| Coulsdon | |
|---|---|
 Brighton Road | |
  Coulsdon Location withinGreater London | |
| Population | 25,530 (2021 Census)[1][2] |
| OS grid reference | TQ3059 |
| London borough | |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | COULSDON |
| Postcode district | CR5 |
| Dialling code | 020 01737 |
| Police | Metropolitan |
| Fire | London |
| Ambulance | London |
| UK Parliament | |
| London Assembly | |
| 51°19′16″N0°08′19″W / 51.3211°N 0.1386°W /51.3211; -0.1386 | |
Coulsdon (/ˈkuːlzdən/, traditionally pronounced/ˈkoʊlzdən/) is a town in southLondon, England, within theLondon Borough of Croydon. Coulsdon was an ancient parish in the county ofSurrey that included the settlements ofPurley andKenley. It was merged withSanderstead in 1915 to form theCoulsdon and Purley Urban District and has formed part ofGreater London since 1965.
The location forms part of theNorth Downs. The hills contain chalk and flint. A fewdry valleys with natural underground drainage merge and connect to the main headwater of theRiver Wandle, as awinterbourne (stream), so commonly called "the Bourne".[3][4]Although this breaks onto the level of a few streets when the water table is exceptionally high, the soil is generally dry. The depression and wind gap was a natural route across the Downs for early populations.
Fossil records exist from thePleistocene period (about 4,000,000 years ago).[5]
There is evidence of human occupation from theNeolithic period,Iron Age,[6][7] Anglo-Saxon,[8][9][10][11] Bronze Age,[12][13] Roman andMedieval.[14] In 675, Frithwald, anEaldorman and viceroy of KingWulfhere of Mercia, gave land at Cuthraedesdune toChertsey Abbey.[15][16][17] It appears asColesdone in theDomesday Book.[18][19]In 1537, theDissolution of the monasteries passed ownership to the King.
In 1545,Henry VIII granted two homes with land in Whattingdon and Coulsdon,Welcombes andLawrences, to SirJohn Gresham, themanor having been owned byChertsey Abbey in the 8th century, when it was recorded asWhatindone.[20]
The Coulsdon Manor was granted or sold in 1553 to various families, including SirNicholas Carew (1553), Sir Francis Carew (1557),[20]Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland, Sir Richard Mason, Sir Edward Darcy, Sir Robert Darcy and Sir Edward Bouverie (seeEarl of Radnor).[21]
From 1782 to 1921, it was owned by three generations of the Byron family, who had already purchased the sub-manor of Hooley.[20][22][23]
In 1801, the Byron family moved to live at Hooley House. Then, having sold a large amount of land in 1838 to the 'London to Brighton railway company', they moved from Hooley House to Portnall's Farm.
In 1850, Hartley Farm was demolished and Coulsdon Court was built by Thomas Byron. It was said to have been constructed of the last bricks to be made locally at Crossways (at Coulsdon Road, Old Coulsdon).[24] In 1854, to avoid the court, he adjusted the paths of some local roads, and created a gated drive from the public road.
In 1863, Edmund Byron inherited the title. After his use of theinclosure acts was curtailed when he lost a case in 1877 at theCourt of Chancery,[25][26][27] large areas were sold in 1883 to the Corporation of London.[28][29][30][31] The importance of this event was reported inThe Times.[32] He also sold and gave away various plots.[33]
In 1921, Edmund Byron died. The remaining lands owned by the Byrons were sold. Land and manorial rights were passed to the Coulsdon and Purley Urban District Council.[34]
For many centuries, the lands contained several farms and manors and only on the coming of the railway were a few wealthy people from outside the traditional borders attracted to build grand houses, by 19th century descriptions, such as:
This parish, which is situated on the road from London to Brighton, occupies an elevated position, and commands extensive and varied prospects.
Until 1921, the Byron family had largely maintained this tradition, despite sales of earlier land. The sales in the 1860s increased the number of landowners. Most housing in Smitham (Bottom/Valley) and theclustered settlement of Old Coulsdon, as well as the narrower valley between them, was built in the 80 years from 1890 to 1970. The area developed mixed suburban, and in its centre urban, housing:
The whole aspect of the parish has been completely transformed during the last twenty years by building. It was a little while ago entirely rural with a few new houses scattered along the line of the railway and up the valley towards Caterham, whence another deep depression in the chalk runs down to Smitham Bottom. Now there are continuous rows of villas and cottages and shops from Croydon to south of Coulsdon station.
