Thecounties of Ireland (Irish:Contaetha na hÉireann) are historic administrative divisions of the island. They began asNorman structures, and as the powers exercised by the Cambro-Norman barons and theOld English nobility waned over time, new offices of political control were established at a county level. The number of counties varied depending on the time period, however thirty-two is the traditionally accepted and used number.
In 1921, upon thepartition of Ireland, six of the traditional counties became part ofNorthern Ireland. In Northern Ireland,counties ceased to be used for local government in 1973.Districts are instead used. In theRepublic of Ireland, some counties have been split, resulting in the creation of new counties: there are currently 26 counties, 3 cities and 2 cities and counties that demarcate areas oflocal government in the Republic.
Terminology
The word "county" has come to be used in different senses for different purposes. In common usage, it can mean the 32 counties that existed prior to 1838 – the so-called traditional counties, 26 of which are in theRepublic of Ireland. The Local Government Acts define counties to include separate counties within the traditional county of Dublin.[1]
The counties in Dublin created in 1994 often drop the wordcounty entirely, or use it after the name; thus, for example, internet search engines show many more uses, on Irish sites, of "Fingal" than of either "County Fingal" or "Fingal County". Although official guidance does not use the term county as part of its name, the local council uses all three forms.[2][3]
In informal use, the wordcounty is often dropped except where necessary to distinguish between county and town or city; thus "Offaly" rather than "County Offaly", but "County Antrim" to distinguish it from Antrim town. The synonymshire is not used for Irish counties, although theMarquessate of Downshire was named in 1789 afterCounty Down.[a]
Parts of some towns and cities were exempt from the jurisdiction of the counties that surrounded them. These towns and cities had the status of acounty corporate, often granted by royal charter, which had all the judicial, administrative and revenue-raising powers of the regular counties.
History
Pre-Norman divisions of Ireland
Thepolitical geography of Ireland can be traced with some accuracy from the 6th century. At that time Ireland was divided into a patchwork ofpetty kingdoms with a fluid political hierarchy which, in general, had three traditional grades of king. The lowest level of political control existed at the level of theIrish:túath (pl.Irish:túatha). AIrish:túath was an autonomous group of people of independent political jurisdiction under a rí túaithe, that is, a local petty king.[5] About 150 such units of government existed. Eachrí túaithe was in turn subject to a regional or "over-king" (Irish:ruiri). There may have been as many as 20 genuineruiri in Ireland at any time.
A "king of over-kings" (Irish:rí ruirech) was often a provincial (Irish:rí cóicid) or semi-provincial king to whom several ruiri were subordinate. No more than six genuinerí ruirech were ever contemporary. Usually, only five such "king of over-kings" existed contemporaneously and so are described in theIrish annals asfifths (Irish:cúigí). The areas under the control of these kings were:Ulster (Irish:Ulaidh),Leinster (Irish:Laighin),Connacht (Irish:Connachta),Munster (Irish:An Mhumhan) andMide (Irish:An Mhídhe). Later record-makers dubbed themprovinces, in imitation ofRoman provinces. In the Norman period, the historic fifths of Leinster and Meath gradually merged, mainly due to the impact ofthe Pale, which straddled both, thereby forming the present-day province of Leinster.
The use ofprovinces as divisions of political power was supplanted by the system of counties after the Norman invasion. In modern times clusters of counties have been attributed to certain provinces but these clusters have no legal status. They are today seen mainly in a sporting context, as Ireland's four professional rugby teams play under the names of the provinces, and theGaelic Athletic Association has separateProvincial councils andProvincial championships.
