Wicklow is named after itscounty town ofWicklow, which derives from the nameVíkingaló (Old Norse for "Vikings' Meadow").Wicklow County Council is thelocal authority for the county, which had a population of 155,258 at the2022 census.[2] Colloquially known as the "Garden of Ireland"[4] for its scenery—which includes extensive woodlands, nature trails, beaches, and ancient ruins while allowing for a multitude of walking, hiking, and climbing options—it is the 17th largest of Ireland's 32 counties by area[5] and the 16th largest by population.[6] It is also the fourth largest of Leinster's 12 counties by size and the fifth largest in terms of population.
During the 5th century Saint Palladius, a bishop from Britain or Gaul was sent to 'the Irish believing in Christ.' He and his companions landed at Wicklow harbour in the year 431 AD.[7] Palladius founded three ancient churches at Donard, Tigroney and Colbinstown.[7] Along with him came two clerics named St. Sylvester and Solonius who died and were buried at Donard. The local tribe in the area were called Cualann and their chief, a man named Naithi was opposed to these Christian missionaries.[7] Despite this hostility however Palladius seems to have gained support elsewhere as he was able to erect those three churches in the Wicklow area. After a rather unsuccessful stay in the county St. Palladius departed Ireland and journeyed to Scotland.[7]
A large number of early Irish saints male and female founded churches, monasteries and convents in Wicklow. Among them were St.Kevin, St.Dagan, St.Ernan, St.Credan, St. Baotan and the holy womenSt. Cainnear, St. Ceoltigherna, St. Fledh, St. Tartinna, St. Coine and St. Croine.[8][9][10][11][12] The ancientmonastery ofGlendalough is located in the county.
County Wicklow was the last of the traditional counties of Ireland to be shired in1606 from land previously part of countiesDublin andCarlow. Established as a distinct county, it was aimed at controlling local groups such as theO'Byrnes. TheMilitary Road, stretching fromRathfarnham toAghavannagh crosses the mountains, north to south, and was built by government forces to assist them in defeating the rebels still active in theWicklow Mountains following the failedIrish Rebellion of 1798.[13] It provided them with access to an area that had been a hotbed of Irish rebellion for centuries. Several barracks to house the soldiers were built along the route; in 1974 theGlencree Centre for Peace and Reconciliation was opened alongside the remains of Glencree barracks. Battalions of theIrish Army use firing ranges in County Wicklow for tactical exercises, especially the largest one in theGlen of Imaal which was previously used by theBritish Army prior to independence.[14][15][16]
There was a briefWicklow gold rush in the year 1795 near the village ofWoodenbridge that lasted for a month, during which as many as 80 kilograms of gold was recovered by unlicensed prospectors before the government took over.[17]
During theCromwellian conquest of Ireland, local authorities immediately surrendered without a fight. During the Irish Rebellion of 1798, some of theUnited Irishmen insurgents took refuge in the Wicklow Mountains,[18] resulting in clashes between British forces and rebels commanded byJoseph Holt near Aughrim and later at Arklow.[19]
The boundaries of the county were extended in 1957 by the Local Government Act[20] which "detached lands from theCounty of Dublin and from the jurisdiction and powers of the Council of the County of Dublin" near Bray and added them to the County of Wicklow.
Wicklow was the first county in Ireland to lose theIrish language, with only around 2% of people speaking it in the 1770s. It was spoken on the Western slopes of theWicklow Mountains in the 1790s. Andrew and Hannah Byrne ofGlenealy, who both died in 1830, were among the last native speakers in the county.[21]
Wicklow is part of theEastern and Midland Region of Ireland, within the province ofLeinster. It is bounded by four counties,Dublin to the north;Kildare andCarlow to the west;Wexford to the south; and theIrish Sea to the east. Wicklow is the 17th largest of Ireland's 32 traditional counties by land area, and the 16th most populous. It is the fourth largest of Leinster's 12 counties by size and the fifth most populous. The county is named after the town ofWicklow, located approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) south ofDublin, the capital city of Ireland.
