Acorrido (Spanish pronunciation:[koˈriðo]) is a narrative metrical tale and poetry that forms aballad. The songs often feature topics such as oppression, history, daily life for criminals, thevaquero lifestyle, and other socially relevant themes.[1] Corridos were widely popular during theMexican Revolution and in theSouthwesternAmerican frontier as it was also a part of the development ofTejano andNew Mexico music, which later influencedWestern music.
The genre derives mainly from theromance and, in its most known form, consists of a salutation from the singer, a prologue to the story, the story itself, and a moral and farewell from the singer. InMexico, it is still a popular genre today.
Outside Mexico, corridos are popular inChilean national celebrations ofFiestas Patrias.[2][3]
Corridos, likerancheras, have introductory instrumental music andadornos (ornamentations), accommodating the stanzas of the lyrics. Likerancheras,corridos can be played in virtually allregional Mexican styles. Also, like rancheras, corridos are usually played inmarch,waltz, ormazurka mode.[citation needed]
The wordcorrido comes from the Spanish wordcorrer ("to run"). A typical corrido's formula is eightquatrains with four to six lines containing eight syllables.[4]
The earliest living specimens ofcorrido are adapted versions of Spanish romances or European tales, mainly about disgraced or idealized love or religious topics. These, which include (among others) "La Martina" (an adaptation of the romance "La Esposa Infiel") and "La Delgadina", show the same basic stylistic features of the later mainstreamcorridos (1/2 or 3/4 tempo andverso menor lyric composing, meaning verses of eight or less phonetic syllables, grouped in strophes of six or fewer verses).
Beginning with theMexican War of Independence (1810–1821) and culminating during theMexican Revolution (1910–1921), the genre flourished and acquired its "epic" tones, along with the three-step narrative structure.[5] The academic study ofcorridos written during the Revolution shows that they were used to communicate news throughout Mexico as a response to thepropaganda being spread in the newspapers, which the corrupt government ofPorfirio Díaz owned.Sheet music of popularcorridos was sold or included in publications. Othercorrido sheets were passed out free as a form of propaganda toeulogize leaders, armies, and political movements or, in some cases, to mock the opposition. The best-known Revolutionarycorrido is "La Cucaracha", an old song rephrased to celebrate the exploits ofPancho Villa's army and poke fun at his nemesisVictoriano Huerta.
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Before the widespread use of radio, popularcorridos were passed around as an oral tradition, often to spread news of events (for example, "La cárcel de Cananea") and famous heroes and humour to the population, many of whom wereilliterate before the post-Revolution improvements to the educational system. Until the arrival and success of electronic mass media in the mid-20th century, thecorrido served in Mexico as the leading informational and educational outlet, even withsubversive purposes, due to an apparent linguistic and musical simplicity that lent itself to oral transmission. After the spread ofradio andtelevision, the genre evolved into a new stage and is still in maturation. However, some scholars have disputed this notion and consider thecorrido to be a dead or moribund art form.[6]
With the consolidation of "Presidencialismo" (the political era following the Mexican Revolution) and the success of electronic mass media,corridos lost their primacy as a form of mass communication, becoming part of a folklorist cult in one branch and, in another, the voice of the new subversives: oppressed workers, drug growers or traffickers, leftist activists and emigrated farm workers (mainly to theUnited States). Scholars designate this as the "decaying" stage of the genre, which tends to erase the stylistic or structural characteristics of "revolutionary" or traditionalcorrido without a clear and unified understanding of its evolution. This is mainly signified by the "narcocorrido", many of which are egocentric ballads paid for by drug smugglers to anonymous and almost illiterate composers, but with others coming from the most popularnorteño andbanda artists and written by some of the most successful and influentialranchera composers.
In more rural areas, where Spanish and Mexican cultures have been preserved because of isolation, romantic works have also taken on other forms related to thecorrido. InNew Mexico, for example, a story-song emerged during the colonial period known as anIndita, which loosely follows the format of acorrido, but is chanted rather than sung, similar to aNative American chant, hence they are calledInditas.
Somecorridos are love stories. These are not exclusively male; there are alsocorridos about women, such as "La Venganza de Maria", "Laurita Garza", "El Corrido de Rosita Alvirez" and "La Adelita", or couples, such as "La Fama de la Pareja" sung byLos Tigres del Norte. Some even employ fictional stories invented by their composers.
In theMestizo-Mexican cultural area, the three variants ofcorrido (romance, revolutionary and modern) are both alive and sung, along with popular sister narrative genres, such as the "valona" of Michoacán state, the "son arribeño" of theSierra Gorda (Guanajuato, Hidalgo and Querétaro states) and others. Its vitality and flexibility allow originalcorrido lyrics to be built on non-Mexican musical genres, such asblues andska, or with non-Spanish lyrics, like the famous song "El Paso" byMarty Robbins, and corridos composed or translated by Mexican indigenous communities or by the "Chicano" people in the United States, in English or "Spanglish". Thecorrido was, for example, a favourite device employed by theTeatro Campesino led byLuis Valdez in mobilizing predominantly Mexican and Mexican-American farmworkers in California during the 1960s.
