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Coro Neu-Augsburg | |
|---|---|
| Santa Ana de Coro | |
     Historic centre of Santa Ana de Coro, service station, museum,Los Médanos de Coro, and street of Coro. | |
.svg)  Coro | |
| Coordinates:11°25′01″N69°40′12″W / 11.417°N 69.67°W /11.417; -69.67 | |
| Country |  Venezuela |
| State |  Falcón |
| Municipality | Miranda |
| Established | 26 July 1527 |
| Area | |
• Total | 45 km2 (17 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 195,227 |
| • Density | 4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi) |
| Climate | BWh |
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| Official name | Coro andits Port |
| Criteria | Cultural: iv, v |
| Reference | 658 |
| Inscription | 1993 (17thSession) |
| Endangered | 2005 - |
| Area | 18.4 ha |
| Buffer zone | 186.3 ha |
Coro is the capital ofFalcón State and the second oldest city inVenezuela (afterCumaná). It was founded on July 26, 1527, byJuan de Ampíes asSanta Ana de Coro. It was historically known asNeu-Augsburg (from 1528 to 1546) by the GermanWelsers, and Coro by the Spanish colonizers and Venezuelans, the city and buildings were built during the Spanish Empire. It is established at the south of theParaguaná Peninsula in a coastal plain, flanked by theMédanos de Coro National Park to the north and theSierra de Coro to the south, at a few kilometers from its port (La Vela de Coro) in theCaribbean Sea at a point equidistant between the Ensenada de La Vela and Golfete de Coro.
It has a wide cultural tradition that comes from being the urban settlement founded by the Spanish conquerors who colonized the interior of the continent. AsNeu-Augsburg, it was the firstGerman colony in the Americas under theWelser family ofAugsburg (from 1528 to 1546). It was then the first capital of the SpanishCaptaincy General of Venezuela (1546–1578) and head of the first bishop founded inSouth America in 1531. The precursor movement of the independence and of vindication of the dominated classes in Venezuela originated in this region; it is also considered to be the cradle of the Venezuelan federalist movement in the republican era.
Thanks to the city's history, culture and its well-preserved Colonial architecture, "Coro and its port La Vela" was designated in 1993 as aWorld Heritage Site byUNESCO.[1] Since 2005 it is on the UNESCO'sList of World Heritage in Danger.[2]
At its founding the town was called Santa Ana de Coro (there is now an unsuccessful campaign to reinstate the colonial name of the city) in the Spanish style that named new cities in America according to the Catholic calendar, accompanied by a name of Indian origin. According to the tradition the wordcoro derives from theCaquetio wordcuriana, meaning "place of winds".[3] However, according to the authoritativeDRAE Spanish dictionary, the wordcoro in its second meaning means "wind of the northwest", and comes from the Latincaurus.[citation needed]
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The city was founded on July 26, 1527, byJuan Martín de Ampués, with the name ofSanta Ana de Coro. Ampíes covenanted to respect the authority of the Native chief Manaure highest authority of the natives of the region, theCaquetio people, This covenant is broken abruptly in 1529 with the landing at the city's first Governor and Captain GeneralAmbrosius Ehinger representing theWelser, anAugsburg banking and trading family. The family received theProvince of Venezuela (asKlein-Venedig) from the emperorCharles V for exploration, founding cities and exploitation of the resources of this vast territory that stretched fromCabo de la Vela (Guajira Peninsula) to Maracapana (near the city ofBarcelona, Anzoátegui). From Coro emerged multiple expeditions to the Venezuelan and ColombianLlanos, theAndes and theOrinoco River in search ofEl Dorado, which allowed the conquerors to explore these vast territories. The government of the Welsers ends in 1545 for breach of contract and conflict of interests between them and the Spanish conquistadors who explored the territory from other focal points of the Spanish Empire inAmerica. The city is in its early days a "beachhead" or outpost of the Spanish during the conquest and colonization in the western and central Venezuela. From them left the expeditions of exploration and founding of new towns.
Santa Ana de Coro lost the political capital of theVenezuela Province (also known as theCoro Province in official documents of the time) in 1578 toCaracas, motivated by repeated invasions ofpirates (thePreston–Somers expedition was one) and especially to the harshness of its climate. Finally it was no longer the seat of the bishopric in 1636.
During the seventeenth century Coro was hit by a hurricane and invasions of pirates, to the point where it appeared in the charts of English and French of the time with the title of "destroyed." However, these calamities left intact the countryside, with its productive power, which allowed it to recover slowly. Thus, in the late 18th and early 19th century reaches its colonial peak. Precisely from this period are the best preserved civilian buildings in the city.