TheWicklow Mountains are Ireland's largest continuous upland area and occupy a significant portion of the county, spanning the entire centre of Wicklow and stretching into Dublin and Wexford at their southern and northern fringes.Lugnaquilla, at 925 metres (3,035 ft) above sea level, is the tallest peak in the range, the highest mountain in Ireland outside ofCounty Kerry, and Ireland's 13th-highest mountain overall.[22] TheWicklow Mountains National Park, located in the middle of the county, is a dedicated protected area covering 205 square kilometres (50,657 acres), making it the largestnational park in Ireland.[23] TheWicklow Way was the firstlong-distance trail in the State, and crosses the range for 131 kilometres (81 mi).[24]
As with much of Ireland, Wicklow's terrain was sculpted by successive periods of glaciation during thequaternary. Weathering and erosion by ice carved out long valleys known asglens (from theIrishgleann) such asGlenmacnass,Glen of the Downs,Glenmalure,Glen of Imaal,Glencree andGlendalough. The Irish Sea Ice-Sheet began to retreat shortly after theLast Glacial Maximum ca. 20,000–23,000 years ago but significant ice masses persisted in the Wicklow Mountains for another 4,000–7,000 years.[28]
Major rivers include the 132-kilometre (82.0 mi)River Liffey, Ireland's 8th-longest river, which rises nearTonduff mountain and flows through the centre ofDublin City, reaching the Irish Sea atDublin Bay.[29] Its biggest tributary by volume, theRiver Dodder, rises along the northern slope ofKippure in the far north of the county, while the Kings River joins at Blessington Lakes. Multiple other Liffey tributaries flow within the county.[29]
The 117.5-kilometre (73.0 mi)River Slaney, which starts at Lugnaquilla, flows west and then south before reachingSt George's Channel atWexford town.[30] TheAvonmore andAvonbeg rivers join to form theAvoca River at theMeeting of the Waters in the Vale of Avoca.[31] TheRiver Derreen in the south of the county defines a section of the border with Carlow.
Poulaphouca Reservoir is the largest of Wicklow's lakes, covering 2,226 hectares (5,500 acres) in the west of the county.[33] It is the largest artificial lake in Ireland and was created following the damming of theRiver Liffey atPoulaphouca in 1940. The village of Ballinahown was completed submerged by the reservoir and its 70 families were relocated. Ruins of the old village including buildings, fences and farm machinery can be seen during droughts when water levels in the reservoir diminish.[34] The lowerVartry Reservoir, constructed between 1862 and 1868, is the county's second largest lake.
Beach atBrittas Bay. The county is a popular seaside destination
Wicklow has a relativelyshort coastline, at 64 kilometres (40 miles) in length.[35] Wicklow's coastline is mostly straight, with few sizable bays or inlets and no offshore islands, giving it a shorter coastline than smaller counties likeLouth and Dublin.Wicklow Head is the county's most prominent coastal headland, and is also the most easterly mainland point of the Republic of Ireland.[36] Wicklow's east coast is a popular domestic summer holiday destination, and the county has numerous beaches includingBrittas Bay, Clogga Beach, The Cove, Silver Strand Beach, Sallymount Bay Beach, Ennereilly Beach, Newcastle Beach, Arklow's Porter's Rock Beach and South Beach, Greystones North and South Beaches, Bray Strand, and Magheramore Beach.