— Victoria County History, vol. 4,1912[20]
The valley and routes in Smitham Bottom encouraged some early settlements. An inn, the Red Lion, appears on the Bainbridge map of 1783. The coming of the railway and improved road links encouraged buildings along the sides of the major roadways and close to the stations. Since 1921, the sales of the old estate lands have replaced a countryside of discrete farms with thousands of suburban dwellings.
Coulsdon segregated its long-haul from its local traffic with the construction of the Farthing Way A23 bypass, which opened in December 2006[36] as part of the Coulsdon Town Centre Improvement Scheme.
The Hall family had been active in the Croydon area as coal and lime merchants since the 18th. In 1853 they leased an area of land in Coulsdon. In 1864 they closed their quarries at Merstham and increased their quarrying for chalk and flints and use oflime kilns in Coulsdon.[37][38]
This quarry at Coulsdon (Marlpit Lane) was named the 'Stoats Nest Quarry'. The works had its own internal railway system which connected to nearby main lines.
In 1898, the Hall family were refused permission (by their landlord) to build cement works on the Coulsdon site.[39]
The lime principally supplied for waterworks, gas works and tanneries. Demand reduced in 1902 when the Army changed from leather to webbing equipment. And in 1905 there was no longer demand from the gasworks.
Between 1905 and 1910 chalk was supplied for the Halls' cement works at Beddington.[40] In 1905, 13,000 tons of chalk were sent by rail from Coulsdon.[39] By 1918, it was processing lime for use as fertilizer.[41]
In 1920, the Hall company purchased 102 acres from their landlord, Byron. This offered their full benefit of the railways and kilns on the land.[42]
Halls maintained a trading depot in the Marlpit Lane quarry from 1923. It was named the "Ullswater trading estate". The limeworks closed in 1961, and a park now lies in its place.[37]
The town's spelling, pronunciation and location have changed. Coulsdon originally referred to the area now known asOld Coulsdon.
The name derives from Cuðrædsdun via Cullesdone pre-1130, Culesdone pre-1190, Cullisdon 1242, Culesdene 1255, Colendone c1270, Kulisdon 1279, Collesdon 1288, Cullesdon 1323, Colleston 1324, Coulesdon 1346, Cullysdon 1377, Colynsdon 1428, Colysdon 1439, Collysdon 1563, Cowlesdon 1557, Coulsdon 1597, Cowisden 1604, Couldisdon 1610, Couldesdon 1675, Culsdon 1678, Colsdon 1724.[43][44]
Additional variations include Curedesdone 675, Cudredesdone 675, Cudredesdune 967, Coulsdon 1083, Colesdone 1085, Culesdon 1234, Culisdon 1242, Cudredestreow 1251, Cullesdon 1266, Colesdene 1287, Colesdon 1290, Colesdun 1290, Culesdon 1291, Culesden 1292, Colieston 1324, Coulesden 1326, Coueleston 1332, Colisdon 1344, Culeston 1346, Cullysdon 1377, Cullisdoun 1403, Cullesdoun 1422, Culledon 1424, Colynsdon 1428, Collesdon 1439, Culsdon 1446, Cowlesdon 1539, Collesden 1544, Cowlesdowne 1553, Cullesdoy 1556, Colsdon 1558, Cowlesden 1558, Cullesden 1558, Cowllysdon 1567, Cowisden 1618, Coulsden 1619, Cowsdon 1620, Coolsden 1650, Coulesden 1650, Coilsoun 1655, Coulden 1655.[45][46]
The widely accepted origin of the name is ‘hill of a man called Cūthrǣd’, (from OE pers. name + dūn, a hill).[9] Alternatively the name originates from the Celtic or primitive Welsh "cull", meaning a leather bag, scrotum, bosom, womb or belly.[47][48][49]
The current town centre appears as Leydown Cross (1738)[50] or Leaden Cross (1800)[51][52] and Smitham Bottom.[53] In 1905, the parish council, and then thePost Office renamed "Smitham bottom" as "Coulsdon".[54][55]The name "Smitham Bottom" has also changed. Smetheden (1331), Smithdenbottom (1536), Smythedean(e)(1548), Smythden Bottom (1588), Smitham Bottom (1719)[53][56]
Coulsdon was an ancient parish in the county ofSurrey that included the settlements ofPurley andKenley. In 1894 it became part ofCroydon Rural District. The population of the parish had almost doubled between 1901 and 1911.[57] In 1915 the rural district was split up and Coulsdon was merged withSanderstead to form theCoulsdon and Purley Urban District. In 1965 Coulsdon and Purley became part of theLondon Borough of Croydon inGreater London.