After his intervention in Ireland, Henry II effectively divided the English colony into liberties also known as lordships. These were effectivelypalatine counties and differed from ordinary counties in that they were disjoined from the crown and that whoever they were granted to essentially had the same authority as the king and that the king's writ had no effect except a writ of error.[6] This covered all land within the county that was not church land.[6] The reason for the creation of such powerful entities in Ireland was due to the lack of authority the English crown had there.[6]
The same process occurred after the Norman conquest of England where despite there being a strong central government, county palatines were needed in border areas with Wales and Scotland.[7] In Ireland this meant that the land was divided and granted toRichard de Clare and his followers who became lords (and sometimes called earls), with the only land which the English crown had any direct control over being the sea-coast towns and territories immediately adjacent.[8]
Of Henry II's grants, at least three of them—Leinster to Richard de Clare;Meath toWalter de Lacy;Ulster toJohn de Courcy—were equivalent to palatine counties in their bestowing of royal jurisdiction to the grantees.[8] Other grants include the liberties of Connaught and Tipperary.[9]
Division of lordships
The extent of Norman control in Ireland by 1300The Pale (grey), earldoms and lordships (blue) in 1450
These initial lordships were later subdivided into smaller "liberties", which appear to have enjoyed the same privileges as their predecessors.[8] The division of Leinster and Munster into smaller counties is commonly attributed to King John, mostly due to a lack of prior documentary evidence, which has been destroyed. However, they may have had an earlier origin.[10] These counties were: in Leinster: Carlow (also known as Catherlogh), Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, Louth (also known as Uriel), Meath, Wexford, Waterford; in Munster: Cork, Limerick, Kerry and Tipperary.[11] It is thought that these counties did not have the administrative purpose later attached to them until late in the reign of King John and that no new counties were created until the Tudor dynasty.[12]
The most important office in those that werepalatine was that ofseneschal.[13] In those liberties that came under Crown control this office was held by asheriff.[13] The sovereign could appoint sheriffs in palatines. Their power was confined to the church lands, and they became known as sheriffs of a County of the Cross, of which there seem to have been as many in Ireland as there were counties palatine.[13]
The exact boundaries of the liberties and shrievalties appear to have been in constant flux throughout thePlantagenet period, seemingly in line with the extent of English control.[14] For example, in 1297 it is recorded that Kildare had extended to include the lands that now comprise the modern-day counties of Offaly, Laois (Leix) and Wicklow (Arklow).[15] Some attempts had also been made to extend the county system to Ulster.[16]
TheBruce Invasion of Ireland in 1315 resulted in the collapse of effective English rule in Ireland, with the land controlled by the crown continually shrinking to encompass Dublin, and parts of Meath, Louth and Kildare.[16] Throughout the rest of Ireland, English rule was upheld by the earls of Desmond, Ormond, and Kildare (all created in the 14th-century), with the extension of the county system all but impossible.[16] During the reign ofEdward III (1327–77) all franchises, grants and liberties had been temporarily revoked with power passed to the king's sheriffs over the seneschals.[13] This may have been due to the disorganisation caused by the Bruce invasion as well as the renouncing of the Connaught Burkes of their allegiance to the crown.[13]
Leinster had passed from Richard de Clare to his daughter,Isabel de Clare, who had marriedWilliam Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (second creation of title). This marriage was confirmed byKing John, with Isabel's lands given to William as consort. The liberty was afterwards divided into five—Carlow, Kildare, Kilkenny, Leix and Wexford—one for each of Marshal's co-heiresses.[8]
Meath was divided between the granddaughters ofWalter de Lacy:Maud and Margery. Maud's half became the liberty of Trim, and she marriedGeoffrey de Geneville. Margery's half retained the name Meath, and she married John de Verdon. After the marriage of Maud's daughterJoan toRoger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Trim later passed via their descendants to the English Crown. Meath, which had passed to the Talbots, was resumed byHenry VIII under theStatute of Absentees.[8]
With the passing of liberties to the Crown, the number of Counties of the Cross declined, and only one, Tipperary, survived into the Stuart era; the others had ceased to exist by the reign of Henry VIII.[13]
Tudor era
Under the Tudors, specifically the reign ofHenry VIII (1509–47), crown control started to again extend throughout Ireland.[20] Having declared himselfKing of Ireland in 1541, Henry VIII went about converting Irish chiefs into feudal subjects of the crown with land divided into districts, which were eventually amalgamated into the modern counties.[20] County boundaries were still ill-defined; however, in 1543Meath was split into Meath and Westmeath.[20] Around 1545, theByrnes andO'Tooles, both native septs who had constantly been a pain for the English administration of the Pale, petitioned the Lord Deputy of Ireland to turn their district into its own county, Wicklow. This was ignored.[12]