The county has roughly 37,500 hectares (93,000 acres) of wooded area, the 8th highest total forest cover in Ireland. In terms of forest cover as a proportion of land area, Wicklow ranks second in the country, at 18.5%.[37] Known as the "Garden of Ireland", Wicklow was historically the county with the highest percentage of woodlands. The 2017 National Forestry Inventory revealed thatCounty Leitrim had overtaken it for the first time. Wicklow is in atemperate broadleaf and mixed forestsbiome, although the majority of Wicklow's forests are commercialconifers. The economictree line in the region is around 400 metres (1,300 ft), above whichhill farming andblanket bog dominates.[38]
In terms of urban development,Wicklow County Council imposes the most stringent planning restrictions in Ireland. In order to build a house outside of the main towns, a person must be "born and bred in the area, or have lived there for a period of 10 years" and must also demonstrate that the house is for their own housing needs, rather than for resale. Further, potential buyers in rural areas must be approved by the council before the homeowner is allowed to sell to them. The primary justification for these restrictions is to avoidone-off housing or other poorly planned developments which could put a strain on the county's infrastructure and degrade its natural environment.[39]
The climate of Wicklow istemperateoceanic (Köppen climate classificationCfb in most areas, andCfcoceanic subpolar in some highland areas), with cool, humid summers, and mild, wet winters. The climate of the eastern portion of the county is moderated by theIrish Sea and averages milder winters and cooler summers, while the western inland portion along theKildare border experiences warmer summers and colder winters. The county's upland interior experiences significantly lower temperatures and higher rainfall year-round.[42] Snow typically falls from December to March, but most low-lying and coastal areas see only a few days of lying snow per year, or may see no snow at all during some winters. The Wicklow Mountains region is the snowiest part of Ireland and can experience 50 or more days of snowfall each year.
On average, Wicklow receives more snowfall than any other county
The county experiences a narrow annual temperature range. Typical daytime highs range from 17–22 °C (63–72 °F) throughout the county in July and August, with overnight lows in the 11–14 °C (52–57 °F) range, although temperatures in the mountains can be 5–10 °C (41–50 °F) lower.[42] Mean January temperatures range from 7 °C (45 °F) on the coast to 0 °C (32 °F) at high elevations.[43] Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, although the wettest months (October and November) receive roughly twice as much rain as the driest months (February, March and April). The driest area of Wicklow is the northeast corner of the county, which is protected from the prevailing south-westerly winds by the Wicklow Mountains and receives around 750 mm (30 in) of rainfall per year.[44] The coastal region ofCounty Dublin immediately to the north is the driest location in all of Ireland as a result of therain shadow created by the mountains.[45]
Easterly winds can occur between February and May, and are often associated with extreme snowfall events such as the 2018 "Beast from the East" and the "Big Snow of 1947".[46] Much of Wicklow is very vulnerable to heavy snowfall and the county is typically the hardest hit by such events, with some areas recording over 2 feet (61 cm) of snow.[47] During the winter of 1947, residents ofRathdrum called upon theIrish Red Cross to drop them food parcels by plane as the village had been inaccessible by road for over a month due to heavy snow.[48]
Wicklow is occasionally affected byhurricanes, although they are usuallyextratropical storms by the time they reach Ireland. On 24 August 1986, duringHurricane Charley, 280 mm (11 in) of rain fell over a 24-hour period atKippure on the Wicklow-Dublin border, the greatest daily rainfall total ever recorded in Ireland.[49] The hurricane caused severe flooding and up to 1,000 homes had to be evacuated in Bray alone.[50] Other major floods in Wicklow which resulted in loss of life occurred in 1886–87, 1931, 1965 and 2011.[51]
Hiking waymakers, such as this one forSaint Kevin's Way, dot the Wicklow landscape
There are eight historicbaronies in the county.[52] While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units". The largest barony in Wicklow is Lower Talbotstown, at 88,704 acres (359 km2), and the smallest barony is Rathdown, at 33,463 acres (135 km2).
