Cream | |
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| Origin | London, England |
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| Spinoffs | Blind Faith |
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Cream were aBritish rocksupergroup formed in London in 1966. The group consisted of bassistJack Bruce, guitaristEric Clapton and drummerGinger Baker. Bruce was the primary songwriter and vocalist, although Clapton and Baker contributed to songs. Formed by members of previously successful bands, they are widely considered the first supergroup.[6] Cream were highly regarded for the instrumental proficiency of each of their members.
During their brief three-year career, the band released four albums:Fresh Cream (1966),Disraeli Gears (1967),Wheels of Fire (1968), andGoodbye (1969). Beginning withDisraeli Gears, the band was joined in the studio by producer and multi-instrumentalistFelix Pappalardi. Their music spanned rock styles such asblues rock,psychedelia, andhard rock. Throughout their career, they sold more than 15 million records worldwide.[7] The group's third album,Wheels of Fire (1968), is the firstplatinum-sellingdouble album.[8][9] They scored international hits with singles such as "Sunshine of Your Love" (1967) and "White Room" (1968).
Tensions between Bruce and Baker led to their decision in May 1968 to break up, although the band were persuaded to make a final album,Goodbye, and to tour, culminating in two final farewell concerts at theRoyal Albert Hall on 25 and 26 November 1968 which were filmed and shown in theatres, then in 1977 released as a home video,Farewell Concert. The group briefly reunited twice following their breakup: in 1993 for their induction into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame and again in 2005 for a series of concerts. Bruce died in 2014 followed by Baker in 2019, leaving Clapton as the last living member of the group.
In 1993, Cream were inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame.[10] They were included in bothRolling Stone andVH1's lists of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", at number 67 and 61 respectively.[11][12] They were also ranked number 16 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".[4]
By July 1966,Eric Clapton's career withthe Yardbirds andJohn Mayall & the Bluesbreakers had earned him a reputation as one of the premierblues guitarists in Britain.[13] Clapton, however, found the environment of Mayall's band confining, and sought to expand his playing in a new band. In 1966, Clapton metGinger Baker, then the drummer ofthe Graham Bond Organisation, for whichJack Bruce had played bass guitar, harmonica and piano. Baker felt stifled in the Graham Bond Organisation and had grown tired ofGraham Bond's drug addictions and bouts of mental instability. "I had always liked Ginger", explained Clapton. "Ginger had come to see me play with the Bluesbreakers. After the gig he drove me back to London in his Rover. I was very impressed with his car and driving. He was telling me that he wanted to start a band, and I had been thinking about it too."[14]
Each was impressed with the other's playing abilities, prompting Baker to ask Clapton to join his new, then-unnamed group. Clapton immediately agreed, on the condition that Baker hire Bruce, who had joinedManfred Mann since leaving Graham Bond, as the group's bassist;[9] according to Clapton, Baker was so surprised at the suggestion that he almost crashed the car.[15] Clapton had met Bruce when the bassist/vocalist briefly played with the Bluesbreakers in November 1965;[9][16] the two also had recorded together as part of anad hoc group dubbedPowerhouse (which also includedSteve Winwood andPaul Jones). Impressed with Bruce's vocals and technical prowess, Clapton wanted to work with him on an ongoing basis.
