Acoupe orcoupé (/kuːˈpeɪ/,alsoUS:/kuːp/) is a passenger car with a sloping or truncated rear roofline and typically with two doors.
The termcoupé was first applied to horse-drawn carriages for two passengers without rear-facing seats.[1][2] It comes from the French past participle ofcouper, "cut".[1]
Some coupé cars only have two seats, while some also feature rear seats. However, these rear seats are usually lower quality and much smaller than those in the front. Furthermore, "A fixed-top two-door sports car would be best and most appropriately be termed a 'sports coupe' or 'sports coupé'".[3]
Coupé (French pronunciation:[kupe]) is based on thepast participle of the French verbcouper ("to cut") and thus indicates a car which has been "cut" or made shorter than standard.[1] It was first applied tohorse-drawncarriages for two passengers without rear-facing seats.[2] Theseberlines coupées[4] orcarrosses coupés ("clipped carriages") were eventuallyclipped tocoupés.[5]
There are two common pronunciations in English:
A coupé is a fixed-roof car with a sloping rear roofline and one or two rows of seats. However, there is some debate surrounding whether a coupe must have two doors for passenger egress[9][10] or whether cars with four doors can also be considered coupés.[11] This debate has arisen since the early 2000s, when four-door cars such as theMazda RX-8 andMercedes-Benz CLS-Class have been marketed as "four-door coupés" or "quad coupés", although theRover P5 was a much earlier example, with a variant introduced in 1962 having a lower, sleeker roofline marketed as the Rover P5 Coupé.
In the 1940s and 1950s, coupés were distinguished fromsedans by their shorter roof area and sportier profile.[12] Similarly, in more recent times, when a model is sold in both coupé and sedan body styles, generally the coupe is sportier and more compact.[2][13][14] There have been a number of two-door sedans built as well, a bodystyle the French call acoach.
The 1977 version ofInternational Standard ISO 3833—Road vehicles - Types - Terms and definitions—defines a coupe as having two doors (along with a fixed roof, usually with limited rear volume, at least two seats in at least one row and at least two side windows).[15] On the other hand, the United StatesSociety of Automotive Engineers publication J1100[16][when?] does not specify the number of doors, instead defining a coupé as having a rear interior volume of less than 33 cu ft (934 L).[2][13]
The definition of coupé started to blur when manufacturers began to produce cars with a2+2 body style (which have a sleek, sloping roofline, two doors, and two functional seats up front, plus two small seats in the back).[17][18]
Some manufacturers also blur the definition of a coupé by applying this description to models featuring ahatchback or a rear cargo area access door that opens upwards.[19][20] Most often also featuring a fold-down back seat, the hatchback or liftback layout of these cars improves their practicality and cargo room.[21]
Thecoupe carriage body style originated from theberline horse-drawn carriage. The coupe version of the berline was introduced in the 18th century as a shortened ("cut") version with no rear-facing seat.[4][22][23][24] Normally, a coupé had a fixed glass window in the front of the passenger compartment.[25] The coupé was considered an ideal vehicle for women to use to go shopping or to make social visits.[26]
The early coupé automobile's passenger compartment followed in general conception the design of horse-drawn coupés,[27] with the driver in the open at the front and an enclosure behind him for two passengers on onebench seat.[28][29] The French variant for this word thus denoted a car with a small passenger compartment.[27]
By the 1910s, the term had evolved to denote a two-door car with the driver and up to two passengers in an enclosure with a single bench seat.[30][31] Thecoupé de ville, or coupé chauffeur, was an exception, retaining the open driver's section at front.[32]
In 1916, theSociety of Automobile Engineers suggested nomenclature for car bodies that included the following:[31][33]
Coupe: An enclosed car operated from the inside with seats for two or three and sometimes a backward-facing fourth seat.
Coupelet: A small car seating two or three with a folding top and full height doors with fully retractable windows.
Convertible coupe: Aroadster with a removable coupe roof.
