| People's Republic of China | |
|---|---|
| Crime rates* (2020) | |
| Violent crimes | |
| Homicide | Unknown |
| Rape | Unknown |
| Robbery | Unknown |
| Property crimes | |
| Burglary | Unknown |
Notes *Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. | |
Crime in thePeople's Republic of China occurs in various forms. Thegovernment of the People's Republic of China does not release exact unified statistics on crime rates and the rate of criminal offending due to such information being considered politically and socially sensitive. Scarce official statistics released are the subject of much academic debate due to allegations of statistical fabrication, under-reporting and corruption.[1][2] The illegal drug trade in China is a significant driver of violent crime, including murder.
According to theGlobal Organized Crime Index (2023), China is grappling with deep-seated criminal activities across diverse markets, while its resilience is limited bycorruption and the centralized control of governance andinformation.[3]
A distinguishing feature of theQin dynasty was its treatment of criminals: harsh but careful and fair.[4] Succeeding dynasties moderated the law in various ways. In theMing dynasty, commercialization and urbanization meant that scams abounded.[5]Fences who disposed of stolen goods thrived.[5] The People's Republic of China (PRC was established in 1949 and, from 1949 to 1956, underwent the process of transferring themeans of production tocommon ownership.[6] During this time, the new government worked to decrease the influence of criminal gangs[7] and reduce the prevalence of narcotics[6] and gambling.[8] Efforts to crack down on criminal activity by the government led to a decrease in crime.[8]
Between 1949 and 1956, larceny, arson, rape, murder, and robbery were major nonpolitical offenses.[8] The majority of economic crimes were committed by business people who engaged in tax evasion, theft of public property, andbribery.[8]
Government officials also engaged in illegal economic activity, which included improperly taking public property and accepting bribes.[8] Between 1957 and 1965, rural areas experienced little reported crime.[8] Crime rates increased later. The year 1981 represented a peak in reported crime.[9] This may have been correlated to theeconomic reform in the late 1970s, which allowed some elements of amarket economy and gave rise to an increase in economic activity.[9] Below is a comparison of reported cases of crime from 1977 to 1988 (excluding economic crimes):[10]
| Year | 1977[10] | 1978[10] | 1979[10] | 1980[10] | 1981[10] | 1982[10] | 1983[10] | 1984[10] | 1985[10] | 1986[10] | 1987[10] | 1988[10] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of cases | 548,415 | 535,698 | 636,222 | 757,104 | 890,281 | 748,476 | 610,478 | 514,369 | 542,005 | 547,115 | 570,439 | 827,706 |
| Incidents of criminal case per 10,000 people | 5.8 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 7.5 |
Crime by youth increased rapidly in the 1980s. Crime by youths consisted 60.2% of total crime in 1983, 63.3% in 1984, 71.4% in 1985, 72.4% in 1986, and 74.3% in 1987.[10] The number of fleeing criminals increased over the years.[11] Economic crimes have increased in recent years.[11] From 1982 to 1988, the total number of economic crimes were 218,000.[11]
In 1989, a total of 76,758 cases of economic offenses were registered, which included bribery, smuggling, andtax evasion.[11] The changes in economic policy had an influence on the characteristics of criminality.[12] Since the second plenary session of the eleventhCentral Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, crime has increased and diversified.[12]
In 2011, the reported murder rate in China was 1.0 per 100,000 people, with 13,410 murders. The murder rate in 2018 was 0.5.[13][14] The reported murder rates have been criticized forunder-reporting unsolved murders due to police salaries being based on the rate of solved cases.[15][16]
Corruption exists in China.[17][18] Between 1978 and 2003, an estimated $50 billion was smuggled out of the country by corrupt officials.[19]
There are instances of human trafficking reported in China for various purposes.[20] The majority of trafficking in PRC is internal, and this domestic trafficking is the most significant human trafficking problem in the country.[20]
Domestic and transnational criminal organizations carry outsex trafficking in China.[21][22] Women are lured through false promises of legitimate employment into commercial sexual exploitation inTaiwan,Thailand,Malaysia,Pakistan, andJapan.[20] Chinese men are smuggled to countries throughout the world for exploitative labor.[20] Women and children are trafficked into PRC fromMongolia,Burma,North Korea,Russia, andVietnam for forced labor and sexual slavery.[20]
PRC is a major transshipment point forheroin produced in theGolden Triangle.[20] Growing domestic drug abuse is a significant problem in PRC.[20] Available estimates place the domestic spending on illegal drugs to be $17 billion.[23] Drug abuse has spread rapidly in China since its re-emergence as a national problem in the late 1980s. China's drug problem doesn't seem to be abating much. After some years of progress in the mid-2000s, the Chinese government is now acknowledging that the country has a long way to go in controlling.[24]
China has a high rate of domestic violence.[25] In 2004, theAll-China Women’s Federation compiled survey results to show that thirty percent of the women in China experienceddomestic violence within their homes.[26]
In 2015, the Chinese government enacted the Anti-domestic Violence Law.[27] In China, there is an ongoing issue that often remains unnoticed: domestic violence. Approximately 40% of women in China face domestic violence, and an alarming 10% of homicides in the country stem from intimate partner violence. These distressing occurrences persist despite legal measures against domestic violence, primarily due to the deeply entrenched patriarchal norms ingrained within Chinese society.[28][29]
From January to July 1996, approximately 300,000 illegal small arms were seized from fourteen provinces of the country.[30]
China has a significant level of organized criminal activity across various sectors. The country is both a source and destination forhuman trafficking, involvingforced labor andsexual exploitation. Smuggling networks often exploit economic ambitions, with Chinese nationals being trafficked abroad under false pretenses.[3] China is a major player in the globalsynthetic drug market and an importanttransit hub forheroin andcocaine, though it has seen a decline in domestic heroin consumption.[3] China remains the world’s largest producer ofcounterfeit goods, which are facilitated bye-commerce platforms. Despite efforts to curb this, the trade remains pervasive.[3] Illegallogging,wildlife trafficking, and mining are critical issues, driven by demand for rare resources liketimber and minerals.[3]Financial fraud,money laundering, andcybercrime are significant and growing concerns, with criminal organizations adopting sophisticated digital tools to evade detection.[3]
Criminal networks operate often in collaboration withforeign actors. While mafia-style groups are relatively small and non-violent in mainland China, corruption within state structures further enables organized crime.[3]
Despite a relatively stronglaw enforcement framework, China’s efforts to combat organized crime are undermined by corruption, lack ofjudicial independence, andhuman rights abuses. While the state has shown resolve in addressing crime, itsanti-corruption campaigns are seen as politically motivated, andcivil society remains restricted.[3]
