| California corbina | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Sciaenidae |
| Genus: | Menticirrhus |
| Species: | M. undulatus |
| Binomial name | |
| Menticirrhus undulatus (Girard, 1854) | |
TheCalifornia corbina (Menticirrhus undulatus), orCalifornia kingcroaker, is marinedemersal fish in thecroaker family. It can often be found along sandybeaches and in shallowbays. This species travels in small groups along thesurf zone in a few inches of water to depths of 20 meters (66 ft). Other names include "California kingcroaker", "California whiting", and "kingfish".
California corbina are uniformly grey in color with some iridescence and have an elongated and slightly compressed body shape in comparison to other croakers.[2][3] Like all members of the genusMenticirrhus, the California corbina lacks aswim bladder but is able to produce a croaking sound.[3][4] It is believed that the loss of the swim bladder evolved to facilitate living in a turbulent environment.[4] This species and theyellowfin croaker are the only two of the eight coastal croakers found in California waters to exhibit a singlebarbel on the lower jaw.[2] The California corbina's barbel is short and stiff and is used to detect prey.[3][4] The upper half of thecaudal fin has a concave trailing edge, while the lower half trailing edge is convex.[2] The largest recorded specimen was 28 inches (710 mm) and 8.5 pounds.[2][3]
California corbina is reported to occur from theGulf of California,Mexico, toPoint Conception,California.[2][3] However, the IUCN questions the extent of the California corbina's southern range due to the presence of similar and easily misidentified species that exist in the Gulf of California.[1]
California corbina are commonly found in the shallow troughs and ditches running parallel sandy beaches and shallow bays up to a depth of 20 meters (66 ft).[2][1] California corbina are often found in small groups, however, adults have been observed traveling solitarily as well. The California Corbina works the shallows of sandy beaches searching for food in the shallows and seeking cover below the rough white water created by waves.[3]
The California corbina's diet consists of crustaceans, small fish, bivalves, and other small invertebrates.[5] California corbina have been observed feeding in just a few inches of water in the upper surf.[2] To feed, they scoop up mouthfuls ofsand and separate the food by expelling the sand through thegills and spitting out bits ofclam shells and other foreign matter.[2]
Males mature at approximately 2 years of age and a length of about 10 inches and females at age 3 and about 13 inches in length.[2]Spawning extends from June to September, but is heaviest during July and August.[2] The eggs are free floating.[2] Population size, recruitment, and mortality of this species is currently unknown.[1]
The California corbina is targeted by commercial and sport fisheries.[1] California corbina may be caught throughout the year, but fishing reaches its peak in summer and late fall.[1] Due to the fact that California corbina live near shore, they are most often caught by fishermen on beaches, piers, and jetties; not on private boats or fishing vessels.[1] This species is occasionally caught as by-catch by shrimp trawling vessels.[1]
TheIUCN has assessed the California corbina asdata deficient due to outstanding questions about the species' distribution.[1] There are no known conservation efforts that specifically target the California corbina, however, part of its distribution is protected by variousmarine protected areas.[1] There has been a decline in catch since the early 2000s, but it is not known if this reflects a decline in population.[1]
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