separating children from their families at the border."[10]
In February 2019, some of Microsoft's employees protested the company'swar profiteering from a $480 million contract to developaugmented reality headsets for theUnited States Army.[12]
From its inception, Microsoft defined itself as aplatform company and understood the importance of attracting third-party programmers. It did so by providing development tools, training, access to proprietaryAPIs in early versions, and partner programs. Although the resulting ubiquity of Microsoft software allows a user to benefit fromnetwork effects, critics and even Microsoft itself decry what they consider to be an "embrace, extend and extinguish" strategy of adding proprietary features to open standards or their software implementations, thereby using its market dominance to gain unofficial ownership of standards "extended" in this way.[13][14][15][16]
Microsoft software is also presented as a "safe" choice for IT managers purchasing software systems. In an internal memo for senior management Microsoft's head ofC++ development, Aaron Contorer, stated:[17]
TheWindows API is so broad, so deep, and so functional that mostindependent software vendors would be crazy not to use it. And it is so deeply embedded in the source code of many Windows apps that there is a huge switching cost to using a different operating system instead... It is this switching cost that has given the customers the patience to stick with Windows through all our mistakes, our buggy drivers, our high TCO (total cost of ownership), our lack of a sexy vision at times, and many other difficulties [...] Customers constantly evaluate other desktop platforms, [but] it would be so much work to move over that they hope we just improve Windows rather than force them to move. In short, without this exclusive franchise called the Windows API, we would have been dead a long time ago.
More recently, Microsoft had theirOOXML specification approved by theISO standards body in a manner consistent with previous attempts to control standards.[18]
With the release ofWindows 8, Microsoft began requiring OEM devices to ship withUEFI system firmware, configured by default to only allow the execution of operating system binaries digitally signed by Microsoft (UEFI secure boot). Concerns were raised that this requirement would hinder the use of alternate operating systems such asLinux. In a post discussing secure boot on theBuilding Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that "At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves."[19][20] As such, vendors were required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot (although devices runningWindows RT, a variation of Windows 8 forARM architecture, have locked firmware where this cannot be disabled).[21][22][23] No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs.[24][25][26]
When Microsoft discovered that its first product,Altair BASIC, was subject to widespreadunauthorized copying, Microsoft founderBill Gates wrote anOpen Letter to Hobbyists that openly accused many hobbyists of stealing software. Gates' letter provoked many responses, with some hobbyists objecting to the broad accusation, and others supporting the principle of compensation.[27]This disagreement over whether software should be proprietary continues into the present day under the banner of thefree software movement, with Microsoft characterizing free software released under the terms of the GPL as being "potentially viral"[28] and theGNU General Public License itself as a "viral license" which "infects" proprietary software and forces its developer to have to release proprietary source to the public.[29]
TheHalloween documents, internal Microsoft memos which were leaked to the open source community beginning in 1998, indicate that some Microsoft employees perceive"open source" software — in particular,Linux — as a growing long-term threat to Microsoft's position in the software industry. The Halloween documents acknowledged that parts of Linux are superior to the versions of Microsoft Windows available at the time, and outlined a strategy of "de-commoditize[ing] protocols & applications."[13][14][15][16][30]Microsoft stated in its 2006 Annual Report that it was a defendant in at least 35 patent infringement lawsuits.[31] The company's litigation expenses for April 2004 through March 2007 exceed $4.3 billion: over $4 billion in payouts, plus $300 million in legal fees.[32]
Another concern of critics is that Microsoft may be using the distribution ofshared source software to harvest names of developers who have been exposed to Microsoft code, as some believe that these developers could someday be the target of lawsuits if they were ever to participate in the development of competing products. This issue is addressed in published papers from several organizations including theAmerican Bar Association and theOpen Source Initiative.[33][34]
Starting in the 1990s, Microsoft was accused of maintaining "hidden" or "secret" APIs: interfaces to its operating system software that it deliberately keeps undocumented to gain a competitive advantage in its application software products.[35]Microsoft employees have consistently denied this;[36][37]they claim that application developers inside and outside Microsoft routinely reverse-engineered DOS and 16-bit versions of Windows without any inside help, creating legacy support problems that far exceeded any alleged benefit to Microsoft.[38][39]In response to court orders, Microsoft has published interfaces between components of its operating system software, including components likeInternet Explorer,Active Directory, andWindows Media that sell as part of Windows but compete with application software.
