Visible at latitudes between +45° and −90°. Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month ofAugust.
Corona Australis is aconstellation in theSouthern Celestial Hemisphere. Its Latin name means "southern crown", and it is the southern counterpart ofCorona Borealis, the northern crown. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomerPtolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. The Ancient Greeks saw Corona Australis as a wreath rather than a crown and associated it withSagittarius orCentaurus. Other cultures have likened the pattern to a turtle, ostrich nest, a tent, or even a hut belonging to arock hyrax.
The name of the constellation was entered as "Corona Australis" when theInternational Astronomical Union (IAU) established the 88 modern constellations in 1922.[5][6]In 1932, the name was instead recorded as "Corona Austrina" when the IAU's commission on notation approved a list of four-letter abbreviations for the constellations.[7]The four-letter abbreviations were repealed in 1955.[8] The IAU presently uses "Corona Australis" exclusively.[4]
Corona Australis is a small constellation bordered bySagittarius to the north,Scorpius to the west,Telescopium to the south, andAra to the southwest. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by theInternational Astronomical Union in 1922, is "CrA".[9] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of four segments (illustrated in infobox). In theequatorial coordinate system, theright ascension coordinates of these borders lie between17h 58.3m and19h 19.0m, while thedeclination coordinates are between −36.77° and −45.52°.[4] Covering 128 square degrees, Corona Australisculminates at midnight around the 30th of June[10] and ranks 80th in area.[11] Only visible at latitudes south of53° north,[11] Corona Australis cannot be seen from the British Isles as it lies too far south,[12] but it can be seen from southern Europe[13] and readily from the southern United States.[14]
The constellation Corona Australis as it can be seen by the naked eye
While not a bright constellation, Corona Australis is nonetheless distinctive due to its easily identifiable pattern of stars,[15] which has been described as horseshoe-[16] or oval-shaped.[10] Though it has no stars brighter than 4th magnitude, it still has 21 stars visible to the unaided eye (brighter than magnitude 5.5).[17]Nicolas Louis de Lacaille used the Greek letters Alpha through to Lambda to label the most prominent eleven stars in the constellation, designating two stars as Eta and omitting Iota altogether.Mu Coronae Australis, a yellow star of spectral type G5.5III and apparent magnitude 5.21,[18] was labelled byJohann Elert Bode and retained byBenjamin Gould, who deemed it bright enough to warrant naming.[19]
The only star in the constellation to have received a name isAlfecca Meridiana or Alpha CrA. The name combines theArabic name of the constellation with theLatin for "southern".[20] In Arabic,Alfecca means "break", and refers to the shape of both Corona Australis and Corona Borealis.[21] Also called simply "Meridiana",[1] it is a whitemain sequence star located 125 light years away from Earth,[15] with anapparent magnitude of 4.10 andspectral type A2Va.[22] A rapidly rotating star, it spins at almost 200 km per second at its equator, making a complete revolution in around 14 hours.[23] Like the starVega, it hasexcess infrared radiation, which indicates it may be ringed by a disk of dust.[21] It is currently amain-sequence star, but will eventuallyevolve into awhite dwarf; currently, it has a luminosity 31 times greater, and a radius and mass of 2.3 times that of the Sun.[21]Beta Coronae Australis is an orangegiant 474 light years from Earth.[15] Its spectral type is K0II, and it is of apparent magnitude 4.11.[24] Since its formation, it has evolved from aB-type star to aK-type star. Itsluminosity class places it as abright giant; its luminosity is 730 times that of the Sun,[25] designating it one of the highest-luminosity K0-type stars visible to the naked eye.[1] 100 million years old, it has a radius of 43solar radii (R☉) and a mass of between 4.5 and 5solar masses (M☉). Alpha and Beta are so similar as to be indistinguishable in brightness to the naked eye.[25]