In 1795 a slave uprising occurs, and generally dominated social classes in the Sierra de Coro, led by the freezamboJosé Leonardo Chirino, which was aimed at the elimination of slavery and the establishment of the republican regime known for the time as "the French law". The movement, which would be the forerunner in the independence process would end in defeat, the capture and killing of rebel leader.
In 1806 an expedition landed in the port of La Vela de Coro led byFrancisco de Miranda. It was intended to be liberating, but was not greeted with enthusiasm by the locals. The expedition is still important as the precursor of theSpanish American wars of independence and in particular for bringing thetricolor, eventually adopted as theflag of Gran Colombia. It is now the basis for the official flag of three American republics,Colombia,Venezuela andEcuador. The port of La Vela de Coro was where it was raised for the first time in Venezuela.
During the beginning of theVenezuelan War of Independence, Coro,Maracaibo andGuiana did not comply with the provisions of theJunta Suprema de Caracas on April 19, 1810, remaining loyal to Spanish rule. Subsequently, formed a bulwark of the Spanish Empire to land on its coasts the troops that end up destroying theFirst Republic of Venezuela. In 1821, finally theCoro Province incorporates to the process of independence, with the capture of the city by the troops led by the heroineJosefa Camejo and a group ofpatriots who came a long time plotting. By the time the GeneralRafael Urdaneta invades from Maracaibo commanding the Grancolombian army, and the city had been released a few days earlier for the Coro army commanded by Camejo.
TheWar of Independence and later the civil wars of the 19th century (including theFederal War that began in Coro) leaving the city deserted and destroyed its field, which plunged her into a period of decline that would recover the half- well into the 20th century with the construction ofoil refineries in theParaguaná Peninsula and the changes in Venezuela following the passage of a rural to an urban and oil country.
Since the early 50s Coro was declared a National Heritage.
Coro is located at north of theCoro region, transition between theVenezuelan Coastal Range and theCordillera de Mérida. Located on a coastal plain ofxerophyte vegetation (19 msn) covering the entire westernFalcón state and reaches its narrowest point just in the city, closing a few miles east of Coro by foothills of theSierra de Falcón. To the north lies theMédanos Isthmus, named for it found in a formation of dunes or sand fields that have been formed by persistenttrade winds and ocean currents. The isthmus connects theParaguaná Peninsula with the mainland. at south of the city are the foothills of the Sierra de Falcón.
Due to its extremely highpotential evapotranspiration, Coro has ahot semi-arid climate (Köppen:BSh) despite receiving an average of approximately 452 millimetres or 18 inches of rainfall per year over 50.1 precipitation days. Humidity remains at a similar level year-round. The highest rainfall occurs between October and December, while March is the driest month. The averagetemperature is 28.9 °C (84.0 °F), with minimum temperatures of 23 °C (73 °F) and maximum 36 °C (96.8 °F). The city is sunny, averaging over 3100 hours of sunshine a year, with January being the sunniest month.[4] It is characterized by strong winds that can register speeds of 35 kilometres per hour (22 mph; 19 kn).
On 29 April 2015, Coro recorded a temperature of 43.6 °C (110.5 °F), which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Venezuela.[5] Coro has never recorded a temperature below 18.9 °C (66.0 °F).
| Climate data for Coro (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.8 (100.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | 41.6 (106.9) | 43.6 (110.5) | 41.4 (106.5) | 43.0 (109.4) | 43.2 (109.8) | 45.0 (113.0) | 45.0 (113.0) | 41.8 (107.2) | 39.3 (102.7) | 40.5 (104.9) | 45.0 (113.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) | 30.1 (86.2) | 31.4 (88.5) | 31.9 (89.4) | 32.7 (90.9) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.9 (91.2) | 33.9 (93.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 32.3 (90.1) | 31.3 (88.3) | 30.3 (86.5) | 32.0 (89.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.8 (82.0) | 28.6 (83.5) | 29.3 (84.7) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.2 (84.6) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.1 (84.4) | 28.4 (83.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 28.6 (83.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.6 (76.3) | 25.6 (78.1) | 26.3 (79.3) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.2 (79.2) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.6 (76.3) | 25.6 (78.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 19.5 (67.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 21.1 (70.0) | 20.4 (68.7) | 21.8 (71.2) | 20.0 (68.0) | 21.6 (70.9) | 20.5 (68.9) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.8 (69.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 18.8 (65.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 24.5 (0.96) | 19.9 (0.78) | 21.8 (0.86) | 19.0 (0.75) | 24.8 (0.98) | 26.8 (1.06) | 33.5 (1.32) | 39.3 (1.55) | 43.7 (1.72) | 83.9 (3.30) | 65.2 (2.57) | 57.0 (2.24) | 459.4 (18.09) |
| Average rainy days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.4 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 8.3 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 50.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 69.0 | 68.5 | 67.0 | 69.0 | 68.5 | 68.0 | 67.5 | 67.0 | 67.0 | 70.5 | 72.0 | 71.0 | 68.8 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 291.4 | 268.8 | 288.3 | 234.0 | 248.0 | 255.0 | 285.2 | 288.3 | 261.0 | 251.1 | 252.0 | 266.6 | 3,189.7 |
| Mean dailysunshine hours | 9.4 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.7 |
| Source 1:NOAA (sun 1971–1990)[6][4] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (humidity 1970–1998)[7][8][9] | |||||||||||||
Because of its status as capital of the state, Coro is the urban center around which the political life ofFalcón revolves. It serves as the political and administrative capital, where the offices of the state government, governor, Regional Council Legislature, courts, and seat of theUniversidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda are located.