On October 10, 2018, Microsoft joined theOpen Invention Network community despite holding more than 60,000 patents.[40]
On July 6, 2009, Microsoft announced that it was placing their ECMA 334 and ECMA 335 specifications under theirCommunity Promise pledging that they would not assert their patents against anyone implementing, distributing, or using alternative implementations of .NET.[41] Mono's implementation of those components of the .NET stack not submitted to theECMA for standardization has been the source of patent violation concerns for much of the life of the project.[42] In particular, discussion has taken place about whether Microsoft could destroy the Mono project through patent suits.[43]
The base technologies submitted to the ECMA, and therefore also the Unix/GNOME-specific parts, are claimed to be safe due to Microsoft's explicitly placing both ECMA 334 (C#) and ECMA 335 (CLI) standards under theMicrosoft Community Promise. The concerns primarily relate to technologies developed by Microsoft on top of the .NET Framework, such asASP.NET,ADO.NET andWindows Forms (seenon-standardized namespaces), i.e. parts composing Mono's Windows compatibility stack. These technologies are today[when?] not fully implemented in Mono and not required for developing Mono-applications, they are simply there for developers and users who need full compatibility with the Windows system.
In June 2009 the Ubuntu Technical Board stated that it saw "no reason to exclude Mono or applications based upon it from the archive, or from the default installation set."[44]
TheFree Software Foundation's Richard Stallman has stated on June 2, 2009, that "[...] we should discourage people from writing programs in C#. Therefore, we should not include C# implementations in the default installation of GNU/Linux distributions or in their principal ways of installing GNOME".[45] On July 1, 2009, Brett Smith (also from the FSF) stated that "Microsoft's patents are much more dangerous: it's the only major software company that has declared itself the enemy of GNU/Linux and stated its intention to attack our community with patents.", "C# represents a unique threat to us" and "The Community Promise does nothing to change any of this".[46]
Fedora Project Leader Paul Frields has stated, "We do have some serious concerns about Mono and we'll continue to look at it with our legal counsel to see what if any steps are needed on our part", yet "We haven't come to a legal conclusion that is pat enough for us to make the decision to take mono out".[47]
In November 2011 at anUbuntu Developer Summit, developers voted to have the Mono-basedBanshee media player removed from Ubuntu's default installation beginning onUbuntu 12.04; although reported reasonings included performance issues onARM architecture, blocking issues on its GTK+ 3 version, and it being, in their opinion, "not well maintained", speculation also surfaced that the decision was also influenced by a desire to remove Mono from the base distribution, as the remaining programs dependent on Mono,gbrainy andTomboy, were also to be removed. Mono developer Joseph Michael Shields defended the performance of Banshee on ARM, and also the claims that Banshee was not well-maintained as being a "directed personal insult" to one of its major contributors.[48]
Microsoft ignored unauthorized copying of its own software for their benefit on the long term. While talking about users in China who do not pay for the software they use in 2006, to an audience at the University of Washington, Bill Gates said "And as long as they're going to steal it, we want them to steal ours. They'll get sort of addicted, and then we'll somehow figure out how to collect sometime in the next decade."[49]
The practice allowed Microsoft to gain some dominance over the Chinese market and only then taking measures against unauthorized copies. In 2008, by means of the Windows update mechanism, a verification program called "Windows Genuine Advantage" (WGA) was downloaded and installed.[50] When WGA detects that the copy of Windows is not genuine, it periodically turns the user's screen black. This behavior angered users and generated complaints in China with a lawyer stating that "Microsoft uses its monopoly to bundle its updates with the validation programs and forces its users to verify the genuineness of their software".[51]
A common complaint[52] comes from those who want to purchase a computer that usually comes preinstalled with Windowswithout a copy of Windows pre-installed and without paying extra for the license either so that another operating system can be used or because a license was already acquired elsewhere, such as through theMSDN Academic Alliance program.[53] Microsoft encouragesoriginal equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to supply computers with Windows pre-installed[54] by presenting their dominance in computer sales[55] and arguing that consumers benefit by not having to install an operating system.[56] Because the price of the license varies depending on discounts given to the OEM and because there is no similar computer that the OEM offers without Windows, there is no immediate way to find the size of the refund. In 2009, Microsoft stated that it has always charged OEMs about $50 for a Windows license on a $1,000 computer.[57]