In contrast, while Bruce was in Bond's band, he and Baker had been notorious for their quarrelling.[17] Their volatile relationship included on-stage fights and the sabotage of one another's instruments.[17] After Baker fired Bruce from the band, Bruce continued to arrive for gigs; ultimately, Bruce was driven away from the band after Baker threatened him at knifepoint.[18]
Baker and Bruce tried to put aside their differences for the good of Baker's new trio, which he envisioned as collaborative, with each of the members contributing to music and lyrics. The band was named "Cream", as Clapton, Bruce, and Baker were already considered the "cream of the crop" among blues and jazz musicians in the explodingBritish music scene. Before deciding upon "Cream", the band considered calling themselves "Sweet 'n' Sour Rock 'n' Roll".[8] Of the trio, Clapton had the biggest reputation in England; however, he was unknown in the United States, having left the Yardbirds before "For Your Love" hit theAmerican Top Ten.[13]
The band made its unofficial debut at theTwisted Wheel on 29 July 1966.[9][15] Its official debut came two nights later at the Sixth Annual Windsor Jazz & Blues Festival.[9][15] Being new and with few original songs to its credit, they performed blues reworkings that thrilled the large crowd and earned it a warm reception. In October the band also got a chance to jam withJimi Hendrix, who had recently arrived in London. Hendrix was a fan of Clapton's music and wanted a chance to play with him onstage.[9]
It was during the early organisation that they decided Bruce would serve as the group's lead vocalist. While Clapton was shy about singing,[19] he occasionally harmonised with Bruce, and in time, took lead vocals on several Cream tracks including "Four Until Late", "Strange Brew", "World of Pain", "Outside Woman Blues", "Crossroads", and "Badge".
The band's debut album,Fresh Cream, was recorded and released in 1966. The album reached number 6 in the UK charts and number 39 in the US. It was evenly split between self-penned originals and blues covers, including "Four Until Late", "Rollin' and Tumblin'", "Spoonful", "I'm So Glad"[20] and "Cat's Squirrel". The rest of the songs were written by either Jack Bruce or Ginger Baker. ("I Feel Free", a UK hit single,[9] was included on only the American edition of the LP.) The track "Toad" contained one of the earliest examples of a drum solo in rock music asGinger Baker expanded upon his early composition "Camels and Elephants", written in 1965 withthe Graham Bond Organisation.
The band first visited the US in March 1967 to play nine dates at the RKO 58th Street Theatre in New York City. There was little impact, as impresarioMurray the K placed them at the bottom of a six-act bill that performed three times per date, eventually reducing the band to one song per concert.[citation needed] They returned to recordDisraeli Gears in New York between 11 and 15 May 1967.[21] This, the band's second album, was released in November 1967 and reached the top five in the charts on both sides of the Atlantic.[citation needed] Produced byFelix Pappalardi (who later co-founded the Cream-influenced hard rock bandMountain) and engineerTom Dowd, it was recorded atAtlantic Studios in New York.Disraeli Gears is often considered to be the band's defining effort, successfully blending psychedelic British rock with American blues.[citation needed]
Disraeli Gears also included "Sunshine of Your Love", which became the group's highest-charting song, peaking at number five on the U.S.BillboardHot 100.[22]
The album was originally slated for release in the summer of 1967, but the record label opted to scrap the planned cover and repackage it with a new psychedelic cover, designed by artistMartin Sharp, and the resulting changes delayed its release for several months.[citation needed] The cover was remarkable for the time, with apsychedelic design patterned over a publicity photo of the trio.