The municipal government is currently led by thePSUV, which was founded byHugo Chávez. This reflects Venezuela's broader politics, most governors and mayors also initially belonged to Chávez'sMovimiento V República. However, in the2007 referendum, Chávez's party suffered its first defeat in eight years of successive electoral victories. In Coro, 57.08% of voters rejected the reform. However, in the subsequent state elections of 2008, the ruling party (PSUV) won the position for governor of Falcón state, but this candidate received less votes than the opposition party within Coro.
In the September 2010 elections, Coro, along with nearby municipalities, formed Circuit 3 of the state. The ruling socialist party,PSUV, nominated retired general Melvin Lopez Hidalgo, while the democraticMUD ran Gregorio Graterol, former candidate for governor of the state. With more than 52% of the vote, the opposition candidate Gregorio Graterol won the seat of the circuit assembly, representing the fourth consecutive defeat ofChavismo in the city (after the 2007 referendum, the 2008 regional elections, and thereferendum).
The community television channel,Coro TV, covers local politics.[10]
The city has inherited a monumental architecture of the colonial and republican times features typical of theAndalusian architecture (southern Spain), with materials and techniques used by Native Americans based in the mud, likeadobe andwattle, which gives it a unique personality. Equally characteristic has a certain pattern that combines traditional Spanish checkerboard layout with an irregular shape typical of medievalGerman cities, product of the period in which the city was the seat of the domain ofWelser. In the central town, some streets end abruptly, breaking the regularity of the Spanish checkerboard. Ambrosius Alfinger (German of the house of the Welsers and first Governor of the Province of Venezuela) restructures the layout of the streets based on the original layout of the founding of the city.
With its earthen constructions unique in the Caribbean, Coro is the surviving example of the rich fusion of indigenous traditions with the SpanishMudéjar architectural techniques and irregular shape of German Welser architecture. It is one of the first colonial cities, was founded in 1527, and its colonial architecture prevails until today. Over 600 buildings have been appointed in Coro as heritage.
The historic centre remains characteristics typical of a city of the 18th and 19th centuries, with cobbled stone streets and colonial buildings. This is an important colonial city resort and the largest complex of colonial temples in Venezuela. It contains a variety ofmuseums with a broad representation of Catholic iconography or national historical value, so it is called "la ciudad museo". For these reasons it is declared, along with its nearby port ofLa Vela de Coro, aWorld Heritage Site on December 9, 1993, byUnesco in meeting held in theColombian city ofCartagena de Indias.
Since 2005 Coro has been officially listed as an "endangered" World Heritage Site (seeList of World Heritage in Danger). Climate change in Venezuela, in particular heavy rains, have caused significant damage to its rich architecture. Coro's traditional buildings were built with techniques based on the use of earth (adobe, and earth reinforced with a plant structure in a technique called "bahareque"). Many of these buildings are vulnerable to heavy rains, as in its natural state earth is a material of low resistance to moisture.[11]
As well as the damage from rains between November 2004 and February 2005, the built environment had, according to UNESCO, been adversely affected by the construction of inappropriate walls and fences. There has also been concern about the construction of a new monument, beach walkways and a gateway to the city in the port of La Vela de Coro: these could have a considerable impact on the value of the site.[12]
In 2018 it was noted that while information provided by the "State Party" (i.e. Venezuela) demonstrated satisfactory advances in the implementation of many corrective measures, further information and actions were needed to ensure that the key issues previously identified as affecting the property have been adequately addressed.[13]
From its historic colonial architecture to its diverse landscapes, Coro provides various forms of tourist attraction. In the extreme northeast of the city are the Médanos de Coro National Park, large dunes that are the only desert in Venezuela. They are located along the road that runs between the colonial area of the city to the port of La Vela de Coro. The colonial town, a World Heritage Site, preserves a typical urban landscape of the 18th and 19th centuries, with its cobbled streets and hundreds of historic and traditional buildings. Some architectures reflects aMudéjar style, while others reflect the cultural influence of theNetherlands through the colony of Curaçao. In the city there are interesting Catholic and secular buildings, that were the scene of numerous events of historic significance, since the early republican period. Probably the architectural influences of Coro are unique.