While it is possible to obtain a computer with no or free operating systems,[58] virtually all large computer vendors continue tobundle Microsoft Windows with the majority of the personal computers in their ranges. The claimed increase in the price of a computer resulting from the inclusion of a Windows license has been called the "Windows tax" or "Microsoft tax" by opposing computer users.[59][60] The Findings of Fact in theUnited States Microsoft antitrust case of 1998 established that "One of the ways Microsoft combats piracy is by advising OEMs that they will be charged a higher price for Windows unless they drastically limit the number of PCs that they sell without an operating system pre-installed. In 1998, all major OEMs agreed to this restriction."[61] Microsoft also once assessed license fees based on the number of computers an OEM sold, regardless of whether a Windows license was included; Microsoft was forced to end this practice due to a consent decree.[59] In 2010, Microsoft stated that its agreements with OEMs to distribute Windows are nonexclusive, and OEMs are free to distribute computers with a different operating system or without any operating system.[56]
Microsoft does not provide refunds for Windows licenses sold through an OEM, including licenses that come with the purchase of a computer or are pre-installed on a computer.[62]
According to Microsoft'sEnd-user license agreement for Windows 7 the ability to receive a refund for the operating system is determined by the hardware manufacturer:[63]
By using the software, you accept these terms. If you do not accept them, do not use the software. Instead, contact the manufacturer or installer to determine its return policy. You must comply with that policy, which might limit your rights or require you to return the entire system on which the software is installed.
— Microsoft Software License Terms: Windows 7 Professional
Acer Inc. has a policy of requiring the customer to return items at their own expense, and the balance received by the customer can be as low as €30.[64] In other cases, vendors have asked that customers requesting refunds signnon-disclosure agreements.[65][66]Older versions of Microsoft Windows had different license terms with respect to the availability of a refund for Windows:[67]
By using the software, you accept these terms. If you do not accept them, do not use the software. Instead, contact the manufacturer or installer to determine their return policy for a refund or credit.
— Microsoft software license terms for Windows Vista Home Basic, Home Premium and Ultimate versions
Based on the updated language, vendors refused to issue partial refunds for Windows licenses, requiring that the computer be returned altogether. In some countries, this practice has been ruled a violation ofconsumer protection law.[68][69]
Additionally, theEULA forWindows Vista was criticized for being too restrictive.[70]
Microsoft's market dominance and business practices have attracted widespread resentment, which is not necessarily restricted to the company's competitors. In a 2003 publication,Dan Geer argued the prevalence of Microsoft products has resulted in amonoculture which is dangerously easy for viruses to exploit.[71]
On June 25, 2024, theEuropean Commission accused Microsoft of violating theTreaty on the Functioning of the European Union by bundlingMicrosoft Teams withMicrosoft 365 andMicrosoft Office.[72]
Microsoft has been criticized for the use ofpermatemp employees (employees employed for years as "temporary", and therefore without medical benefits), use offorced retention tactics, where departing employees would be sued to prevent departure, as well as more traditional cost-saving measures, ranging from cutting medical benefits to not providing towels in company locker rooms.[73]
Historically, Microsoft has also been accused of overworking employees, in many cases, leading toburnout within just a few years of joining the company. The company is often referred to as a "Velvet Sweatshop", a term which originated in a 1989Seattle Times article,[74] and later became used to describe the company by some of Microsoft's own employees.[75] This characterization is derived from the perception that Microsoft provides nearly everything for its employees in a convenient place, but in turn overworks them to a point where it would be bad for their (possibly long-term) health. For example, thekitchenettes have free beverages and many buildings include exercise rooms and showers. However, the company has been accused of attempting to keep employees at the company for exceptionally long hours. This is detailed in several books about Microsoft, includingHard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire.[citation needed]
A US state lawsuit was brought against Microsoft in 1992 representing 8,558 current and former employees that had been classified as "temporary" and "freelance", and became known asVizcaino v. Microsoft. In 1993, the suit became a US Federal Class Action in the United States District Court Western District Of Washington at Seattle as No. C93-178C. The Final Settlement[76] came in 2005. The case was decided on the (IRS-defined) basis that such "permatemps" had their jobs defined by Microsoft, worked alongside regular employees doing the same work, and worked for long terms. After a series of court setbacks including three reversals on appeal, Microsoft settled the suit for US$97 million.