During the 20th century, the term coupé was applied to various close-coupled cars (where the rear seat is located further forward than usual and the front seat further back than usual).[34][35]
Since the 1960s the termcoupé has generally referred to a two-door car with a fixed roof.[36]
Since 2005, several models with four doors have been marketed as "four-door coupés", however, reactions are mixed about whether these models are actually sedans instead of coupés.[37][38][39] According toEdmunds, an American automotive guide, "the four-door coupe category doesn't really exist."[40]
Aberlinetta is a lightweight sporty two-door car, typically with two seats but also including2+2 cars.[41]
A club coupe is a two-door car with a larger rear-seat passenger area,[2] compared with the smaller rear-seat area in a 2+2 body style. Thus, club coupes resemble coupes as both have two doors, but feature a full-width rear seat that is accessible by tilting forward the backs of the front seats.[42]
Ahardtop coupe is a two-door car that lacks a structural pillar ("B" pillar) between the front and rear side windows. When these windows are lowered, the effect is like that of a convertible coupé with the windows down.[43] The hardtop body style was popular in the United States from the early 1950s until the 2000s. It was also available in European and Japanese markets.[44][45] Safety regulations for roof structures to protect passengers in a rollover were proposed, limiting the development of new models.[46] The hardtop body style went out of style with consumers while the automakers focused on cost reduction and increasing efficiencies.[43]
Saab used the term "combi coupé" for a car body similar to theliftback.[47]
A two-door car with no rear seat or with a removable rear seat intended for traveling salespeople and other vendors carrying their wares with them. American manufacturers developed this style of coupe in the late 1930s.[48]
The 1921 and 1922LaFayette models were available in a variety of open and closed body styles that included a close-coupled version featuring two center-opening doors on each side that was marketed as a Four-Door Coupe.[49] The 1927Nash Advanced Six was available in four-door coupe body style.[50]
More recently, the description has been applied by marketers to describe four-door cars with a coupe-like roofline at the rear. The low-roof design reduces back-seat passenger access and headroom.[51] The designation was used for the low-roof model of the 1962–1973Rover P5,[52] followed by the 1992–1996Nissan Leopard / Infiniti J30.[53] Recent examples include the 2005Mercedes-Benz CLS, 2010Audi A7,Volkswagen CC,Volkswagen Arteon, and 2012BMW 6 Series Gran Coupe.[54][55][56]
Similarly, several cars with one or two small rear doors for rear seat passenger egress and no B-pillar have been marketed as "quad coupes". For example, the 2003Saturn Ion, the 2003Mazda RX-8, and the 2011-2022Hyundai Veloster.
Particularly popular in Europe, many cars are designed with coupe styling, but a three-door hatchback/liftback layout to improve practicality, including cars such as theJaguar E-Type,Mitsubishi 3000GT,Datsun 240Z,Toyota Supra,Mazda RX-7,Alfa Romeo Brera,[57]Ford/Mercury Cougar[58] andVolkswagen Scirocco.[59]
A two-door car designed for driving to the opera with easy access to the rear seats. Features sometimes included a folding front seat next to the driver[60][61] or a compartment to storetop hats.[62]
Often they would have solid rear-quarter panels, with small, circular windows, to enable the occupants to see out without being seen. Theseopera windows were revived on many U.S. automobiles during the 1970s and early 1980s.[63][need quotation to verify]
The three-window coupe (commonly just "three-window") is a style of automobile characterized by two side windows and a backlight (rear window).[64] The front windscreens are not counted. The three-window coupe has a distinct difference from the five-window coupe, which has an additional window on each side behind the front doors.[65] These two-door cars typically have small-sized bodies with only a front seat and an occasional small rear seat.[66]
The style was popular from the 1920s until the beginning ofWorld War II. While many manufacturers produced three-window coupes, the 1932 Ford coupe is often considered the classic hot rod.[67][68][69]
SomeSUVs orcrossovers with sloping rear rooflines are marketed as "coupe crossover SUVs" or "coupe SUVs", even though they have four side doors for passenger egress to the seats and rear hatches for cargo area access however only a car with 2 doors and no B style are considered a true coupe.
In the United States, some coupes are "simply line-extenders two-door variants of family sedans", while others have significant differences from their four-door counterparts.[70]
TheAMC Matador coupe (1974–1978) has a shorter wheelbase with a distinct aerodynamic design and fastback styling, sharing almost nothing with the conventionalthree-box design and more "conservative" four-door versions.[71][72][73]
Similarly, theChrysler Sebring andDodge Stratus coupes and sedans (late-1990 through 2000s), have little in common except their names.[74] The coupes were engineered by Mitsubishi and built in Illinois, while the sedans were developed by Chrysler and built in Michigan.[75] Some coupes may share platforms with contemporary sedans.
Coupes may also exist as model lines in their own right, either closely related to other models, but named differently – such as theAlfa Romeo GT orInfiniti Q60 – or have little engineering in common with other vehicles from the manufacturer – such as theToyota GT86.
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I have... heard... coop for coupé
Coupé (some designers still insist on the 'koo-pay' pronunciation) is the French verb meaning 'to cut,' and it was first applied to 19th Century carriages, where the rear-facing seats had been eliminated, or cut out.
For the use of ladies making calls or engaged in shopping, no better carriage has yet been invented.
Here it is, with other body types and distinctions, officially determined recently by the Nomenclature Division of the Society of Automobile Engineers
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