As of the2016 census, the resident population of Wicklow was 142,425, a 4.2% increase since theCensus of Ireland 2011.[59] The county's population is one of the fastest growing in the country, increasing 38.7 percent in the 20 years between 1996 and 2016. However, its share of theMid East's population has steadily fallen as Meath and Kildare have experienced even more rapid population growth.[60] While Bray remains by far the largest town in the county, improved transport links to Dublin such as upgrades to theM11 and the completion of theM50 in 2005 encouraged the growth of towns further south. Between 2002 and 2016 Bray grew by 5.3 percent. By contrast, over the same periodArklow grew by 32.2 percent,Greystones grew by 53.3 percent andRathnew grew by 133.9%.[61]
The most densely populated areas of the county are concentrated in the northeast, with over 50 percent of Wicklow's residents living within 15 kilometres (9 mi) of theDublin border.[62] Many of the county's largest urban areas are clustered in this region along an axis stretching fromBray toNewtownmountkennedy, which incorporatesGreystones,Delgany,Enniskerry,Kilmacanogue,Kilpedder andKilcoole. Outside of this region,Wicklow,Rathnew andArklow are the only sizable towns in the eastern portion of the county, whileBlessington is the only large settlement in west Wicklow.
The county's interior is very sparsely populated, with only a few small settlements located in the foothills of the Wicklow Mountains such asRathdrum,Laragh,Roundwood andTinahely. Mostsmall areas in central Wicklow have a population density of less than 20 people per km2, compared with an average of 77 people per km2 in the county as a whole.[62]
The gender makeup of the county in 2016 was 50.74% female and 49.26% male. 29.0% of the population were under the age of 19; 58% were between the ages of 19 and 64; and 13.0% were 65 years of age or older.[63]
Wicklow ethnic composition of population
Ethnicity
Population (2016)
Percentage
White
134,274
95.2%
Asian
2,310
1.6%
Others including mixed
1,659
1.2%
Black
524
0.4%
Not stated
2,313
1.6%
Whites of any ethnic background constituted 95.2% of the population in 2016: 86.0% were White Irish, 0.6%Irish Traveller, and 8.6% White of any other background.
Asians were the second largest ethnic group, comprising 1.6% of the county's population, followed by mixed race or other backgrounds at 1.2%. Just over 2,300 people (1.6%) did not state their ethnicity.
Accounting for just 0.4% of the population, Wicklow has by far the lowest percentage of black residents in theGreater Dublin Area. The 2016 census recorded 524 black residents in Wicklow, of which 408 (78%) were of African descent and 116 (22%) were of other black backgrounds.[64]
The 2016 census recorded that 65 percent of County Wicklow's residents lived in urban areas (settlements with a population greater than 1,500) and 35 percent lived in rural areas. Of County Wicklow's rural population, roughly 26 percent (36,800 people) live in the open countryside outside of any designated settlements, while 9 percent (13,032 people) live in settlements with less than 1,500 people.[65] According to theCSO reportUrban and Rural Life in Ireland 2019, County Wicklow (alongside County Kildare) has the highest proportion of residents living insatellite towns.[66]
The 10 largest settlements in the county are listed below. The county town is marked inbold.
As of 2016, around 85% of Wicklow's population was born within the Republic of Ireland, and a further 0.9% was born inNorthern Ireland.[68] Just over 38% of Wicklow's usually resident population was born within the county, making it the second least indigenous county in Ireland, after Meath. While around 35% of the county's population was born in neighbouring Dublin, it is likely that a significant portion of these are Wicklow natives who were born in one of Dublin's many hospitals.
People born in theUnited Kingdom are by far the largest immigrant group, comprising 5.9% of Wicklow's population (8,388 people). Of this group, only around half (4,045 people) stated that they were either UK or dual Irish-UK citizens. ThePoles are the second largest immigrant group, constituting 2.0% of the county's population. The census recorded 2,905 Polish citizens in Wicklow, of which 2,759 were born inPoland.[69] The fastest growing major immigrant groups between 2011 and 2016 wereRomanians,Indians andFilipinos. There was also a large increase in the number ofBrazilians (+107%),Italians (+59%) andSpaniards (+53%) living in Wicklow over this period.
The 2016 census showed that religious affiliation in Wicklow was as follows:Catholic 73%,Irreligion 13.3%, Other Christian 8.8%, Other stated religions 3.1%, and not stated 1.8%.[71]
The single largest religious denomination in 2016 was the Roman Catholic Church, with 103,947 adherents. This is a 4.4% decrease from the 2011 census. Catholicism in Wicklow reached its peak percentage in the 1961 census, when 87.5% of the population identified as Catholic. As of 2016, Wicklow is the second least Catholic county in the State, and among the most irreligious.