Coulsdon is a largely suburban district of London. The central area has substantial industrial, automotive and distribution services. It is served by standard retail and social facilities, as well as a library and local professions of a typical town in the country. The alternate centre, Old Coulsdon, has a recreation ground/cricket pitch-focused village green, a small parade of shops and a medieval church.
Old Coulsdon occupies the south-east of the district.[58] Scattered, rather than clustered, are six buildingslisted for their national heritage and architectural value, at Grade II. Two categories above this, in the highest class, Grade I, is the Church of St John the Evangelist. This is by the recreation ground, shortly after Marlpit Lane has been joined by Coulsdon Road, from the north. St John's is late thirteenth century with extensive later additions, made of flint and rubble with much brick patching. Its nave spans two (window) bays. Older still is its "good"chancel of 1250 with steppedsedilia andpiscina. The west tower above the entrance is of circa 1400 with corner buttresses and a tapering broach spire. A nave at right angles, replacing the south aisle, in decorated style, was designed for its 1958 construction by J. B. S. Comper.[59]
In the early 19th century, the present-day location of Coulsdon was occupied by a coaching inn called the Red Lion and its associated green (Lion Green), but few other buildings. Smitham Bottom was a geographical feature in the form of a chalk valley running between the Red Lion and Purley.[60] The coach route between London and Brighton ran through this depression and, in 1841, theLondon and Brighton Railway completed construction of a railway along it.[20]
With the arrival of Coulsdon (nowCoulsdon South) railway station in 1889 and the commencement of work on theCane Hill asylum, accommodation near the site was required by workers and residential development started in the area. The village initially took the name of Smitham Bottom or Smitham.[61] The population expanded and soon overtook that of the original settlement to the south-east. Despite strong opposition from local residents[62] the village of Smitham Bottom was officially re-named Coulsdon by theGPO, while the older village became Old Coulsdon.[63] The former site of the Red Lion inn is currently occupied by anAldi store.
Most retail and commerce is set beside the Brighton Road which, until 2006, also carried theA23, a major route from London to Brighton. Since 2006 the A23 bypasses the town centre and runs along the Coulsdon relief road (Farthing Way).
The soil is dry, and water was obtained even in 1912 by deep wells here in the chalk. This dry valley in the chalk has a watercourse below, the water of which until the 16th century occasionally in times of flood ran here but after this, inexplicably, waits to break out as far as at the foot of the chalk in Croydon and Beddington.[20]
Coulsdon has two railway stations,Coulsdon South andCoulsdon Town served by both semi-fast and stopping services, giving Coulsdon a bustling, busy setting for economic life.
Marlpit (a former chalk quarry) is the town's Marlpit Industrial / Business Park estate, which is strong in storage, distribution and technology.
The Clockhouse Estate is a square neighbourhood on a hill plateau north of Coulsdon. It was begun in 1934 but the bulk of its development byCarshalton Urban District Council took place after the Second World War with blocks of flats built in the 1950s and 1960s. It is also known as The Mount after the central street. It is located in a cut-off corner of theLondon Borough of Sutton, being only accessible by road through the London Borough of Croydon.[64]
TheLondon Loop Section 6 runs along its eastern edge, continuing to the Banstead Downs and East Ewell toNonsuch Palace 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west.[65]
The Coulsdon Woods estate lies on the hillside between Byron Avenue and the railway. It was built byWates, with construction commencing in 1967.[63]
This area forms the area of the former buildings and grounds ofCane Hill Hospital; there had been proposals to expand this again in the late 1990s, but these were delayed and then cancelled.