A side effect of the "permatemp" lawsuit is that now contract employees are prevented from participating in team morale events and other activities that could be construed as making them "employees". They are also limited to 18-month contracts and must leave after that time for 6 months before returning under contract.
Microsoft is the largest American corporate user of H-1B guest worker visas and has joined other large technology companies like Google in recently lobbying for looserH-1B visa restrictions.[77][78][79]
Jesse Jackson believes Microsoft should hire moreminorities and women. Jackson has urged other companies to diversify their workforce. He believes that Microsoft made some progress when it appointed two women to its board of directors in 2015.[80]
Critics have alleged that Microsoft has used funding to drum up support from think tanks and trade organizations such as theAlexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI), theIndependent Institute, andAmericans for Technology Leadership (ATL). During the antitrust caseUnited States v. Microsoft, ATL sent a poll to 19 state attorneys general purporting to show that "the public believes state AGs should devote their energy to causes other than Microsoft".[81] Also during the case the Independent Institute ran full-page advertisements inThe New York Times andThe Washington Post defending Microsoft, which was later revealed to have funded the ad campaign.[82] The institute publishedWinners, Losers, and Microsoft: Competition and Antitrust in High Technology shortly thereafter.[83]
In June 2002, the AdTI published a report, quickly pulled under the argument that it was a draft version, which contained criticism of thecopyleft model and theGNU General Public License. A May 2002 press release for the report stated that it would contain arguments suggesting that governments could be threatened by hackers andterrorists (who could study potential vulnerabilities due to source availability) if it usedopen source software. However, the draft contained no references to these topics.Open Source Initiative (OSI) founderBruce Perens felt that the report had "Microsoft's paws all over [it]".[84][85] Microsoft argued that its funding was for AdTI's operations as a whole, and not relevant to any specific research by the organization.[84]
"Champagne", a 2002 British television advert for theXbox, received 136 complaints from viewers to theIndependent Television Commission (ITC) over its content. The advert featured a newborn baby being launched out of its mother—aging as it flies through the air, and crashing into a gravestone. It contained the tagline "Life is short, play more." The advert was banned from television by the ITC, who considered it to be "offensive, shocking and in bad taste", noting complaints citing the advert's themes of death and the "traumatic experience" the person was facing in the ad.[86][87]
In August 2004, theAdvertising Standards Authority (ASA) ordered Microsoft to pull ads in Britain that claimed that the total cost of ownership of Linux servers was ten times that ofWindows Server 2003. The comparison included the cost of hardware, and put Linux at a disadvantage by installing it on more expensive but poorer-performing hardware compared to that used for Windows.[88][89]
On January 22, 2007,Rick Jelliffe made a claim on his blog[90] that a Microsoft employee offered to pay him to make corrections inEnglish Wikipedia articles concerningOffice Open XML. Microsoft spokesperson Catherine Brooker expressed the belief that the article had been "heavily written" by IBM employees who supported the rival OpenDocument format, though she provided no specific evidence. Internet entrepreneur andWikimedia Foundation founderJimmy Wales described Microsoft's offer as unethical.[91]
In 2009, it was found that a photo on thePolish version of Microsoft's business productivity website—which depicted three people of various races during an office meeting—had been edited to replace the head of an African-American man with that of aCaucasian, whilst also failing to edit the person's hand to match the different skin color. Microsoft apologized and quickly removed the image.[92][93]
In 2011, Moneylife.in alleged that two "anonymous comments boosting their product"—one by aNokia employee and another by a Microsoft employee—were posted on their review ofNokia Lumia 800, which was based only on the "technical specifications" and the reviewer "hadn't laid a finger on the phone".[94] In conclusion, Charles Arthur argued "Nobody has come out of the episode looking good. Sapkale was accused of breaking his own site's privacy policy by posting the IP and email addresses of the commenters, while the commenting duo's failure to declare any interest looked, at best, likeastroturfing."[94]
In 2014 details on a partnership betweenMachinima.com and Microsoft came to light regarding a marketing campaign forXbox One. Machinima would offer some of its users $3 per thousand views if the user showed 30 seconds of an Xbox One game and mentioned the system by name.[95] Controversy arose when it was reported that, under the terms of the promotion, participants were not allowed to disclose that they were being paid for said endorsements, whichArs Technica said conflicted withFTC regulations requiring recipients to fully disclose when such actions occur.[95] Machinima stated that the confidentiality clause only applied to the terms of the agreement, and not to the existence of the agreement, and Microsoft ended the promotion and directed Machinima to add disclosures to the videos involved.[95] In September 2015, Machinima settled with the FTC over charges that the ad campaign failed to comply with FTC endorsement guidelines; the FTC decided not to take action against Microsoft since it already has "policies and procedures designed to prevent such lapses".[96]
