Constance Markievicz | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Markievicz in her Irish Citizen Army uniform | |
| Minister for Labour | |
| In office April 1919 – January 1922 | |
| Preceded by | New office |
| Succeeded by | Joseph McGrath |
| Teachta Dála | |
| In office August 1923 – 15 July 1927 | |
| In office May 1921 – June 1922 | |
| Constituency | Dublin South |
| In office December 1918 – May 1921 | |
| Constituency | Dublin St Patrick's |
| Member of Parliament | |
| In office 28 December 1918 – 15 November 1922 | |
| Preceded by | William Field |
| Succeeded by | Constituency abolished |
| Constituency | Dublin St Patrick's |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Constance Georgine Gore-Booth (1868-02-04)4 February 1868 London, England |
| Died | 15 July 1927(1927-07-15) (aged 59) Dublin, Ireland |
| Resting place | Glasnevin Cemetery,Dublin, Ireland |
| Political party |
|
| Spouse | Casimir Markievicz (m. 1900) |
| Relations | Eva Gore-Booth (sister) |
| Children | Maeve Markievicz (1901–1962) |
| Parents |
|
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | |
| Years of service | 1913–1923 |
| Rank | Lieutenant[1] |
| Battles/wars | |
Constance Georgine Markievicz (Polish:Markiewicz[marˈkʲɛvitʂ];néeGore-Booth; 4 February 1868 – 15 July 1927), also known asCountess Markievicz andMadame Markievicz,[2] was an Irishpolitician,revolutionary,nationalist,suffragist, andsocialist who was the first woman elected to theParliament of the United Kingdom. She served asMember of Parliament (MP) forDublin St Patrick's from1918 to1922. In theIrish Free State, she was electedMinister for Labour in theFirst Dáil, becoming the second femalecabinet minister in Europe. She served as aTeachta Dála for theDublin South constituency from 1921 to 1922 and 1923 to 1927.
A founding member ofFianna Éireann,Cumann na mBan and theIrish Citizen Army, she took part in theEaster Rising in 1916, whenIrish republicans attempted to endBritish rule and establish anIrish Republic. She was sentenced to death but her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment[3] on the grounds of her sex.On 28 December 1918, she was the first woman elected to the UKHouse of Commons,[4] though, being inHolloway Prison at the time and in accordance with party policy, she did not take her seat. Instead, she and the otherSinn Féin MPs (asTDs) formed thefirstDáil Éireann. She was also one of the first women in the world to hold a cabinet position, asMinister for Labour, from 1919 to 1922.[a]
Markievicz supported the anti-Treaty stance in theIrish Civil War. She continued as an (abstentionist) Dáil member for Sinn Féin until 1926 when she became a founding member ofFianna Fáil. She died in 1927.
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Constance Georgine Gore-Booth was born atBuckingham Gate in London in 1868, the elder daughter of the Arctic explorer and adventurerSir Henry Gore-Booth, 5th Baronet, anAnglo-Irish landlord who administered a 100 km2 (39 sq mi) estate, and Georgina, Lady Gore-Booth,née Hill. During thefamine of 1879–1880, Sir Henry provided free food for the tenants on his estate atLissadell House in the north ofCounty Sligo in the north-west of Ireland. Their father's example inspired in Gore-Booth and her younger sister,Eva Gore-Booth, a deep concern for working people and the poor. The sisters were childhood friends of the poetW. B. Yeats, who frequently visited the family home Lissadell House, and were influenced by his artistic and political ideas. Yeats wrote a poem, "In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz", in which he described the sisters as "two girls in silkkimono, both beautiful, one a gazelle" The gazelle being Eva, whom Yeats described as having "a gazelle-like beauty".[5] Eva later became involved in thelabour movement andwomen's suffrage in Great Britain, although initially Constance did not share her sister's ideals.