An approved development of the former site ofCane Hill Hospital byBarratt Developments andDavid Wilson Homes, an associated organisation, gained planning permission, and started in about 2015, with intent to create over six hundred new dwellings. In 2013, Barratt published a Public Consultation document[66] and report of feedback.[67]Some residents protested concerns relating to the likely effect on local infrastructure, including access routes, the proposed mix of housing, transport, notably road traffic, and the provision of educational services.[68][69][70]
In 2016 planning application approvals were finalised and the development of 677 homes on the 210-acre site was later completed in November, 2021.[71][72]
In 1883, to prevent further loss of common lands arising from theinclosure acts, the Corporation of London (under provisions of theCorporation of London (Open Spaces) Act 1878), purchased from Squire Byron (Lord of the Manor of Coulsdon)Farthing Downs, Coulsdon Common and Kenley Common, to add to the earlier purchase ofRiddlesdown Common.[29][30] TheLondon Borough of Croydon own and maintain several parks, includingHappy Valley, which, together with Farthing Downs, is designated is aSite of Special Scientific Interest.[73]
Rickman Hill Park is the highest public park in London, at 155 metresabove sea level.
A memorial park and recreation ground was purchased from the Byrons by Coulsdon and Purley Urban District Council and Hall & Co Ltd in 1920, it was opened in 1921.
TheLondon Loop footpath passes through Happy Valley and Farthing Downs betweenHamsey Green andBanstead. The Coulsdon section was the first of the 24 to be opened.
Grange Park was obtained partly by Public Subscription but mostly by Coulsdon and Purley Urban District Council in 1929 from the owners of the Coulsdon Court Golf Course. The land was sold for use as an open space or pleasure and recreation ground. Grange Park was formerly part of Squire Byrons Coulsdon Court Estate. Grange Park is situated in a designated conservation area in the heart of Old Coulsdon and incorporates a children's play area and recreational green space. In total, Grange Park represents local green space of around 8 acres.
Places of worship include:
Athletics: The Old CoulsdonHash House Harriers (or "OCH3") is a local hashing group.[80]
Gordon Pirie (1931–1991), an English long-distance runner lived in Coulsdon and was a member of South London Harriers, one of the oldest and most successful athletics club in Britain. The club has been based in Coulsdon since 1913, and remains there to this day. The club competes in cross-country, road running and track and field events, and trains from its Coulsdon HQ three times a week. The club has been heavily involved in recent years in building an eight lane all weather running track at Woodcote School. It also has an active and successful triathlon section.[81]
Bare-knuckle boxing fights were held at Smitham Bottom. Records exist of fights in 1788[82][83][84][85][86] and 1792.[87][88]
Bowls has been played at the Marlpit Lane Recreation Ground since the 1920s. A separate team played at the Ashdown Park Hotel.[89]
Chess has been played from 1949.[90][91]
Old Coulsdon had one of the firstcricket clubs in the world, founded in 1762. It was one of the strongest teams in the country in the late 18th and early 19th century and once boasted eight England internationals, as well as a youngStuart Surridge. The club was possibly the first to use three stumps and two bails and frequently played matches on the most famous early cricket grounds such as Mitcham, and later in Grange Park in the village. In 1995 falling player numbers forced the club to merge with the nearby Redhill Cricket Club, playing at the Ring on Earlswood Common in theEarlswood neighbourhood of Redhill asRedhill & Old Coulsdon Cricket Club. Cricket was originally played at 'Smitham Bottom' opposite the Red Lion. The first archived results come from a games was played in 1731 (Surrey vs East Grinstead). A 'Cricket Shed' appears in Smitham Bottom as a fixed building in a map of 1785.[92] In the 1880s, this area became was built over, and the club moved to Old Coulsdon. From the 1920s, cricket was played at The Memorial Gardens.
A cycling group meets at the Temperance Hotel.[93]
Coulsdon UnitedFootball Club participated in theCombined Counties League.