Some of the more prominent double stars includeGamma Coronae Australis—a pair of yellowish white stars 58 light years away from Earth, which orbit each other every 122 years. Widening since 1990, the two stars can be seen as separate with a 100 mm aperture telescope;[15] they are separated by 1.3 arcseconds at an angle of 61 degrees.[26] They have a combined visual magnitude of 4.2;[27] each component is an F8Vdwarf star with a magnitude of 5.01.[28][29]Epsilon Coronae Australis is aneclipsing binary belonging to a class of stars known asW Ursae Majoris variables. These star systems are known ascontact binaries as the component stars are so close together they touch. Varying by a quarter of a magnitude around an average apparent magnitude of 4.83 every seven hours, the star system lies 98 light years away.[30] Its spectral type is F4VFe-0.8+.[31] At the southern end of the crown asterism are the starsEta1 andEta2 CrA, which form anoptical double.[32] Of magnitude 5.1 and 5.5, they are separable with the naked eye and are both white.[33]Kappa Coronae Australis is an easily resolved optical double—the components are of apparent magnitudes 6.3 and 5.6 and are about 1000 and 150 light years away respectively.[15] They appear at an angle of 359 degrees, separated by 21.6 arcseconds.[26]Kappa2 is actually the brighter of the pair and is more bluish white,[33] with a spectral type of B9V,[34] whileKappa1 is of spectral type A0III.[35] Lying 202 light years away,Lambda Coronae Australis is a double splittable in small telescopes. The primary is a white star of spectral type A2Vn and magnitude of 5.1,[36] while the companion star has a magnitude of 9.7. The two components are separated by 29.2 arcseconds at an angle of 214 degrees.[26]
Zeta Coronae Australis is a rapidly rotating main sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 4.8, 221.7 light years from Earth. The star has blurred lines in its hydrogen spectrum due to its rotation.[32] Its spectral type is B9V.[37]Theta Coronae Australis lies further to the west, a yellow giant of spectral type G8III and apparent magnitude 4.62.[38] Corona Australis harboursRX J1856.5-3754, an isolatedneutron star that is thought to lie 140 (±40) parsecs, or 460 (±130) light years, away, with a diameter of 14 km.[39] It was once suspected to be astrange star,[40] but this has been discounted.[39]
The Milky Way as seen by Gaia, with prominent dark features labeled in white, as well as prominentstar clouds labeled in black. Corona Australis is on the left bottom center.Astarchart ofnight sky towards theGalactic Central area, with the Corona Australis Molecular Cloud at the bottom left marked green.
The R Coronae Australis region. The dust of the cloud is illuminated blue by starlight. Stars that are forming inside the cloud could only be detected by observing at longer wavelengths.Detail of the star-forming region and Coronet Cluster, with the distinctHerbig–Haro object HH 100/Bernes 158 to the left.
Between Epsilon andGamma Coronae Australis the cloud consists of the particulardark nebula and star forming regionBernes 157. It is 55 by 18 arcminutes wide and possesses several stars around magnitude 13. These stars are dimmed by up to 8 magnitudes because of the obscuring dust clouds.[44] At the center of the active star-forming region lies theCoronet cluster (also called R CrA Cluster), which is used in studying star andprotoplanetary disk formation.[45]R Coronae Australis (R CrA) is an irregular variable star ranging from magnitudes 9.7 to 13.9.[46] Blue-white, it is of spectral type B5IIIpe.[47] A very young star, it is still accumulating interstellar material.[41] It is obscured by, and illuminates, the surrounding nebula,NGC 6729, which brightens and darkens with it.[46] The nebula is often compared to acomet for its appearance in a telescope, as its length is five times its width.[48] Other stars of the cluster includeS Coronae Australis, a G-class dwarf andT Tauri star.[32]