Gore-Booth wished to train as a painter, to her family's dismay; in 1892, she went to study at theSlade School of Art in London,[6] where she lived at the Alexandra House for Art Pupils,Kensington Gore, founded five years before bySir Francis Cook, a wealthy great-uncle ofMaud Gonne. One of her contemporaries there wasBlanche Georgiana Vulliamy.[7] It was at this time that Gore-Booth first became politically active and joined theNational Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Later she moved to Paris and enrolled at the prestigiousAcadémie Julian where she met her future husband,Casimir Markievicz, an artist from a wealthyPolish family from present-dayUkraine.[8]
The Markieviczes settled inDublin in 1903 and moved in artistic and literary circles, with Constance gaining a reputation as a landscape painter.[9] In 1905, along with artistsSarah Purser,Nathaniel Hone,Walter Osborne andJohn Butler Yeats, she was instrumental in founding the United Arts Club, which was an attempt to bring together all those in Dublin with an artistic and literary bent. This group included the leading figures of theGaelic League founded by the future firstPresident of Ireland,Douglas Hyde. Although formally concerned only with the preservation of the Irish language and culture, the league brought together many patriots and future political leaders. Sarah Purser, whom the young Gore-Booth sisters first met in 1882, when she was commissioned to paint their portrait, hosted a regular salon where artists, writers and intellectuals on both sides of the nationalist divide gathered. At Purser's house, Markievicz met revolutionary patriotsMichael Davitt,John O'Leary andMaud Gonne. In 1907, Markievicz rented a cottage in the countryside near Dublin. The previous tenant, the poetPadraic Colum, had left behind copies ofThe Peasant andSinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted independence fromBritish rule. Markievicz read them and was propelled into action.[10]
In 1908, Markievicz became actively involved in nationalist politics in Ireland. She joinedSinn Féin andInghinidhe na hÉireann ('Daughters of Ireland'), a revolutionary women's movement founded by the actress and activistMaud Gonne, muse ofWB Yeats. Markievicz came directly to her first meeting from a function atDublin Castle, the seat ofBritish rule in Ireland, wearing a satin ball gown and a diamond tiara. Naturally, the members looked upon her with some hostility. This refreshing change from being "kowtowed"-to as a countess only made her more eager to join, she told her friendHelena Molony. She performed with Maud Gonne in several plays at the newly establishedAbbey Theatre, an institution that played an important part in the rise of cultural nationalism. In the same year, Markievicz played a dramatic role in the women's suffrage campaigners' tactic of opposingWinston Churchill's election toParliament during theManchester North West by-election, flamboyantly appearing in the constituency driving an old-fashioned carriage drawn by four white horses to promote the suffragist cause. A male heckler asked her if she could cook a dinner, to which she responded, "Yes. Can you drive a coach and four?" Her sisterEva had moved to Manchester to live with fellowsuffragistEsther Roper and they both campaigned against the anti-suffragist Churchill with her. Churchill lost the election to Conservative candidateWilliam Joynson-Hicks, in part as a result of the suffragists' dedicated opposition.[11]
In 1909 Markievicz foundedFianna Éireann, a nationalist scouting organisation that instructed teenage boys in scouting, in the style ofRobert Baden-Powell's then-paramilitary Boy Scouts. At the Fianna's first meeting inCamden Street, Dublin, on 16 August 1909, she was almost expelled on the basis that women did not belong in a physical force movement. She had drawn inBulmer Hobson, who had earlier founded a less successful boy scout group in Belfast. He supported her, and she was elected to the committee.[12] She was jailed for the first time in 1911 for speaking at anIrish Republican Brotherhood demonstration attended by 30,000 people, organised to protest againstGeorge V's visit to Ireland. During this protest, Markievicz handed out leaflets, erected great banners emblazonedDear land thou art not conquered yet, participated in stone-throwing at pictures of the King and Queen and attempted to burn the giant British flag taken fromLeinster House, eventually succeeding, but then seeing James McArdle imprisoned for one month for the incident, despite Markievicz testifying in court that she was responsible.[13] Her friendHelena Molony was arrested for her part in the stone-throwing and became the first woman in Ireland to be tried and imprisoned for a political act since the time of theLadies Land League.[13]
Markievicz joinedJames Connolly's socialistIrish Citizen Army (ICA), a volunteer force formed in response to thelock-out of 1913 to defend the demonstrating workers from the police. Markievicz recruited volunteers to peel potatoes in the basement ofLiberty Hall while she and others worked on distributing the food. Markievicz was forced to take out loans and to sell her jewellery. That year, with Inghinidhe na hÉireann, she ran a soup kitchen to feed poor children and enable them to attend school.