Mary's reign saw the first addition of actual new counties since the reign of King John. Radclyffe had conquered the districts of Glenmaliry, Irry, Leix, Offaly, and Slewmargy from the O'Moores and O'Connors, and in 1556 a statute decreed that Offaly and part of Glenmaliry would be made into the county ofKing's County, whilst the rest of Glenmarliry along with Irry, Leix and Slewmargy was formed intoQueen's County.[21] Radclyffe brought forth legislation to shire all land as yet unshired throughout Ireland and sought to divide the island into six parts—Connaught, Leinster, Meath, Nether Munster, Ulster, and Upper Munster. His administrative reign in Ireland was cut short, and it was not until the reign of Mary's successor, Elizabeth, that this legislation was re-adopted. Under Elizabeth, Radclyffe was brought back to implement it.[12]
Sydney during his three tenures as Lord Deputy created two presidencies to administer Connaught and Munster. He shired Connaught into the counties of Galway, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo.[22] In 1565, the territory of the O'Rourkes within Roscommon was made into the county of Leitrim. In 1569, in an attempt to reduce the importance of the province of Munster, Sydney, using theRiver Shannon as a natural boundary took the former kingdom of Thomond (North Munster) and made it into the county of Clare as part of the presidency of Connaught.[23]
In 1569, the Irish Parliament passed "An Act for turning of Countries that be not yet Shire Grounds into Shire Grounds".[24] In 1571, a commission headed by Perrot and others declared that the territory of Desmond in Munster was to be made a county of itself, and it had its own sheriff appointed. In 1606, it was merged with the county of Kerry.[25] In 1575, Sydney made an expedition to Ulster to plan its shiring. Nothing came of the plans.[12]
In 1578, the go-ahead was given for turning the districts of the Byrnes and O'Tooles into the county of Wicklow. With the outbreak of war in Munster and then Ulster, they resumed their independence.[12] Sydney also sought to split Wexford into two smaller counties, the northern half of which was to be called Ferns, but the matter was dropped as it was considered impossible to properly administer.[12] In 1583, the territory of theO'Farrells ofAnnaly, which was in Westmeath, was formed into the county of Longford and transferred to Connaught.[12][26] TheDesmond rebellion (1579–83) that was taking place in Munster stopped Sydney's work. By the time it had been defeated, Sir John Perrot was Lord Deputy, being appointed in 1584.[12]
Perrot was most remembered for shiring Ulster, the only province of Ireland that remained effectively outside of English control[12] Prior to his tenancy the only proper county in Ulster was Louth, which had been part of the Pale.[12] There were two other long recognised entities north of Louth—Antrim and Down—that had at one time been "counties" of the Earldom of Ulster and were regarded as apart from the unreformed parts of the province.[12] The date Antrim and Down became constituted is unknown.[12]
In 1588, Perrot was recalled and for two decades the shiring of Ulster basically existed on paper, as the territory affected remained firmly outside of English control until the defeat ofHugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone in theNine Years' War.[12] These counties were: Armagh, Cavan, Coleraine, Donegal, Fermanagh, Monaghan, and Tyrone.[12] Cavan was formed from the territory of theO'Reilly's ofEast Breifne and had been transferred from Connaught to Ulster.[27] After O'Neill and his allies fled Ireland in 1607 in theFlight of the Earls, their lands became escheated to the Crown. The county divisions designed by Perrot were used as the basis for the grants of the 1609Plantation of Ulster effected by KingJames I..[12]
Around 1600, near the end of Elizabeth's reign, Clare was made an entirely distinct presidency of its own under theEarls of Thomond. It returned to being part of Munster after theRestoration in 1660.[12]
In 1606, Wicklow was shired after the subjugation of the Byrnes and O'Tooles by Lord Deputy SirArthur Chichester.[12] This county was one of the last to be created, yet was the closest to the centre of English power in Ireland.[12]
Throughout the Elizabethan era and the reign of her successor James I, the exact boundaries of the provinces and the counties they consisted of remained uncertain. In 1598 Meath is considered a province in Hayne'sDescription of Ireland, and included the counties of Cavan, East Meath, Longford, and Westmeath.[12] This contrasts toGeorge Carew's 1602 survey where there were only four provinces with Longford part of Connaught and Cavan not mentioned at all with only three counties mentioned for Ulster.[12] During Perrot's tenure asLord President of Munster before he became Lord Deputy, Munster contained as many as eight counties rather than the six it later consisted of.[12] These eight counties were: the five English counties of Cork, Limerick, Kerry, Tipperary, and Waterford; and the three Irish counties of Desmond, Ormond, and Thomond.[12]
Perrot's divisions in Ulster were for the main confirmed by a series of inquisitions between 1606 and 1610 that settled the demarcation of the counties of Connaught and Ulster.[12]John Speed'sDescription of the Kingdom of Ireland in 1610 showed that there was still a vagueness over what counties constituted the provinces, however, Meath was no longer reckoned a province.[12] By 1616 when theAttorney General for Ireland SirJohn Davies departed Ireland, almost all counties had been delimited.[12] The only exception was the county of Tipperary, which still belonged to the palatinate of Ormond.[12]
Tipperary would remain an anomaly being in effect two counties, one palatine, the other of the Cross until 1715 during the reign of KingGeorge I when an act abolished the "royalties and liberties of the County of Tipperary" and "that whatsoever hath been denominated or called Tipperary or Cross Tipperary, shall henceforth be and remain one county forever, under the name of the County of Tipperary."[12] Between 1838 and 2014, County Tipperary was divided into tworidings/counties,North Tipperary andSouth Tipperary.
