| Convoy SQ 36 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofWorld War II,Battle of the Atlantic,Battle of the St. Lawrence | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Germany |  Canada United Kingdom Greece Norway United States Netherlands | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Karl Dönitz Eberhard Hoffmann Paul Hartwig | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 2 U-boats | 22 merchant ships 7 escorts | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 3 ships sunk 2 ships damaged | |||||||
Convoy SQ 36 was a tradeconvoy of merchant ships during theSecond World War. It was one of the numberedSQ convoys fromSydney, Nova Scotia toQuébec. The convoy was found on 15 September 1942 byU-517, which then destroyed two ships from the convoy whileU-165 sank another and damaged two.
The SQ convoys were a series of merchant ship formations escorted by warships ranging in size fromdestroyers tomotor launches to protect against attack by Germansubmarines in theSt. Lawrence River and theGulf of St. Lawrence. The convoys travelled fromSydney, Nova Scotia, toQuebec City, Quebec, and were the reverse direction of river traffic of theQS convoys. The March 1942 St. Lawrence Conference reviewed plans for Quebec–Sydney convoys for defence againstU-boats in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence River as well as establishing a base atGaspé, Quebec for the St. Lawrence patrol force, named Gaspé Force.[1] However, by Spring 1942 the only deterrent active within the St. Lawrence were air patrols. In early May, the first U-boat arrived in the St. Lawrence,U-553. It entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and sank two merchant vessels.[2]
Following the attacks, all independent sailings were cancelled and the QS-SQ convoy system was adopted.[2] As a result of merchant ship losses in the Atlantic Ocean, many slowlake freighters, vessels built for shipping on theGreat Lakes, had been brought into service supplying St. Lawrence ports. The large number of slow ships prevented the adoption of slow and fast convoys of merchants, making all the convoys uniform in speed with a maximum of 14knots (26 km/h; 16 mph).[3]
From 6 to 10 September 1942,U-517 andU-165 successfully attackedConvoy QS-33 and caused severe losses to the merchants travelling within it.[4] On 11 September,U-517 sank thecorvetteHMCS Charlottetown in the St. Lawrence River.[5] Following the failure of QS-33, which despite air cover and warship escort, theNaval Service Headquarters inOttawa transferred two destroyers from theWestern Local Escort Force to augment the convoy escort of future sailings.[4]
SQ 33 was one of the larger convoys in the series. There were twenty-two merchant vessels in the convoy. Thirteen were travelling in ballast, six were loaded with coal and three with paper. The vessels were arranged in seven columns, with the middle row containing four vessels. Each ship was to be spaced five cables apart (roughly 971 m, 3,186 ft) and 366 m (1,201 ft) from the one ahead of it. The Convoy Commodore was situated aboardLlangollen and the Convoy Vice Commodore aboardEssex Lance. The convoy commodore was responsible for station keeping among the merchants and to relay any orders to the rest of the merchant fleet from the senior escort officer.[6]
| Merchant vessels[7] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Flag | Tonnage(GRT) | Notes |
| Agios Georgios (1911) |  Greece | 4,248 | |
| Anna (1897) |  Finland | 1,043 | |
| Askot (1938) | Norway | 1,323 | |
| Cragpool (1928) |  United Kingdom | 5,133 | |
| Essex Lance (1918) | United Kingdom | 6,625 | Damaged byU-165 |
| Inger Elizabeth (1920) | Norway | 2,166 | Sunk byU-517 |
| Janeta (1929) | United Kingdom | 4,312 | |
| Joannis (1909) | Greece | 3,667 | Sunk byU-165 |
| Katiingo Hadjipatera (1913) | Greece | 3.661 | |
| Llangollen (1928) | United Kingdom | 5,056 | |
| North Brook (1919) | United Kingdom | 2,373 | |
| Pan York (1901) | United States | 4,750 | Damaged byU-165 |
| Peterston (1925) | United Kingdom | 4,680 | |
| Picotee (1913) | United Kingdom | 4,307 | |
| Rolf Jarl (1920) | Norway | 1,917 | |
| Royalite (1916) | United Kingdom | 2,052 | |
| Saturnus (1909) | Netherlands | 4,307 | Sunk byU-517 |
| Solhavn (1918) | Norway | 1,630 | |
| Trenora | |||
| Winha (1904) | United Kingdom | 3,391 | |
| Yildum (1913) | United Kingdom | 3,731 | |
The escort initially comprised five vessels, led by theFlower-class corvetteHMCS Arrowhead, also containing theBangor-classminesweeperHMCS Vegreville and threeFairmile B motor launches. The destroyerHMS Salisbury, commanded byLieutenant M. H. R. Crichton, joined the escort late on the first day.Salisbury was one of the destroyers temporarily assigned to Gaspé Force. The destroyer was equipped withType 271 radar which made the vessel capable of locating surfaced submarines.[8][9] The FairmilesQ-082 andQ-063 remained with the convoy.[10]