In the Inghininidhe na h-Éireann magazineBean na h-Éireann, Markievicz's advice to women was: "Dress suitably in short skirts and strong boots, leave your jewels in the bank and buy a revolver."[14]
As a member of the Citizen Army, Markievicz took part in the 1916Easter Rising. She was deeply inspired by the founder of theICA,James Connolly. Markievicz designed the Citizen Army uniform and composed its anthem, based on the tune of a Polish song.[15]
Markievicz fought inSt Stephen's Green, where on the first morning —according to the only two pages surviving of the diary of an alleged witness — she shot a member of theDublin Metropolitan Police, Constable Lahiff, who subsequently died of his injuries.[16][17] Other accounts place her atCity Hall when the policeman was shot, only arriving at Stephen's Green later.[18] It was long thought that she was second in command toMichael Mallin,[19] but in fact it wasChristopher "Kit" Poole who held that position.[20] Markievicz supervised the setting-up of barricades on Easter Monday and was in the middle of the fighting all around Stephen's Green, wounding aBritish army sniper.[21] Trenches were dug in the Green, sheltered by the front gate; however, after British machine gun and rifle fire from the rooftops of tall buildings on the north side of the Green including the Shelbourne Hotel, the Citizen Army troops withdrew to theRoyal College of Surgeons on the west side of the Green.
The Stephen's Green garrison held out for six days, ending the engagement when the British brought themPearse's surrender order. The British officer, Captain (later Major) de Courcy Wheeler, who accepted their surrender was married to Markievicz's first cousin, Selina Maude Beresford Knox.[22][23]
They were taken to Dublin Castle and then toKilmainham Gaol through what Matt Connolly described as "several groups of hostile people".[24] There, she was the only one of 70 women prisoners who was put into solitary confinement. At her court-martial on 4 May 1916, Markievicz pleaded not guilty to "taking part in an armed rebellion...for the purpose of assisting the enemy," but pleaded guilty to having attempted "to cause disaffection among the civil population of His Majesty".[25] Markievicz told the court, "I went out to fight for Ireland's freedom and it does not matter what happens to me. I did what I thought was right and I stand by it."[25][26] She was sentenced to death, but the court recommended mercy "solely and only on account of her sex".[25] The sentence was commuted to life in prison. When told of this, she said to her captors, "I do wish your lot had the decency to shoot me".[b][28]
Markievicz was transferred toMountjoy Prison,Holloway Prison and then toAylesbury Prison in England in July 1916. She was released from prison in 1917, along with others involved in the Rising, as the government in London granted a general amnesty for those who had participated in it. It was around this time that Markievicz, born into theChurch of Ireland, converted toCatholicism.[29]
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Along with other leading Sinn Féin members, she was jailed again in 1918 for her part in the supposedGerman Plot. At the1918 general election, Markievicz was elected for the constituency ofDublin St Patrick's, beating her opponentWilliam Field with 66% of the vote, as one of 73Sinn FéinMPs. The results were called on 28 December 1918.[4] This made her the first woman elected to theUnited Kingdom House of Commons.[30] However, in line with Sinn Féinabstentionist policy, she did not take her seat in the House of Commons.[31]
Markievicz was inHolloway prison when her colleagues assembled in Dublin at the first meeting of theFirst Dáil, the Parliament of the revolutionaryIrish Republic. When her name was called, she was described, like many of those elected, as being "imprisoned by the foreign enemy" (fé ghlas ag Gallaibh).[32] She was re-elected to theSecond Dáil in theelections of 1921.[33]
Markievicz served asMinister for Labour from April 1919 to January 1922, in theSecond Ministry and theThird Ministry of the Dáil. Holding cabinet rank from April to August 1919, she became both the first Irish femaleCabinet Minister and at the same time, only the second female government minister in Europe.[a][34] She was the only female cabinet minister inIrish history until 1979 whenMáire Geoghegan-Quinn was appointed to the cabinet post ofMinister for the Gaeltacht for Fianna Fáil.Her Labour department was concerned with setting up Conciliation Boards, arbitrating labour disputes, surveying areas and establishing guidelines for wages and food prices.[35]