Sub-divisions of counties
To correspond with the subdivisions of the English shires into honours orbaronies, Irish counties were granted out to the Anglo-Norman noblemen incantreds, later known asbaronies, which were subdivided, as in England, intoparishes. Parishes were composed oftownlands. In many cases, these divisions correspond to earlier, pre-Norman, divisions. While there are 331[28] baronies in Ireland, and more than a thousandcivil parishes, there are around sixty thousand townlands that range in size from one to several thousand hectares. Townlands were often traditionally divided into smaller units calledquarters, but these subdivisions are not legally defined.
Counties corporate
The following towns/cities had charters specifically granting them the status of acounty corporate:
The only entirely new counties created in 1898 were the county boroughs of Londonderry and Belfast. Carrickfergus, Drogheda and Kilkenny were abolished. Galway was also abolished, but recreated in 1986.
Exceptions to the county system of control
Regional presidencies of Connacht and Munster remained in existence until 1672, with special powers over their subsidiary counties. Tipperary remained acounty palatine until the passing of theCounty Palatine of Tipperary Act 1715, with different officials and procedures from other counties. At the same time, Dublin, until the 19th century, had ecclesiastical liberties with rules outside those applying to the rest of Dublin city and county.Exclaves of the county of Dublin existed in counties Kildare and Wicklow. At least eight other enclaves of one county inside another, or between two others, existed. The enclaves and exclaves were merged into neighbouring and surrounding counties, primarily in the mid-19th century under a series of Orders in Council.
Evolution of functions
TheChurch of Ireland exercised functions at the level of a civil parish that were later exercised by county authorities. Vestigial feudal power structures of major old estates remained well into the 18th century. Urban corporations operated individual royal charters. Management of counties came to be exercised bygrand juries. Members of grand juries were the local payers ofrates who historically held judicial functions, taking maintenance roles in regard to roads and bridges, and the collection of "county cess" taxes. They were usually composed of wealthy "country gentlemen" (i.e. landowners, farmers and merchants):
A country gentleman as a member of a Grand Jury...levied the local taxes, appointed the nephews of his old friends to collect them, and spent them when they were gathered in. He controlled the boards of guardians and appointed the dispensary doctors, regulated the diet of paupers, inflicted fines and administered the law at petty sessions.[29]
The counties were initially used for judicial purposes, but began to take on some governmental functions in the 17th century, notably with grand juries.
19th and 20th centuries
In 1836, the use of counties as local government units was further developed, with grand-jury powers extended under theGrand Jury (Ireland) Act 1836. The traditional county ofTipperary was split into two judicial counties (orridings) following the establishment ofassize courts in 1838. Also in 1838, local poor law boards, with a mix of magistrates and elected "guardians" took over the health and social welfare functions of the grand juries.