Since the 2010s, Microsoft has faced criticism for usingadware-like tactics to market recent software and services.[97] Microsoft faced criticism over its marketing and distribution of no-costWindows 10 upgrades forWindows 7 and8 users, which included a "Get Windows 10" application automatically downloaded viaWindows Update that displayed popups advertising the offer,[98][99][100] use ofdark patterns to coax users into installing the operating system,[99][101][102][100] downloading installation files without user consent,[103][98] and making it difficult for users to suppress the advertising and notifications if they did not wish to upgrade to Windows 10.[103][98][104] Microsoft has used advertising embedded in theMicrosoft Bing search engine andMicrosoft Edge web browser to discourage the use of competing web browserGoogle Chrome, including displaying prominent ads on specific search terms, and programming Edge to inject on-screen notifications and banner advertising (with messages such as "Microsoft Edge runs on the same technology as Chrome") when browsing Chrome's web site.[105][106][107][108] In 2023 and 2024, Microsoft began using notifications to encourage Chrome users to switch to Microsoft Bing andMicrosoft Copilot.[109][110]
As reported by several news outlets,[111][112] an Irish subsidiary of Microsoft based in theRepublic of Ireland declared £220 bn in profits but paid no corporation tax for the year 2020. This is due to the company being tax resident inBermuda as mentioned in the accounts for 'Microsoft Round Island One', a subsidiary that collects licence fees from the use of Microsoft software worldwide. DameMargaret Hodge, aLabourMP in the UK said, "It is unsurprising – yet still shocking – that massively wealthy global corporations openly, unashamedly and blatantly refuse to pay tax on the profits they make in the countries where they undertake business".[112]
In 2020,ProPublica reported that the company had diverted more than $39 billion in U.S. profits to Puerto Rico using a mechanism structured to make it seem as if the company was unprofitable on paper. As a result, the company paid a tax rate on those profits of "nearly 0%." When theInternal Revenue Service audited these transactions, ProPublica reported that Microsoft aggressively fought back, including successfully lobbying Congress to change the law to make it harder for the agency to conduct audits of large corporations.[113][114]
John C. Dvorak said that in the 1980s, Microsoft classified journalists as "Okay", "Sketchy", or "Needs work" and targeted "Needs work" journalists in an attempt to have them terminated. Dvorak said that he was denied information about Windows because he was on a blacklist.[115]Mary Jo Foley stated that she was denied interviews with Microsoft personnel for several years following the publication of a story based on a memo describing the number of bugs in Windows 2000 at release.[116]
Microsoft (along with Google,Yahoo,Cisco,AOL,Skype, and other companies) has cooperated with theChinese government in implementing a system ofInternet censorship.[117][118] Human rights advocates such asHuman Rights Watch and media groups such asReporters Without Borders criticized the companies, noting for example that it is "ironic that companies whose existence depends on freedom of information and expression have taken on the role of censor."[119] Since 2009, Microsoft has run a local version of Bing in China that censors thousands of websites and phrases such as "human rights" and "Communist Party corruption".[117]
On June 4, 2021, the32nd anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre, searches for theTank Man image and videos were censored byMicrosoft Bing search engine worldwide. Hours after Microsoft acknowledged the issue, the search returned only pictures of tanks elsewhere in the world. Search engines that license results from Microsoft such asDuckDuckGo andYahoo faced similar issues. Microsoft said the issue was "due to an accidental human error."[120][121][122] According to aBloomberg Businessweek investigation, the full explanation was that Microsoft accidentally applied its Chinese blacklist to the rest of the world.[123]
The director ofHuman Rights Watch,Kenneth Roth, said he found the idea it was an inadvertent error "hard to believe". David Greene,Civil Liberties Director atElectronic Frontier Foundation, said that content moderation was impossible to do perfectly and "egregious mistakes are made all the time", but he further elaborated that "At worst, this was purposeful suppression at the request of a powerful state."[124][125]
Microsoft was the first company to participate inthe PRISM surveillance program, according to leaked NSA documents obtained byThe Guardian[126] andThe Washington Post[127] in June 2013, and acknowledged by government officials following the leak.[128] The program authorizes the government to secretly access data of non-US citizens hosted by American companies without a warrant. Microsoft has denied[129] participation in such a program.