Nearby north, another young variable star,TY Coronae Australis, illuminates another nebula: reflection nebulaNGC 6726/NGC 6727. TY Coronae Australis ranges irregularly between magnitudes 8.7 and 12.4, and the brightness of the nebula varies with it.[46] Blue-white, it is of spectral type B8e.[49] The largest young stars in the region, R, S,T, TY andVV Coronae Australis, are all ejecting jets of material which cause surrounding dust and gas to coalesce and form Herbig–Haro objects, many of which have been identified nearby.[50]
Not part of it is theglobular cluster known asNGC 6723, which can be seen adjacent to the nebulosity in the neighbouring constellation of Sagittarius, but is much much further away.[51]
IC 1297 is aplanetary nebula of apparent magnitude 10.7, which appears as a green-hued roundish object in higher-powered amateur instruments.[52] The nebula surrounds the variable star RU Coronae Australis, which has an average apparent magnitude of 12.9[53] and is a WC classWolf–Rayet star.[54] IC 1297 is small, at only 7 arcseconds in diameter; it has been described as "a square with rounded edges" in the eyepiece, elongated in the north–south direction.[55] Descriptions of its color encompass blue, blue-tinged green, and green-tinged blue.[55]
Corona Australis' location near the Milky Way means that galaxies are uncommonly seen.NGC 6768 is a magnitude 11.2 object 35′ south of IC 1297. It is made up of two galaxies merging,[33] one of which is an elongatedelliptical galaxy of classification E4 and the other alenticular galaxy of classification S0.[56]IC 4808 is a galaxy of apparent magnitude 12.9 located on the border of Corona Australis with the neighbouring constellation of Telescopium and 3.9 degrees west-southwest ofBeta Sagittarii. However, amateur telescopes will only show a suggestion of its spiral structure. It is 1.9 arcminutes by 0.8 arcminutes. The central area of the galaxy does appear brighter in an amateur instrument, which shows it to be tilted northeast–southwest.[57]
Southeast of Theta and southwest of Eta lies theopen clusterESO 281-SC24, which is composed of the yellow 9th magnitude star GSC 7914 178 1 and five 10th to 11th magnitude stars.[33] Halfway between Theta Coronae Australis andTheta Scorpii is the dense globular clusterNGC 6541. Described as between magnitude 6.3[46] and magnitude 6.6,[26] it is visible in binoculars and small telescopes. Around 22000 light years away, it is around 100 light years in diameter.[46] It is estimated to be around 14 billion years old.[58] NGC 6541 appears 13.1 arcminutes in diameter and is somewhat resolvable in large amateur instruments; a 12-inch telescope reveals approximately 100 stars but the core remains unresolved.[59]
TheCorona Australids are a meteor shower that takes place between 14 and 18 March each year, peaking around 16 March.[60] This meteor shower does not have a high peak hourly rate. In 1953 and 1956, observers noted a maximum of 6 meteors per hour and 4 meteors per hour respectively; in 1955 the shower was "barely resolved".[61] However, in 1992, astronomers detected a peak rate of 45 meteors per hour.[62] The Corona Australids' rate varies from year to year.[63][64] At only six days, the shower's duration is particularly short,[62] and itsmeteoroids are small; the stream is devoid of large meteoroids. The Corona Australids were first seen with the unaided eye in 1935 and first observed withradar in 1955.[64] Corona Australid meteors have an entry velocity of 45 kilometers per second.[65] In 2006, a shower originating near Beta Coronae Australis was designated as the Beta Coronae Australids. They appear in May, the same month as a nearby shower known as the May Microscopids, but the two showers have different trajectories and are unlikely to be related.[66]
Corona Australis on The Manuchihr Globe, Adilnor Collection, Sweden.