In 1898, a more radical reorganisation of local government took place with the passage of theLocal Government (Ireland) Act 1898. This Act established a county council for each of the thirty-three Irish administrative counties. Elected county councils took over the powers of thegrand juries. The boundaries of the traditional counties changed on a number of occasions. The 1898 Act changed the boundaries of CountiesGalway,Clare,Mayo,Roscommon,Sligo,Waterford,Kilkenny,Meath andLouth, and others. County Tipperary was divided into two regions:North Riding andSouth Riding. Areas of the cities of Belfast, Cork, Dublin, Limerick, Derry and Waterford were carved from their surrounding counties to becomecounty boroughs in their own right and given powers equivalent to those of administrative counties.[30][31][32]
... Northern Ireland shall consist of the parliamentary counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyrone, and the parliamentary boroughs of Belfast and Londonderry, and Southern Ireland shall consist of so much of Ireland as is not comprised within the said parliamentary counties and boroughs.[33]
The county and county borough borders were used to determine the line of partition. Southern Ireland shortly afterwards became theIrish Free State. This partition was entrenched in theAnglo-Irish Treaty, which was ratified in 1922, by which the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom withNorthern Ireland making the decision to not separate two days later.
Historic and traditional counties
Areas that were shired by 1607 and continued as counties until the local government reforms of 1836, 1898 and 2001 are sometimes referred to as "traditional" or "historic" counties. These were distinct from thecounties corporate that existed in some of the larger towns and cities, although linked to the county at large for other purposes. From 1898 to 2001, areas with county councils were known asadministrative counties. The counties corporate were designated ascounty boroughs. From 2001, local government areas were divided between counties and cities. From 2014, they were divided into counties, cities, and cities and counties.
In the Republic of Ireland, the traditional counties are, in general, the basis for local government, planning and community development purposes and are still generally respected for other purposes. They are governed bycounty councils. Administrative borders have been altered to allocate various towns exclusively into one county having been originally split between two counties.
Under the Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1976, part of the urban area ofDrogheda, which lay in County Meath, was transferred to County Louth in January 1977. This resulted in the land area of County Louth increasing slightly at the expense of County Meath.[34] The possibility of a similar action with regard toWaterford City has been raised in recent years, though opposition from Kilkenny has been strong.
Under theLocal Government Act 2001, the county boroughs of Dublin, Cork, Galway, Limerick and Waterford were re-styled as cities, with the same status in law as counties. The termadministrative county was replaced with the term "county".
The cities ofLimerick andWaterford were merged with their respective counties by theLocal Government Reform Act 2014, to form newcities and counties. The same Act abolished North Tipperary and South Tipperary and re-established County Tipperary as an administrative unit.
There are now 31 local government areas: 26 counties, three cities, and two cities and counties.
Since 2014, local authorities send representatives toRegional Assemblies overseeing three regions for the purposes ofEuropean Structural and Investment Funds: Southern Region, the Eastern and Midland Region, and the Northern and Western Region.[35] From 1994 to 2014, there were eightRegional Authorities, dissolved under the Local Government Reform Act 2014.
As placenames, there is a distinction between the traditional counties, listed as "counties", and those created as local government areas, listed as "administrative counties".[2]
Education
In 2013Education and Training Boards (ETBs) were formed throughout the Republic of Ireland, replacing the system ofVocational Education Committees (VECs) created in 1930. Originally, VECs were formed for each administrative county and county borough, and also in a number of larger towns, and were legally sub-committees of the relevant authorities. In 1997 the majority of town VECs were absorbed by the surrounding county authorities. The 33 VEC areas were reduced to 16 ETB areas, with each consisting of one or more local government county or city areas.[36]
TheInstitute of technology system was organised by committee areas or "functional areas". These areas retain their legal basis but are not as important as originally envisioned as the institutes are now more national in character. The functional areas are only of significance today when selecting governing councils; similarly,Dublin Institute of Technology was originally a group of several colleges within the aegis of theCity of Dublin VEC.
Elections
Where possible,Dáil constituencies follow county boundaries. Under the Electoral Act 1997, as amended, aConstituency Commission is established following the publication of preliminary census figures every five years. The commission is charged with defining constituency boundaries, and the 1997 Act provides that "the breaching of county boundaries shall be avoided as far as practicable".[37] This provision does not apply to the boundaries between cities and counties, or between the three counties in the Dublin area.
This system usually results in more populated counties having several constituencies: Dublin, including Dublin city, is subdivided into twelve constituencies, Cork into five. Smaller counties such as Carlow and Kilkenny or Laois and Offaly may be paired to form constituencies. Leitrim, Ireland's least populated county, was divided between the constituencies ofSligo–North Leitrim andRoscommon–South Leitrim from 2007 to 2016.