Other Christian denominations comprised 8.8% of the population. As a proportion of population, Wicklow has the largestChurch of Ireland affiliation of any county in the Republic of Ireland, at 6.2%, although this figure was historically much higher. The 1901 census recorded that just under 20% of Wicklow's population was affiliated with the Church of Ireland.[72] In 2016Greystones had the highest percentage of Protestants in the State (10.5%), and was also Ireland's least religious town, with 18.3% of residents stating they did not follow any religion.[73]
Just over 0.5% of the population adhered to smaller Protestant denominations such asPresbyterian,Apostolic andPentecostal. A further 1.05% of respondents stated that they were "Christian" but did not specify any denomination.Eastern Orthodox is the fastest growing of the major Christian denominations, increasing from 840 adherents in 2011 to 1,317 in 2016, a 56.7% increase.
The largest non-Christian religions wereIslam (0.4%) andHinduism (0.16%). All other stated religions constituted 2.5% of the population, and 1.8% of respondents did not state their religion.
Wicklow is home to several major water supply and hydroelectric facilities. TheTurlough Hillpumped-storage scheme, a significantcivil engineering project, was carried out in the mountains in the 1960s and 1970s.
Wicklow, often called "The Garden of Ireland", has been a popular tourist destination for many years, due to its scenery, beaches, walking, hiking and climbing options, and attractions including the ruins of the monastic city of Glendalough, Wicklow Gaol and water-based activities on reservoirs and the coast.
County Wicklow was formerly divided into therural districts of Baltinglass No. 1, Rathdown No. 2, Rathdrum, and Shillelagh, and theurban districts ofArklow,Bray andWicklow.[77] The rural districts were abolished in 1925.[78]Greystones, in the former rural district of Rathdown No. 2, was giventown commissioners in 1984.[79] The urban districts of Arklow, Bray and Wicklow and the town commissioners of Greystones becametown councils in 2002.[80] All town councils in Ireland were abolished in 2014.[81]
M11 motorway south of Wicklow townView from the Sally Gap along theR759
Wicklow has a well-maintained network ofregional roads which connect the county's western portion to its eastern portion, cross-cutting the Wicklow Mountains from east to west. Several north-south regional roads also traverse the mountains, providing amenity access to the county's interior.
The county is also serviced by aNational secondary road (N81) in western Wicklow, and aNational primary road (N11) in eastern Wicklow which becomes amotorway at Junction 14 north of Ashford. The N11/M11 is the main route used by Wicklow commuters heading northbound to Dublin. Southbound traffic can also be heavy on weekends due to the influx of Dublin visitors into Wicklow andWexford.[83]
Major routes include:
N11/M11 – Runs near the east coast for 129 km (80 mi), linkingDublin andWexford. Becomes the M11 at Junction 14 north ofAshford.
N81 – National secondary road that runs from Dublin toTullow, crossing through western Wicklow fromBlessington toBaltinglass.
R115 – Ireland's highest paved mountain pass. Follows the route of the old Military Road, constructed by theBritish Army from 1800 to 1809 to put down insurgents in the Wicklow mountains. Terminates atLaragh.
R412 – Regional road that runs north–south from the outskirts ofNaas, crossing through western Wicklow for 8 km (5.0 mi), terminating at the N81 near Loughmogue.
R725 – 53 km (33 mi) long regional road that crosses the Wicklow Mountains from east to west, connectingGorey toCarlow.
R747 – Crosses the southern foothills of the Wicklow Mountains throughTinahely, connectingArklow toBallitore.
R750 – Runs for 30 km (19 mi) in eastern Wicklow fromRathnew to the northern outskirts of Arklow.
R755 – North-south regional road that runs for 36 km (22 mi) from the N11 atKilmacanogue toRathdrum.