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Markievicz left the government in January 1922 along withÉamon de Valera and others in opposition to theAnglo-Irish Treaty. She worked actively for theRepublican cause in theIrish Civil War, including directing the Citizen Army in the occupation of Moran's Hotel in Dublin.[36] During theBattle of Dublin (28 June to 5 July 1922) she helped lead the anti-Treaty forces of the IRAs Dublin Brigade. Members of Cumann na mBan assisted the anti-treaty forces and carried dispatches between the occupied Four Courts buildings and the Dublin Brigade headquarters.[37] After the civil war she toured the United States. She was not elected in the1922 Irish general election but was returned in1923 for theDublin South constituency. In common with otherRepublican candidates, she did not take her Dáil seat. She was arrested again in November 1923. In prison, she went on a hunger strike, and within a month, she and other prisoners were released.[38]
She left Sinn Féin and joinedFianna Fáil on its foundation in 1926, chairing the inaugural meeting of the new party in La Scala Theatre. In theJune 1927 general election, she was re-elected to the5th Dáil as a candidate for Fianna Fáil, which was pledged to take its seats inDáil Éireann if the requirement to take theOath of Allegiance were removed. Markievicz died on 15 July 1927.[39] Following the assassination ofKevin O'Higgins and proposed changes in electoral law, Fianna Fáil altered its policy. Its TDs signed the Oath and took their seats in the Dáil on 12 August 1927, less than a month after her death.[40] The party leaderÉamon de Valera described the Oath as "an empty political formula".[41]
Constance's husband, Casimir Markievicz, was known in Paris as Count Markievicz, a title that was the norm for large landowners in Poland at this time. When the Gore-Booth family enquired as to the validity of the title, they were informed throughPyotr Rachkovsky of the Russian Secret Police that he had taken the title "without right", and that there had never been a "Count Markievicz" in Poland.[42] However, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the nobility.[43] Markievicz was married, though separated, at the time they met; his wife died in 1899 and he and Gore-Booth married in London on 29 September 1900.[44] She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell in November 1901.[44] The child was mainly raised by her Gore-Booth grandparents. Stanislas, Casimir's son from his first marriage, accompanied the couple to Ireland after their honeymoon visit to his homeland.
In 1913 Markievicz's husband moved back to Ukraine, and never returned to live in Ireland. However, they did correspond and he was by her side when she died.
Markievicz died at the age of 59 on 15 July 1927, of complications after twoappendicitis operations, a dangerous surgery in the days before antibiotics. She had given away the last of her wealth, and died in a public ward "among the poor where she wanted to be".[45][46] One of the doctors attending her was her revolutionary colleagueKathleen Lynn.[47] Also at her bedside were Casimir and Stanislas Markievicz, Éamon de Valera andHanna Sheehy Skeffington.[47] Prior to her death,Esther Roper maintained a vigil at Constance's bed withMarie Perolz,Helena Molony,Kathleen Lynn and other friends. Refused a state funeral by theFree State government, she was laid out in the Rotunda, where she had spoken at so many political meetings. Thousands of the Dubliners who loved her lined O'Connell Street and Parnell Square to pass by her body and pay their respects to 'Madame'. It took four hours for the beginning of the funeral, starting from the Rotunda, to reach the gates ofGlasnevin Cemetery. Eamon de Valera gave the funeral oration, while Free State soldiers stood on guard to prevent the rifle salute thatMichael Collins had called "the only speech which it is proper to make above the grave of a dead Fenian".[45][48]
Her former Citizen Army colleague the playwrightSeán O'Casey said of her: "One thing she had in abundance—physical courage; with that she was clothed as with a garment."[49]
In County Sligo Markievicz Road andMarkievicz Park (the main GAA stadium in the county) both bear her name.[50] In Dublin, the flat complex Countess Markiewicz House also bears her name.[51]
In 2018, a portrait of Markievicz was donated by the Irish parliament to the British House of Commons to commemorate the1918 Representation of the People Act, under which, some women were allowed the right to vote for the first time in the United Kingdom.[52]
In 2019, a Dublin City Council Commemorative Plaque was unveiled at Markievicz's former home in Dublin, Surrey House on Leinster Road inRathmines.[53]
In 2008, a Ukrainian village of Zhyvotivka, where Constance stayed with the Markievicz family in 1903, opened a room dedicated to the couple with the documents brought from Lissadel.[54]
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Perhaps the most awkward arrest Wheeler made was Countess Markievicz, his wife's first cousin.
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| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forDublin St Patrick's 1918–1922 | Constituency abolished |
| Oireachtas | ||
| New constituency | Teachta Dála forDublin St Patrick's 1918–1921 | Constituency abolished |
| Political offices | ||
| New office | Minister for Labour 1919–1922 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