The convoy was provided with air cover from detachments based atMont-Joli and Gaspé, Quebec,Charlottetown andSummerside, Prince Edward Island andChatham, New Brunswick. ACanso amphibious aircraft accompanied the convoy as close air cover from sunrise to nightfall. On 15 September, the convoy escort was reinforced by the corvetteHMCS Summerside and the minesweeperHMCS Chedabucto.[11]
| Escort vessels[7] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes |
| HMCS Chedabucto | Royal Canadian Navy | Bangor-classminesweeper | Escort 15–16 September |
| HMCS Arrowhead | Royal Canadian Navy | Flower-classcorvette | Escort 13–16 September |
| HMS Salisbury | Royal Navy | Town-classdestroyer | Escort 13–16 September |
| HMCS Summerside | Royal Canadian Navy | Flower-classcorvette | Escort 15–16 September |
| Q-082 | Royal Canadian Navy | Fairmile B motor launch | Escort 13–16 September |
| Q-063 | Royal Canadian Navy | Fairmile B motor launch | Escort 13–16 September |
SQ 36 was due to sail on 11 September bound for Quebec City. However, due to the attacks on QS-33 and the resulting decision to have destroyers accompany Gulf convoys, SQ-36's sailing was delayed until 13 September in order to allowSalisbury to join the escort. The convoy departed Sydney at 05:30 on 13 September, withSalisbury joined the convoy's screen at 17:45 directly fromSt. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador where the destroyer had been undergoing repairs. On 15 September, the escortsSummerside andChedabucto joined the convoy screen off theBaie des Chaleurs. During this period,U-517 had begun to move its patrol area from around theMagdalen Islands to Gaspé. While in transit on 15 September, the submarine spotted a Canso overhead and took it as a sign of nearby convoy. The submarine spotted the convoy at 12:00 and the submarine's commander,Kapitänleutnant Paul Hartwig, used the same tactics that had worked successfully during his attack on QS 33. Hartwig moved the submarine into the predicted path of the convoy and let the convoy sail towards him. However, the convoy made a change of direction and the submarine ended up off the starboard side of the convoy.[12][13]
The sequence of events that followed were confused. In research by historians Michael L. Hadley and Roger Sarty, the logs of the submarine and the convoy do not match and certain events could not be corroborated. Furthermore, the chemically treated paper used inSalisbury'sasdic returns faded so quickly that even in the immediate investigation following the attack by command staff atHalifax, Nova Scotia found it useless.[14][15]
AsU-517 moved to avoidSalisbury, which had been sweeping back towards the rear of the convoy. According to Hartwig's log, he fired fourtorpedoes at two vessels in separate columns at 13:33. He was forced to dive shortly after firing and claimed only one hit. Unknown to him, two of his torpedoes had struck targets, with the other two exploding in the rocks belowCap-des-Rosiers roughly 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) away. The first merchant hit,Inger Elizabeth was the lead vessel in one of the columns and suffered an explosion amidships betweenhold #2 and the boiler room. The vessel had been transporting coal bound forPort-Alfred, Quebec and sank within five minutes of the torpedoing. Twenty-three of the twenty-six were rescued. The second vessel to be hit wasSaturnus, adefensively equipped merchant ship (DEMS), sailing in ballast bound forMontreal.Saturnus was the second ship in its column, dead centre of the convoy. Lookouts aboardSaturnus spotted the torpedo as it closed with the ship and increased speed and made to turn. However, the torpedo struck the vessel's stern.Saturnus sank in fifteen minutes with thirty-five of thirty-six of its crew being rescued.[16][17] The survivors were landed north of Gaspé and trucked into town and then took a train to Montreal.[18]
According to the convoy record,Llangollen, another DEMS, spotted aperiscope between the columns a few minutes afterSaturnus was hit.Llangollen opened fire with its guns and at 13:45, the DEMSCragpool andJanetta also began firing on contacts.[17][19] A sixteen-minute delay between the first torpedoing and reaction by the convoy escorts elapsed, which Hadley states was the result of the Royal NavySalisbury being unfamiliar with routines and procedures of Canadian tactics in gulf convoys.[18]Salisbury turned towards sound of gunfire and spotted a periscope, which disappeared at 13:50 as Hartwig dove to 180 metres (590 ft).Salisbury made asdic contact with the submarine and dropped fivedepth charges at 14:00.Arrowhead, which had been sweeping ahead of the convoy, joinedSalisbury at the site of the asdic contact and dropped nine depth charges, with some set to 46 metres (151 ft) and others to 92 metres (302 ft).Arrowhead andSalisbury made two more attacks beforeSummerside arrived to relieve the destroyer. The corvettes continued to hunt in the area until the Fairmiles arrived to relieve them, withArrowhead departing to rejoin the convoy at 15:40 andSummerside at 16:20. The depth charges that the escorts had dropped damaged the storage tubes for reserve torpedoes on the exterior of the submarine'shull. Hartwig kept the submarine submerged until nightfall and gave up chasing the convoy as heavy fog set in.[20][21]