Corona Australis may have been recorded by ancientMesopotamians in theMUL.APIN, as a constellation called MA.GUR ("The Bark"). However, this constellation, adjacent to SUHUR.MASH ("The Goat-Fish", modernCapricornus), may instead have been modernEpsilon Sagittarii. As a part of the southern sky, MA.GUR was one of the fifteen "stars ofEa".[67]
In the 3rd century BC, the Greekdidactic poetAratus wrote of, but did not name the constellation,[68] instead calling the two crowns Στεφάνοι (Stephanoi). The Greek astronomerPtolemy described the constellation in the 2nd century AD, though with the inclusion ofAlpha Telescopii, since transferred to Telescopium.[69] Ascribing 13 stars to the constellation,[10] he named it Στεφάνος νοτιος (Stephanos notios), "Southern Wreath", while other authors associated it with either Sagittarius (having fallen off his head) or Centaurus; with the former, it was calledCorona Sagittarii.[70] Similarly, the Romans called Corona Australis the "Golden Crown of Sagittarius".[71] It was known asParvum Coelum ("Canopy", "Little Sky") in the 5th century.[72] The 18th-century French astronomerJérôme Lalande gave it the namesSertum Australe ("Southern Garland")[70][72] andOrbiculus Capitis, while German poet and authorPhilippus Caesius called itCorolla ("Little Crown") orSpira Australis ("Southern Coil"), and linked it with the Crown of Eternal Life from the New Testament. Seventeenth-century celestial cartographerJulius Schiller linked it to the Diadem of Solomon.[70] Sometimes, Corona Australis was not the wreath of Sagittarius but arrows held in his hand.[72]
Corona Australis depicted in theUranographia ofJohann Bode
Corona Australis has been associated with the myth ofBacchus andStimula.Jupiter had impregnated Stimula, causingJuno to become jealous. Juno convinced Stimula to ask Jupiter to appear in his full splendor, which the mortal woman could not handle, causing her to burn. After Bacchus, Stimula's unborn child, became an adult and the god of wine, he honored his deceased mother by placing a wreath in the sky.[73]
InChinese astronomy, the stars of Corona Australis are located within theBlack Tortoise of the North (北方玄武,Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ).[74] The constellation itself was known asti'en pieh ("Heavenly Turtle") and during theWestern Zhou period, marked the beginning of winter. However,precession over time has meant that the "Heavenly River" (Milky Way) became the more accurate marker to the ancient Chinese and hence supplanted the turtle in this role.[75] Arabic names for Corona Australis includeAl Ķubbah "the Tortoise",Al Ĥibā "the Tent" orAl Udḥā al Na'ām "the Ostrich Nest".[70][72] It was later given the nameAl Iklīl al Janūbiyyah, which the European authorsChilmead,Riccioli and Caesius transliterated as Alachil Elgenubi, Elkleil Elgenubi and Aladil Algenubi respectively.[70]
TheǀXam speakingSan people of South Africa knew the constellation as≠nabbe ta !nu "house of branches"—owned originally by the Dassie (rock hyrax), and the star pattern depicting people sitting in a semicircle around a fire.[76]
The indigenousBoorong people of northwestern Victoria saw it asWon, a boomerang thrown byTotyarguil (Altair).[77] TheAranda people of Central Australia saw Corona Australis as acoolamon carrying a baby, which was accidentally dropped to earth by a group of sky-women dancing in the Milky Way. The impact of the coolamon createdGosses Bluff crater, 175 km west ofAlice Springs.[78] TheTorres Strait Islanders saw Corona Australis as part of a larger constellation encompassing part of Sagittarius and the tip ofScorpius's tail; thePleiades andOrion were also associated. This constellation was Tagai's canoe, crewed by the Pleiades, called theUsiam, and Orion, called theSeg. The myth of Tagai says that he was in charge of this canoe, but his crewmen consumed all of the supplies onboard without asking permission. Enraged, Tagai bound the Usiam with a rope and tied them to the side of the boat, then threw them overboard. Scorpius's tail represents asuckerfish, whileEta Sagittarii and Theta Corona Australis mark the bottom of the canoe.[79] On the island ofFutuna, the figure of Corona Australis was calledTanuma and in theTuamotus, it was calledNa Kaua-ki-Tonga.[80]
Main dark nebulae of theSolar apex half of thegalactic plane, with the Corona Australis on the right
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