R756 – Runs west-east through theWicklow Gap for 32 km (20 mi) fromDunlavin to Laragh, intersecting the N81 at the village ofHollywood. The section from Hollywood to Laragh is known as theWicklow Gap Road.
R759 – Runs south-east to north-west through the Sally Gap. The road is 27 km (17 mi) in length, and in winter can be dangerous or impassable as it is not treated by the Local Authority.
R761 – 25 km (16 mi) long regional road that runs through several settlements in northeastern Wicklow (Bray, Greystones, Kilcoole, Newcastle) south to Rathnew.
Athatched cottage on the Dublin-Wicklow border circa 1895
Thevernacular architecture of County Wicklow conformed to that of Ireland as a whole. Unlike neighbouringCounty Wexford however, Wicklow was not a county generally associated withthatched roofing.[84] Historian Christiaan Corlett contends that thatch was "formerly very common in Wicklow until about the 1930s", when afterwards "during the 1930s, 40s and 50s the fashion in Wicklow was to replace thatch roofs withgalvanised ones".[84] Sometimes the old thatched roof was kept in place underneath the sheets of galvanising to act as a layer of insulation and dampen the noise of heavy rain.[84]
Mermaid, County Wicklow Arts Centre is based in Bray. Mermaid is the county's hub of artistic activity and creation, offering a programme in many art forms: visual arts, theatre productions, opera, dance performances, arthouse cinema, comedy and a music programme.[85] Two of the county's festivals take place in Arklow, the Arklow Music Festival and the Arklow Seabreeze Festival.
Local newspapers includeThe Bray People,Wicklow Times andWicklow People.
WicklowNews.net is a popular news website in the county. SeeWicklow News.
The local radio station in Wicklow isEast Coast FM. In 2010,Radio Nova became the second local radio service to be licensed for North Wicklow. The station broadcasts to Bray, Greystones, Kilmacanogue, Enniskerry and Blessington, in addition to Dublin, North Kildare and South Meath. It broadcasts to North Wicklow on 95.7 from Bray Head and 100.3 FM.Beat 102-103 also can be picked up in parts of South and West Wicklow where the borders of Wexford and Carlow meet.
The set for Kattegat for theVikings TV series, Ashford Studios
Much of the television seriesVikings, (Amazon Prime), was filmed atAshford Studios in the county, particularly scenes that required a green screen for subsequent CGI work. Some on-location filming was done elsewhere in the county. For example, certain scenes forVikings (season 6) were filmed at andPowerscourt Waterfall andPowerscourt Estate and inLough Tay. Ashford Studios was also the base for production of this final season.[87][88] The spinoff from the series,Vikings: Valhalla (Netflix), is also based at Ashford Studios.[89]
^"Stats Facts about your County – Wicklow".cso.ie. Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved24 August 2021.Area (Source: Ordnance Survey) / 202,662 Hectares{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^See Philip Smith (writer),An Introduction to the Architectural Heritage of County Wicklow. Dublin:Wordwell Press /Government of Ireland, Department of the Environment, Heritage, and Local Government, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, 2004.
^Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1957 (No. 1P of 1957). Enacted on 1 July 1957. Act of theOireachtas. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved fromIrish Statute Book on 8 February 2022.
^"Home".Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived fromthe original on 17 February 2012.
^Lee, JJ (1981). "On the accuracy of thePre-famine Irish censuses". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. (eds.).Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
^Local Government Act 1925, s. 3: Abolition of rural district councils (No. 5 of 1925, s. 3). Enacted on 26 March 1925. Act of theOireachtas. Retrieved fromIrish Statute Book on 22 December 2021.
Jackson, Patrick N. Wyse; Parkes, Matthew; Simms, Mike (2010).Geology of Ireland: County by County. Dublin, Ireland: Department of Geology,Trinity College Dublin.ISBN978-0-9521066-8-5.
McArdle, Peadar (2011).Gold Frenzy: The Story of Wicklow's Gold.Swinford: Albertine Kennedy Publishing.ISBN978-0-906002-08-7.
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