In August 1967, the band played their first headlining dates in the US, first atThe Fillmore in San Francisco and later atThe Pinnacle in Los Angeles. The concerts were a great success and proved very influential on both the band itself and the flourishinghippie scene surrounding them. Upon discovering a growing listening audience, the band began to stretch out on stage, incorporating more time in their repertoire, some songs reaching jams of twenty minutes. Long, drawn-out jams in numbers like "Spoonful", "N.S.U.", "I'm So Glad", and "Sweet Wine" became live favourites, while songs like "Sunshine of Your Love", "Crossroads", and "Tales of Brave Ulysses" remained reasonably short.[citation needed]
In 1968 came the band's third release,Wheels of Fire, which topped the American charts. The album was recorded in a spate of short sessions from July 1967 to June 1968.[citation needed] Still a relative novelty, the double album of two LP records was well-suited to extended solos. TheWheels of Fire studio recordings showcased the band moving away from the blues and more towards a semi-progressive rock style highlighted by oddtime signatures and various orchestral instruments.[citation needed] However, the band did recordHowlin' Wolf's "Sitting on Top of the World" andAlbert King's "Born Under a Bad Sign". According to aBBC interview with Clapton, the record company,Atco Records, also handling Albert King, asked the band to cover "Born Under a Bad Sign", which became a popular track off the record.[citation needed] The opening song, "White Room", became a radio staple. Another song, "Politician", was written by the band while waiting to perform live at the BBC.[14] The album's second disc included three live recordings from the Winterland Ballroom and one from the Fillmore. Clapton's second solo from "Crossroads" has made it to the top 20 in multiple "greatest guitar solo" lists.[23][24]
After the completion ofWheels of Fire in mid-1968, the band members had grown tired of their exhausting touring schedule and increasingly loud jamming, and wanted to go their separate ways. Baker stated in a 2006 interview withMusic Mart magazine, "It just got to the point where Eric said to me: 'I've had enough of this', and I said so have I. I couldn't stand it. The last year with Cream was just agony. It damaged my hearing permanently, and today I've still got a hearing problem because of the sheer volume throughout the last year of Cream. But it didn't start off like that. In 1966, it was great. It was really a wonderful experience musically, and it just went into the realms of stupidity."[citation needed] Bruce and Baker's combustible relationship proved even worse as a result of the strain put upon the band by non-stop touring, forcing Clapton to play the perpetual role of peacekeeper.
Clapton had also become interested in the music ofBob Dylan's former backing group, now known asthe Band, and their debut album,Music from Big Pink,[9] which proved to be a welcome breath of fresh air to Clapton in comparison to the psychedelia and volume that had defined Cream. Furthermore, he had read a scathing Cream review inRolling Stone, a publication he had much admired, in which the reviewer,Jon Landau, called him a "master of the blues cliché".[9] In the wake of that article, Clapton wanted to end Cream and pursue a different musical direction.
At the beginning of the band's farewell tour on 4 October 1968, in Oakland, California, nearly the entire set consisted of songs fromWheels of Fire: "White Room", "Politician", "Crossroads", "Spoonful", and "Deserted Cities of the Heart", with "Passing the Time" taking the place of "Toad" for a drum solo. "Passing the Time" and "Deserted Cities" were quickly removed from the setlist and replaced by "Sitting on Top of the World" and "Toad".[citation needed]
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From its creation, Cream was faced with some fundamental problems that would later lead to its dissolution in November 1968. The antagonism between Bruce and Baker created tensions in the band. Clapton also felt that the members of the band did not listen to each other enough. Equipment during these years had also improved; newMarshall amplifier stacks produced more power, and Jack Bruce pushed the volume levels higher, creating tension for Baker, who would have trouble competing with roaring stacks. Clapton spoke of a concert during which he stopped playing and neither Baker nor Bruce noticed.[17] Clapton has also commented that Cream's later gigs mainly consisted of its members showing off.[25]
Cream decided that they would break up in May 1968 during a tour of the US.[26] Later, in July, the band announced that they would break up after a farewell tour of the US and after playing two concerts in London. Jack Bruce was quoted as saying "Travel can kill a group. It becomes boring, tiring and very depressing."[27]
Cream were eventually persuaded to do one final album, appropriately titledGoodbye. The album was recorded in late 1968 and released in early 1969, after the band had broken up.[citation needed] It comprised six songs: three live recordings dating from a concert atThe Forum in Los Angeles, California, on 19 October, and three new studio recordings (including "Badge", which was written by Clapton andGeorge Harrison, who also played rhythm guitar and was credited as "L'Angelo Misterioso"). "I'm So Glad" was included among the live tracks.