Each county, city, and city and county is divided intolocal electoral areas for the election of councillors. The boundaries of the areas and the number of councillors assigned are fixed from time to time by order of theMinister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage, following a report by the Local Government Commission, and based on population changes recorded in the census.[38]
In Northern Ireland, a major reorganisation of local government in 1973 replaced the six traditional counties and twocounty boroughs (Belfast andDerry[b]) with 26 single-tier districts for local government purposes. In 2015, as a result of areform process that started in 2005, these districts were merged to form 11 new single-tier "super districts".
The six traditional counties remain in use for some purposes, including the three-letter coding ofvehicle number plates, theRoyal MailPostcode Address File (which records counties in all addresses although they are no longer required for postcoded mail) andLord Lieutenancies (for which the former county boroughs are also used). There are no longer official 'county towns'. However, the counties are still very widely acknowledged, for example as administrative divisions for sporting and cultural organisations.
Other uses
The administrative division of the island along the lines of the traditional 32 counties was also adopted by non-governmental and cultural organisations. In particular, theGaelic Athletic Association (GAA) continues to organise its activities on the basis ofits own system of counties that, throughout the island, correspond almost exactly to the 32 traditional counties in use at the time of the foundation of that organisation in 1884. The GAA also uses the term "county" for some of its organisational units in Britain and further afield. Legal adjustments to county bounds since 1884 have not been reflected in GAA county boards (e.g.Ballaghaderreen GAA which is located inCounty Roscommon but affiliated toMayo GAA county board).
List of counties
The 35 divisions listed below include the traditional counties of Ireland as well as three created in Dublin in 1994. Twenty-four counties still delimit the remit of local government areas in the Republic of Ireland, in some cases with slightly redrawn boundaries.County Dublin, which was abolished as a distinct administrative entity in 1994,[39] is included, as are the three new administrative counties which took over the functions of the former County Dublin. In Northern Ireland, the counties listed no longer serve this purpose. The Irish-language names of counties in the Republic of Ireland are prescribed by ministerial order, which in the case of three newer counties, omits the wordcontae (county).[2] Irish names form the basis for all English-language county names except Waterford, Wexford, and Wicklow, which are of Norse origin.
The "Region" column of the table below, except for the six Northern Ireland counties, indicates Regions as defined under the Local Government Act 1991.[40] These are NUTS 2statistical regions of Ireland. "County town" is the current or former administrative capital of the county.
The cities ofCork,Dublin, andGalway, which are separate local government areas with the same legal status as counties, are not shown separately. Also omitted are the formercounty boroughs of Londonderry andBelfast which in Northern Ireland had the same legal status as the six counties until the reorganisation of local government in 1973.
^"Fingal County Council".Fingal County Council. Archived fromthe original on 25 November 2018., where (apart from references to the Council itself) both "Fingal County" and "County Fingal" appear, but much less frequently than "Fingal" alone.
G. E. E. (June 1802). Urban, Sylvanus (ed.)."Letter on theRoyal Kalendar 1802".The Gentleman's Magazine.72. London: 513. Retrieved31 July 2019.I do not like innovation, unless improvement accompanies it. I see, therefore no improvement in now calling the counties of Irelandshires, not one of the 32 being called so in my time there; and it has an awkward sound to say Downshire, Corkshire, Londonderryshire, &c.
^Crawford, John G. (1993).Anglicising the Government of Ireland: The Irish Privy Council & the Expansion of Tudor Rule 1556–1578. Blackrock.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Roche, Desmond (1982).Local Government in Ireland. Dublin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"Proposed Alterations in Counties".The Irish Times. 19 July 1898. p. 7.
^"Orders declaring the boundaries of administrative counties and defining county electoral divisions".27th Report of the Local Government Board for Ireland (Cmd.9480). Dublin:HMSO. 1900. pp. 235–330.
^A Handbook of Local Government in Ireland (1899) "containing an Explanatory Introduction to the Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898: together with the Text of the Act, the Orders in Council, and the Rules made thereunder relating to County Council, Rural District Council, and Guardian's Elections. With an Index"
^Gasaitéar na hÉireann / Gazetteer of Ireland. Dublin: Brainse Logainmneacha na Suirbhéireachta Ordanáis / Placenames Branch of the Ordnance Survey. 1989.ISBN978-0-7076-0076-5.