In July 2013,The Guardian elaborated that leaked documents show that:
In a statement, Microsoft said that they "provide customer data only in response to legal processes."[130]
In July 2025,ProPublica reported that Microsoft had used engineers in the People's Republic of China to help maintainUnited States Department of Defense (DOD) systems. U.S. personnel, often with limited-to-no technical skills, formally oversee engineers in China who have far more advanced technical expertise, presenting a vulnerability to hacking.[131] Microsoft did not disclose the location of the engineers to the Pentagon.[132] Microsoft stated that it terminated the program, termed "digital escort", following publicity of it.[133] The engineers in China maintainedSharePoint, which was affected by azero-day vulnerability that led to breaches of hundreds of organizations by Chinese state-sponsoredadvanced persistent threat groups Linen Typhoon, Violet Typhoon and Storm-2603.[134][135]
Windows 10 was criticized on-launch for having default settings that send various information regarding user behaviors to Microsoft and its "trusted partners", such as data regarding user contacts and calendar events, location data and history, "telemetry" (diagnostics data);[136] this could not be fully disabled on non-enterprise versions of Windows 10), an "advertising ID", as well as further data when theCortana assistant is enabled in full.[137][138][139]
Microsoft faced criticism from France's data protection commission and theEuropean Union for its practices in regards to Windows 10. On subsequent iterations of the OS, Microsoft has clarified its data collection policies, and made itsout-of-box experience provide clearer information on Windows privacy settings, and the effects they have on the overall user experience.[140][141][142][143] Microsoft also simplified its "telemetry" options to only consist of "Basic" and "Full" modes, and reduced the amount of system information collected in "Basic" mode.[144]
In November 2018, the Dutch government issued a report stating that telemetry implementations inOffice 365 violated the EUGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).[145] In July 2019 the company tasked with investigating the privacy risks reported that Microsoft had adequately addressed these issues in Office 365 ProPlus, while the other concerns still remained.[146]
Microsoft would later double-down by mandating the creation or ownership of a Microsoft account on a brand new computer runningWindows 11[147] which in of itself raises privacy concerns as opening a Microsoft account requires agreeing to an EULA.[148][149]
In May 2020, Microsoft announced that a number of itsMSN contract journalists would be replaced by robot journalism leading to criticism about which stories would be displayed and their quality.[150][151][152]
Microsoft has come under some criticism for its attitude to homosexuality and Xbox Live. Users may not use the string "gay" in a gamertag (even in a non-homosexual context, for example as part of a surname), or refer to homosexuality in their profile (including self-identifying as such), as the company considers this "content of a sexual nature" or "offensive" to other users and therefore unsuitable for the service.[153][154][155] After banning 'Teresa', a lesbian gamer who had been harassed by other users for being a homosexual, a senior Xbox Live team member,Stephen Toulouse, has clarified the policy, stating that "Expression of any sexual orientation [...] is not allowed in gamertags" but that they are "examining how we can provide it in a way that won't get misused".[156][157]GLAAD weighed in on the controversy as well, supporting the steps that Microsoft has taken over the years to engage the LGBT community.[158]
On January 22, 2021, Microsoft announced that the pricing model forXbox Live subscriptions would be increasing across each price tier, with a year of the service doubling from US$60 to US$120 for users.[159] The move was met with widespread criticism from users and news media, with speculation that the change was meant to make theXbox Game Pass subscription more enticing.[160][161] In response to the backlash, on the same day that the price increase was announced, Microsoft reversed the decision to increase the price of Xbox Live.[162]
Asymmetric numeral systems is a widely used family of methods in data compression, whose author released it into public domain, wanting to be unrestricted by the patent system, and had stopped Google from patenting it.[163] In June 2019 Microsoft lodged a patent application called 'Features of range asymmetric number system encoding and decoding'.[164] The USPTO issued a final rejection of the application on October 27, 2020. Yet on March 2, 2021, Microsoft gave a USPTO explanatory filing stating "The Applicant respectfully disagrees with the rejections",[165] seeking to overturn the final rejection under the "After Final Consideration Pilot 2.0" program.[166] The application is currently still pending,[164] as USPTO has not confirmed if it will allow the rejection appeal to proceed. Microsoft won the patent in 2022.[167]