Corridos have seen a renaissance in the 21st century. Contemporarycorridos feature contemporary themes such asdrug trafficking (narcocorridos),immigration,migrant labour, and thechupacabra.[7]
Modern artists have created a modern twist to the historical corridos. This new type of corridos is called narcocorridos ("drug ballads").[8] The earliest form of corridos emerged in theMexican Revolution and told stories of revolutionary leaders and battles. Narcocorridos typically use accurate dates and places to tell mainly stories of drug smuggling, including violence, murder, poverty, corruption, and crime.[9]
Theborder zone ofRio Grande has been credited with being the birthplace of narcocorridos. This began in the 1960s with the fast growth of drug empires in the border states of Mexico and the United States.[10] Asdrug lords grew in influence, people idolized them and began to show their respect and admiration through narcocorridos.[10]
There are two main types of narcocorridos: commercial corridos and private corridos. Commercial narcocorridos are recorded by famous artists who idolize a specific drug dealer and release a song about him, while the drug dealer usually commissions private narcocorridos.[11] While commercial corridos are available to the public, private narcocorridos are restricted to nightclubs that are frequently attended by drug dealers or through CDs bought on the street. Drug lords often pay singers to write songs about them to send a message to rivals. These songs are found to be most popular on YouTube; many have a banner "Approved by the cartel". These types of corridos are changing from the formula historical and typical corridos would usually take. A first-person voice is now being sung instead of the historic third-person point of view.[12]
The Mexican government has tried to ban narcocorridos because of their explicit and controversial lyrics. Most of the Mexican public argues that crimes and violence are to blame for narcocorridos.[13] However, despite the efforts of the Mexican government to ban narcocorridos, the northern states of Mexico can still get access to these songs through US radio stations whose signal still reaches the conditions of the north of Mexico. Narcocorridos are also widely available on websites like YouTube and iHeartRadio. Today, narcocorridos are popular in Latin American countries likeBolivia,Colombia,Peru,Guatemala andHonduras.[14]
Narcocorridos has grown in popularity in the United States, and the American public has targeted them. More recent narcocorridos are even targeted towards the American people; some are even written in English. Like many artists, narcocorrido singers have chosen American cities to perform concerts because the American public can buy concert tickets for a higher price than the average Mexican citizen.[15]
"Corridos tumbados" or "trap corridos" are corrido ballads influenced byhip hop andLatin trap. Largely popularized byNatanael Cano, the idea to fuse the two genres was proposed by Dan Sanchez, who wrote Natanael's first corrido tumbado, "Soy El Diablo", which later saw a remix featuring popularreggaeton and trap rapperBad Bunny. Other prominent artists includePeso Pluma,Fuerza Regida andJunior H. Many corrido tumbado artists citeAriel Camacho as one of their main influences.[16]
Since 2023, this subgenre of corridos saw a major boom on the mainstream scene all around the world, with popular artists appearing on songs. These artists includeEladio Carrión,Myke Towers and Argentinian producerBizarrap, who released a music session with Peso Pluma, which became a major hit. As corridos tumbados became popular around the world, major artists from the American hip-hop scene likeDrake,Travis Scott andLil Baby have been seen with acts from corridos tumbados. In Mexico, the genre has been controversial for some lyrics pertaining to "violent themes" including drug criminals.[17]
Thecorrido "The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez" narrates the story ofGregorio Cortez, who fought against 33Texas Rangers from June 12 to June 22, 1901 and became afolk hero amongst people along theTexas-Mexico border.[18][19] Cortez was described as "a man who never raised his voice to the parent or elder brother and never disobeyed."[20] Most of the story is no different from his real life, but the report calls him asharpshooter, and his brother Romaldo was renamed Román.
On June 12, 1901, sheriff W.T. Morris came to Cortez and Román to investigate a horse theft and asked if they traded ahorse. Gregorio said "no" and told Morris that he had amare.[21] After a while, Morris assumed Cortez and Romaldo were lying and attempted to arrest them. However, when Morris tried to arrest the brothers, Cortez stood up to him, saying in Spanish "You can't arrest me for nothing". Relying on poor Spanish translations from his fellow Texas Rangers, Morris misinterpreted Cortez' as saying "No white man can arrest me" and shot Ronaldo, wounding him. Cortez shot Morris in retaliation and headed towards theAustin-Gonzales vicinity.[21]
In thecorrido, instead of Romaldo being wounded, his counterpart Román is shot dead trying to protect Cortez and collapses on the ground, and Cortez shoots the sheriff to avenge his brother.[21] He walks 100 miles and rides more than 400 miles. He walks until he reaches theRio Grande. As he arrives inGoliad, Texas, he meets with his friend Jesús González (referred to as "El Teco"[22]), who betrays him and turns him in to the police. This results in Cortez being arrested,[21] put on trial, and sentenced to "ninety-nine years and a day" in federal prison for horse theft, even though he never stole a horse.[22]
The corrido has been adapted in other media. In 1958,Américo Paredes wrote the bookWith His Pistol in His Hand: A Border Ballad and Its Hero. This book details the corrido and the story of Gregorio Cortes in detail.[23] It has become a "classic of Mexican-American prose." In 1982, a film titledThe Ballad of Gregorio Cortez was created, andEdward James Olmos starred as Gregorio Cortez.[19]