Following the first attack, the convoy changed its organization with five columns of four merchant vessels.Salisbury was stationed 3.2 kilometres (2 miles) ahead of the centre column, withVegreville,Summerside andQ-063 on the port side of the column andChedabucto,Arrowhead andQ-082 on the starboard side.[22]U-165 had been patrolling offLes Méchins, Quebec in the St. Lawrence River, approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) west of where the convoy came under attack byU-517. On 16 September, the convoy approachedU-165's patrol area, where the submarine had been alerted byU-517 of the convoy's arrival. Under the command ofFregattenkapitän Eberhard Hoffman, the submarine moved to attack the convoy while submerged, entering the convoy between positions ofVegreville andSummerside. At 07:09, lookouts aboardEssex Lance, which was in ballast heading for Montreal, spotted a torpedo track in the water 1,300 metres (4,200 ft) off the starboardbow.Essex Lance was the lead ship in the port side column, closest to shore. The torpedo struck the ship at 07:10 between therudder and thepropeller.Essex Lance settled by the stern but did not sink. The crew of fifty took to thelifeboats, but one of the crew drowned.[23][24]
A few minutes later the merchantJoannis spotted a periscope within the convoy.Joannis was behindEssex Lance in the same column and was sailing in ballast bound for Montreal.[25][a] Just as the vessel began evasive manoeuvres, a torpedo struck the ship aft.Joannis sank quickly, though the entire crew of thirty-seven escaped the ship. The survivors of both torpedoed merchants were loaded aboardQ-082 and landed at Saint-Paulin-Dalibaire (now part of Les Méchins).Salisbury moved to where the periscope had been sighted and at 07:17 got a contact on asdic, but had problems manoeuvering within the convoy.Arrowhead andSummerside which had moved to joinSalisbury, could not relocate the contact.Vegreville attempted to towEssex Lance which had not sunk. The stern ofEssex Lance had dropped a further 11.6 metres (38 ft) in the water and the bow of the vessel had begun to cant upward, forcingVegreville to abandon the tow. The minesweeper abandoned the vessel, which remained loose in the St. Lawrence River until the arrival of thesalvage tugLord Strathcona on 17 September which towed the damaged merchant to Quebec City, arriving on 22 September.Essex Lance was repaired and returned to service.U-165 torpedoed one more vessel of the convoy,Pan York, which survived.Salisbury andArrowhead made more depth charge attacks at 08:04, neither of which were reported byU-165.[15][25][26]
At 11:00 on 16 September,Salisbury departed the convoy's screen to join its next convoy. The rest of the convoy arrived at Quebec on 16 September.U-165 had expended all its torpedoes and began the return voyage home. At 10:00 the submarine was caught on the surface by aHudsonlight bomber ofNo. 113 Squadron RCAF. The bomber went into a steep dive, using its camouflage to approach the submarine without being detected. The Hudson fired 361 machine gun rounds, strafing the submarine, before dropping four depth charges, fused for 7.6 metres (25 ft). The depth charges bracketed the submarine but did no damage.U-165 was later sunk in theBay of Biscay on its return to base in France. On 21 September,U-517 was nearly rammed and sunk byHMCS Georgian while approaching SQ 38. On 29 September, the submarine was bombed by another aircraft from 113 Squadron, with one unexploded depth charge lodged in theU-517'sforedeck. The submarine withdrew from the area on 2 October.[15][27]
These losses contributed to the Canadian government's decision to close the Gulf and St. Lawrence River to overseas shipping. Additionally, the pressing need for escorts in the upcominginvasion of North Africa byAllied forces prevented Canada from allocating further reinforcements to the gulf convoys. On 9 September, the Canadian government informed their allies that all overseas shipping bound for ports on the St. Lawrence River be diverted toSaint John, New Brunswick, Sydney or Halifax. Furthermore, the government intended to shut down the QS series of convoys within two weeks.[15][28]