In 2020, theAustralian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands of being connected to forcedUyghur labor inXinjiang. Microsoft is reported as being supplied by three Chinese factories employing Uyghur and Xinjiang workers.[168] In 2024, a Microsoft incubator was reported to have provided support to two Chinese companies that sell software used forcensorship in China.[169]
The Israeli military has utilized Microsoft'sAzurecloud computing platform and AI services during theGaza war to identify targets. Since 2022, it has also used Microsoft's servers to store millions of hours of intercepted Palestinians' phone calls.[170] TheIsraeli Ministry of Defense is Microsoft's second largest military customer. This relationship has led to protests within the company.[171][172] In response, Microsoft employees founded the "No Azure forApartheid" campaign to advocate for the company to cut ties with Israel.[173] The group is a part of the largerNo Tech for Apartheid movement.[174]
In October 2024, Microsoft fired two employees who organized an unauthorized vigil at its Redmond headquarters to honor Palestinians killed in theGaza war. The employees, part of the group "No Azure for Apartheid", sought to address the company's involvement in the Israeli government's use of its technology.[175]
During a February 2025 meeting, five employees were kicked out for wearing shirts that spelled out "Does Our Code Kill Kids,Satya?".[176] On 20 March 2025, before an event at Seattle's Great Hall withBrad Smith andSteve Ballmer, protestors projected "Microsoft powersgenocide" on the wall. Subsequently, two employees interrupted AI executive Mustafa Suleyman at a speaking event on 4 April 2025 in protest at the company's support of Israel.[172] In May 2025, an employee interrupted Satya Nadella's keynote speech.[177]
In April 2025, theBoycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement added Microsoft to its list of targets for partnering "with the apartheid regime of Israel and its prison system".[178]
In June 2025, due to a Trump executive order, Microsoft suspended the email account of anInternational Criminal Court prosecutor who was investigating Israel for war crimes.[179][180] According to Microsoft, this decision was made in consultation with the ICC, and the company has since enacted policy changes to prevent similar situations in the future, and when four additional ICC judges were sanctioned shortly after, their email accounts were not suspended.[179]
In August 2025, 5 Microsoft workers were fired in connection to protests at Microsoft HQ in Redmond.[181] Microsoft workers set up encampments, establishing a Liberated Zone on the Martyred Palestinian Children's Plaza,[182] formerly known as the Microsoft East Campus Plaza on August 19 and 20.[183][184] On August 20, 20 protestors were violently arrested.[185][186] On August 26, 7 tech workers, including 6 current and former Microsoft workers sat-in Microsoft PresidentBrad Smith's office[187][188] and were arrested.[189]
Criticism of other software companies:
General mechanisms at work:
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help) (public comment onUS v. Microsoft under theTunney Act)Contrary to what some people believed at the time, SQL Server 6.5 made no use of hidden APIs to reach the scalability levels it achieved.
I also detected another old saw about hidden advantages or undocumented APIs that somehow made Word better than competing apps. The reality on this is so counter to the conspiracy it is astounding. The Office team barely talks to the Windows team.
Under the Community Promise, Microsoft provides assurance that it will not assert its Necessary Claims against anyone who makes, uses, sells, offers for sale, imports, or distributes any Covered Implementation under any type of development or distribution model, including open-source licensing models such as the LGPL or GPL.
It is common practice in the software industry to register patents as protection against litigation, rather than as an intent to litigate. Thus mere existence of a patent, without a claim of infringement, is not sufficient reason to warrant exclusion from the Ubuntu Project.
We haven't come to a legal conclusion that is pat enough for us to make the decision to take mono out
'However, consumers benefit from the preinstallation of Windows on PCs. It provides the best user experience from the time a consumer first turns on the PC and saves consumers the substantial effort and resources associated with having to install an operating system that functions properly' ... 'Computer manufacturers are free to sell PCs pre-installed with another operating system or no operating system at all,' the [Microsoft] spokesperson continued. 'It's also important to note that Microsoft's agreements with OEMs are nonexclusive.'
{{cite news}}:|last= has generic name (help){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)Discussions of Microsoft's business practices:
TCO:
Tax evasion:
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