Among the buildings and places of interest highlights include:
Since the creation of theDiocese of Coro by the papal bull of July 21, 1531, it directed the building of the Cathedral of St. Anne, one of the temples of Coro, and in 1567 the cathedral was sacked by the CorsairFrancis Drake. The current structure dates from 1583 and was completed by the end of the 17th century, making it the oldest Catholic church inTierra Firma.
Magnificent mansion built in the 17th century byDon José Francisco Garcés de la Colina. This is a house that has a portal that rises to more than eight feet (2.4 m) high, and so named because of the large windows protected by a wrought iron structure that was imported fromAndalusia.
This religious complex consists in a church with three naves and an annex building that was a Franciscan monastery, which now houses theDiocesan Museum "Lucas Guillermo Castillo ". It begins to build in the 16th century and was destroyed bypirates in 1620. Its neo-Gothic tower is of more recent construction stands over 50 meters, which makes it the highest of all assets. In 1985 the Lucas Guillermo Castillo Museum managed to acquire a place called La Casa Manzano Campuzano or Casa de los Capriles next to the convent.
It has its origins in a church commanded to be built by the founder of the cityJuan de Ampíes in the 16th century. It is a cruciform building where each end pointing towards a central point. It is one of the few examples of colonial architecture in the form of a cross in Venezuela.
Mansion built in 1770 by the Talavera family, and on this was born Bishop Mariano de Talavera, which famous corian that supported the cause of independence. The origin of its name is from the legend that in its land would be buried a treasure that has not yet been located.
Alberto Henríquez Museum of Art
The house built was built in the first half of the XVIII century by thelieutenant governor of Coro DonFrancisco Campuzano Polanco as his residence and bought on 1847 by Mr. David Abraham Senior, asephardic trader fromCuraçao who built there theCoro Synagogue, one of the oldestsynagogues inLatin America. Currently, the synagogue is part of theAlberto Henríquez Museum of Art, which belongs toUniversidad Francisco de Miranda.
Great two-story building and topped with a wooden balcony on the second floor. It was built in the 18th century as residence to the Colina Peredo family and takes its name from the family that occupied it since the mid-19th century and which was donated to the nation. It houses thePeople Earthenware Museum.
Also known asBalcón de los Senior. It served as military headquarters of the patriot forces during theWar of Independence. It is said that the LiberatorSimón Bolívar stayed there on December 23, 1826, and from the balcony greeted the patriots who gathered outside to greet him. It houses theCoro Art Museum.
It is said that St. Clement's Cross marks the spot where the first mass officiate atSouth America. It is sheltered by a pavilion erected ordered the MarshalJuan Crisóstomo Falcón during his presidential tenure.
It is the oldest Jewish cemetery in South America.[14] Its origin goes back to the 19th century when theSephardic Jewish colony of the Dutch island of Curaçao began migrating to the city in 1824. This cemetery is beginning to build in 1832 byJoseph Curiel, who buy land in the vicinity of the town to bury his baby daughter Hana. On this are wonderful mausoleums that reflect the spirit of ancient times.
In this sanctuary is the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe of Carrizal, which according to legend, was rescued in 1723, by Native Americans of the region, of the corian beaches when a vessel sank near the coast of the people. The Natives were shocked to see the perfection of its forms.
It is one of Venezuela's oldest houses, its construction dates from the 17th century. Its name comes from the sun located above its door, symbolizing God.
Which would be located outside the city for a long period. It is located west of the historic centre and was built in 1741, for a lady of the Spanish elite, which, according to a promise, she vowed to build a temple on behalf of Saint Nicholas of Bari.
It is the monument to MarshalJuan Crisóstomo Falcón, a Corian leader during theFederal War and was also President of the Republic from 1863 to 1868.
Traveling one hour north, the tourist will find world-famous beaches for windsurfing in theParaguaná Peninsula. One hour south, "La Sierra de Coro" presents small towns with a more temperate climate and views of the city. On clear days, visitors will be able to see themédanos (dunes) and behind them the Paraguaná Peninsula with its Cerro Santa Ana. Driving west, tourists can also visitUrumaco, an important fossil site. TheSierra de San Luis National Park is 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the south, with a number of attractions including birdwatching and nature observation; Cerro Galicia, the highest hill in the district; the Hueque resurgence cave and associated waterfalls; the Acarite river cave; and the 305 metres (1,001 ft) deepHaitón del Guarataro, the deepest limestone cave in Venezuela.[15][16]
The economy in Coro is highly dependent on state government expenditure. Retail commercial activity, civil construction, tourism and professional services are the principal activities of the city economy.[citation needed]
haiton del guarataro lonely planet.
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