Cream's farewell tour consisted of 22 shows at 19 venues in the US from 4 October to 4 November 1968, and two final farewell concerts at theRoyal Albert Hall on 25 and 26 November 1968. The final US gig was at theRhode Island Auditorium on 4 November. The band arrived late, and due to local restrictions, were able to perform only two songs, "Toad" and a 20+ minute version of "Spoonful".[citation needed] The two Royal Albert Hall concerts were filmed for aBBC documentary and released on video (and later DVD) asFarewell Concert. Both shows were sold out and attracted more attention than any other Cream concert, but their performance was regarded by many as below standard. Baker himself said of the concerts: "It wasn't a good gig ... Cream was better than that ... We knew it was all over. We knew we were just finishing it off, getting it over with." Bruce had three Marshall stacks on stage for the farewell shows but one acted only as a spare, and he only used one or two, depending on the song.[26] In an interview fromCream: Classic Artists, he added that the band was getting worse by the minute.
Blind Faith, a band that included both Clapton and Baker, was formed after the demise of Cream, following an attempt by Clapton to recruitSteve Winwood into Cream in the hope that he would help act as a buffer between Bruce and Baker.[15] Inspired by more song-based acts, Clapton went on to perform very different, less improvisational material withDelaney & Bonnie,Derek and the Dominos, and in his own long and varied solo career.[citation needed]
Bruce began a varied and successful solo career with the 1969 release ofSongs for a Tailor, while Baker formed a jazz-fusion ensemble,Ginger Baker's Air Force, from the remnants of Blind Faith, with Winwood, Blind Faith bassistRick Grech, Graham Bond on saxophone, and guitaristDenny Laine ofthe Moody Blues and (later)Wings.[citation needed]
All three members continued to explore new musical ideas and partnerships, play concerts and record music for over four decades after ending Cream.
In 1993, Cream were inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Fame and re-formed to perform at theinduction ceremony.[28] Initially, the trio were wary about performing, until encouraging words fromRobbie Robertson inspired them to try.[29] The set consisted of "Sunshine of Your Love", "Crossroads", and "Born Under a Bad Sign", a song they had previously played live just three times.[30] Clapton mentioned in his acceptance speech that their rehearsal the day before the ceremony had marked the first time they had played together in 25 years.[9] This performance spurred rumours of a reunion tour. Bruce and Baker said in later interviews that they were, indeed, interested in touring as Cream.[citation needed] A formal reunion did not take place immediately, as Clapton, Bruce and Baker continued to pursue solo projects, although the latter two worked together again in the mid-1990s as two-thirds of the power trioBBM with Irishblues rock guitaristGary Moore.
At Clapton's request, Cream reunited for a series of four shows, on 2, 3, 5, and 6 May 2005 at the Royal Albert Hall in London, the venue of their final concerts in 1968.[31] Although the three musicians chose not to speak publicly about the shows, Clapton would later state that he had become more "generous" in regard to his past, and that the physical health of Bruce and Baker was a major factor:[31] Bruce had recently undergone a transplant for liver cancer in 2003, and had almost lost his life, while Baker had severe arthritis.
Tickets for all four shows sold out in under an hour. The performances were recorded for a live CD and DVD. Among those in attendance wereBill Wyman,Steve Winwood,[32]Paul McCartney,Ringo Starr,Roger Waters,Brian May,Jimmy Page, andMick Taylor.[33] The reunion marked the first time the band had played "Badge" and "Pressed Rat and Warthog" live.[31]
Inspired by the success of the reunion, the band agreed to an additional set of three shows at theMadison Square Garden in New York City, from 24 to 26 October 2005.[34] According to Clapton, these concerts did not live up to the Royal Albert Hall performances due to, among other reasons, lack of rehearsal and the resurgence of old grudges among band members.[35]
In February 2006, Cream received aGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of their contribution to, and influence upon, modern music.[36][37] That same month, a "Classic Albums" DVD was released detailing the story behind the creation and recording ofDisraeli Gears. On the day prior to the Grammy ceremony, Bruce made a public statement that more one-off performances of Cream had been planned: multiple dates in a few cities, similar to the Royal Albert Hall and Madison Square Garden shows.