Golf is played at Woodcote Park Golf Club (since 1920)[94] and at Coulsdon Manor.[95][96] Green bowls is available next door.[97] Ashdown Park Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1912. The club did not appear following WW1.[98]
Horse riding is available on the downs. Coulsdon has wide and long pavements and indoor cafés from which to watch any of the London-Brighton rallies (vintage cars, minis, Land Rovers, vintage commercial vehicles, motorbikes, cycling etc.).[99]
Hunting meetings of the Old Surrey Foxhounds were held at the Red Lion from 1735 until 1908. In 1915, the hunt merged withOld Surrey Burstow and West Kent Hunt.
Rugby Union: Purley John Fisher Rugby Football Club[100] at Parsons Pightle, Old Coulsdon. Chipstead Rugby CLub[101] play locally at The Meads, Chipstead, offering mini, youth, adult social and adult league rugby.
The Coulsdon Martial Arts Club] (also known as Yoshin Ryu) is long established[when?]. Yoshin Ryu was originally started in the late seventies as a collection of clubs based in youth centres and sports halls around the Croydon area run by founder and senior coach Errol Field, 7thdan Judo, 5th dan Karate (Shotokan), 6th dan jujitsu. Coulsdon Martial Arts is on the site of what was originally a 'tin' church built by the Roman Catholic Church in 1916.[102] The church building located on this site was purchased in the mid-1990s and converted into a full-time dojo and club HQ. The club president is Mr Brian Jacks – 10th Dan Judo, Olympic Judo medallist, holder of several European and World Judo titles. His bronze medal from the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich was donated to the club and can be seen on display in the foyer.[citation needed]
Theatre Workshop Coulsdon branched out of the Croydon Youth Theatre Organisation in 1970. It is based at the Coulsdon Community Centre on Chipstead Valley Road.[103]
The Memorial Gardens has an adventure park, crazy golf, basketball, tennis, cricket and, in the summer, 'beach games' and events organised by the café.
Grange Park in Old Coulsdon has a playground, and football pitches.[104] Rickman Hill Park hosts football, and has a children's playground and tennis courts.[105]
TheUnited Kingdom Census 2021 recorded that the twowards:Coulsdon Town (ward) andOld Coulsdon (ward), contained respectively: 15,419 people living in 5,724 homes[1][106] and 10,109 people living in 3,951 homes.[2][107] The percentage of the population who declared their health as very good was 55%[108] and 51%[109] respectively. Ethnic makeup was as follows[110]
| Ethnic Group | Coulsdon Town Ward | Old Coulsdon Ward |
|---|---|---|
| Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh | 15.6% | 7.6% |
| Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African | 10.4% | 7.5% |
| Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups | 6.5% | 6.7% |
| White | 65.2% | 76.9% |
| Other ethnic group | 2.3% | 1.3% |
1804. TheSurrey Iron Railway was enhanced by the "Coulsdon Merstham & Godstone Railway". These were horsedrawn railways which carried quarried materials and crops from Coulsdon and Merstham, and returned with fuel, metals and other materials.[117][118]To maintain a regular elevation at Coulsdon required large changes in direction and the construction of 20 ft embankments and a road bridge. Remnants of the 1805 railway embankment are still evident.[119][120] The railway closed in 1838 due to underuse.[121] A bridge over the Chipstead Valley road was demolished as dangerous in 1854.[122]
1841. TheLondon & Brighton Railway line opened.[123]
1856. The Caterham railway opened. Initially intended to serve residents of Old Coulsdon, a station named 'Coulsdon' opened; later to be renamed 'Kenley'.
1893. Authorisation was given for a new (second) line to be built between Purley and Kingwood. This was the Chipstead Valley Railway which was later extended to become theTattenham Corner line. Constructed by the South Eastern Railway in 1896, it opened in 1897 as a single-track line.
1900. The main line between Croydon and Coulsdon was widened. A new (third) line was added named theQuarry Line between Coulsdon North and Earlswood (bypassing Redhill). Constructed 1898–9. The line involved engineering work including cuttings, embankments and a covered way at Cane Hill Hospital.[124]
1923. Various station names changes, following amalgamations between various Railway companies.
Railway stations' names:
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