However, this story was denied by both Clapton and Baker, first by Clapton inThe Times in April 2006. When asked about Cream, Clapton said: "No. Not for me. We did it and it was fun. But life is too short. I've got lots of other things I would rather do, including staying at home with my kids. The thing about that band was that it was all to do with its limits ... it was an experiment." In an interview in the UK magazineMusic Mart, about the release of a DVD about theBlind Faith concert inHyde Park 1969, Baker commented about his unwillingness to continue the Cream reunion. These comments were far more specific and explosive than Clapton's, as they were centred around his relationship with Jack Bruce. Ginger said, "When he's Dr. Jekyll, he's fine ... It's when he's Mr. Hyde that he's not. And I'm afraid he's still the same. I tell you this – there won't ever be any more Cream gigs, because he did Mr. Hyde in New York last year."[38]
When asked to elaborate, Baker replied:
Oh, he shouted at me on stage, he turned his bass up so loud that he deafened me on the first gig. What he does is that he apologises and apologises, but I'm afraid, to do it on a Cream reunion gig, that was the end. He killed the magic, and New York was like 1968 ... It was just a get through the gig, get the money sort of deal. I was absolutely amazed. I mean, he demonstrated why he got the sack from Graham Bond and why Cream didn't last very long on stage in New York. I didn't want to do it in the first place simply because of how Jack was. I have worked with him several times since Cream, and I promised myself that I would never work with him again. When Eric first came up with the idea, I said no, and then he phoned me up and eventually convinced me to do it. I was on my best behaviour and I did everything I could to make things go as smooth as possible, and I was really pleasant to Jack.[38]
Bruce told Detroit'sWCSX radio station in May 2007 that there were plans for a Cream reunion later in the year. It was later revealed that the potential performance was to be November 2007 in London as a tribute toAhmet Ertegun. The band decided against it and this was confirmed by Bruce in a letter to the editor of the Jack Bruce fanzine,The Cuicoland Express, dated 26 September 2007:
Dear Marc,
We were going to do this tribute concert for Ahmet when it was to be at the Royal Albert Hall but decided to pass when it was moved to the O2 Arena and seemed to be becoming overly commercial.
The headlining act for the O2 ArenaAhmet Ertegun Tribute Concert (postponed to December 2007) turned out to be from another reunited English hard-rock act,Led Zeppelin. Baker and Bruce appeared on stage in London in December 2008, when Baker was awarded a lifetime achievement award by legendary cymbal manufacturerZildjian.[39] In an interview with BBC 6 Music in April 2010, Bruce confirmed that there would be no more Cream shows, stating simply, "Cream is over."[40] Bruce died on 25 October 2014 and Baker died on 6 October 2019, leaving Clapton as the last surviving member.[41][42]
The members of Cream were described by Richie Unterberger ofAllMusic as "[yearning] to break free of the confines of the standard rock/R&B/blues group". He described the band's first albumFresh Cream as "electrified andamped-up traditional blues", and described the band's second albumDisraeli Gears as "invigorating, sometimesbeguiling hard-drivingpsychedelic pop" that used "expected, crunching"guitar riffs.[43] According to Hugh ofClassic Rock, "Cream pioneered a fusion of rock, blues and jazz that directly influenced an entire generation of musicians and therefore the course of rock music over the next decade. And the legacy continues to filter down." He also assessed, "Before Cream [formed] in 1966, most British pop music stuck pretty rigidly to a verse/ chorus format, and any instrumental solo was generally confined to repeating the melody. Cream changed all that. [...] They took the two-note riff that comprised Willie Dixon’sSpoonful and stretched it from two-and-a-half minutes to six-and-a-half, exaggerated it, and improvised all around it with a dazzling display of virtuoso playing." Baker and Bruce’s styles were rooted in jazz, while Clapton brought a blues background to the fore. Fielder wrote, "Clapton may not have had the musical knowledge and technique that Baker and Bruce possessed, but he had a God-given gift that enabled the group to justify their audacious name."[44]
Jim Sullivan of NPR conferred the titles of "rock’s most legendary power trio" and "arguably [rock music's] first supergroup" on Cream.[45]
Dave Navarro ofJane's Addiction has cited Cream as an influence.[44]
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