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| Woodwind instrument | |
|---|---|
| Other names |
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| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 422.112–71 (Double-reededaerophone withkeys) |
| Developed | Mid 18th century |
| Playing range | |
 Written pitch, sounds oneoctave lower  Sounding pitch | |
| Related instruments | |
Thecontrabassoon, also known as thedouble bassoon, is a larger version of thebassoon, sounding an octave lower. Its technique is similar to its smaller cousin, with a few notable differences.
Thereed is considerably larger than the bassoon's, at 65–75 mm (2.6–3.0 in) in total length (and 20 mm (0.8 in) in width) compared with 53–58 mm (2.1–2.3 in) for most bassoon reeds. The large blades allow ample vibration that produces the low register of the instrument. The contrabassoon reed is similar to an average bassoon's in that scraping the reed affects both theintonation and response of the instrument.[1]
Contrabassoons feature a slightly simplified version of bassoon keywork, though all open toneholes on bassoon have necessarily been replaced with keys and pads due to the physical distances. In the lowerregister, itsfingerings are nearly identical to bassoon. However, the octave mechanism used to play in the middle register works differently to the bassoon, and the upper register fingerings are often completely unrelated.
The instrument is twice as long as the bassoon, curves around on itself twice and, due to its weight and shape, is supported by anendpin rather than a seat strap. Additional support is sometimes provided by a strap around the player's neck. A wider hand position is also required, as the primary finger keys are widely spaced. The contrabassoon has awater key to expel condensation and a tuning slide for gross pitch adjustments. The instrument comes in a few pieces (plusbocal); some models cannot be disassembled without a screwdriver. Sometimes, the bell can be detached, and instruments with a low Aextension often come in two parts.
The contrabassoon is a very deep-sounding woodwind instrument that plays in the samesub-bass register as thetuba,double bass, orcontrabass clarinet. It has a sounding range beginning at B♭0 (or A0, on some instruments) and extending up over three octaves to D4, though the highestfourth is rarely scored for.Donald Erb andKalevi Aho write even higher in their concertos for the instrument (to A♭4 and C5, respectively), but this is extraordinary and well beyond the expectations of the typical instrument or player. At the lower end, Richard Bobo of the Tulsa Symphony has designed a "subcontrabassoon", a full octave below the contrabassoon, and is intent on manufacturing the first working prototype.[2]
Contrabassoon parts are notated an octave above sounding pitch, and most often usebass clef. Like bassoon, extended high-register passages may usetenor clef, though this is rarely necessary due to the rarity of such passages. The use oftreble clef is even less common, and is only necessary for the most ambitious solo repertoire.
Tonally, it sounds similar to the bassoon, but at all parts of its compass is distinctly different in tone from it. There is a "thinning" of the sound in extreme high register, as in all double reeds, but unlike oboe and bassoon which become more penetrative and "intense" in this register, the contrabassoon's sound becomes less audibly substantial and is easily drowned out. Conversely, contrabassoon also has a booming quality, similar to organ pedals, in its lowest register; enabling it to produce powerful contrabass tones when desired (aided by the flared bell, which the bassoon does not have). The contrabassoon can also produce a "buzz" or "rattle", particularly when loud and in its low register, which gives the sound an edged quality. This effect can be mitigated greatly by changes to the reed design, but it can be a desirable quality for some players, as it adds to the sinister or monstrous quality which some contrabassoon writing seeks to affect, and causes the contrabassoon sound to be more prominent in musical textures.
Precursors to the contrabassoon are documented as early as 1590 in Austria and Germany, at a time when the growing popularity of doubling the bass line led to the development of lower-pitched dulcians. Examples of these low-pitched dulcians include the octavebass, the quintfagott, and the quartfagott.[3] There is evidence that a contrafagott was used in Frankfurt in 1626.[4] Baroque precursors to the contrabassoon developed in France in the 1680s, and later in England in the 1690s, independent of the dulcian developments in Austria and Germany during the previous century.[3]
The contrabassoon was developed, especially inEngland, in the mid-18th century; the oldest surviving instrument, which came in four parts and has only three keys, was built in 1714.[5] It was around that time that the contrabassoon began gaining acceptance in church music. Some notable early uses of the contrabassoon during this period include in J.S. Bach'sSt. John's Passion (1749 and 1739-1749 versions), and G.F. Handel'sL'Allegro (1740) andMusic for the Royal Fireworks (1749).[4][3] Until the late 19th century, the instrument typically had a weak tone and poor intonation. For this reason, the contrabass woodwind parts often were scored for, and contrabassoon parts were often played on aserpent,contrabass sarrusophone or, less frequently,reed contrabass, until improvements byHeckel in the late 19th century secured the contrabassoon's place as the standarddouble reed contrabass.
For more than a century, between 1880 and 2000, Heckel’s design remained relatively unchanged. Chip Owen, at the American company Fox, began manufacturing an instrument in 1971 with some improvements. Generally, during the 20th century changes to the instrument were limited to an upper vent key near the bocal socket, a tuning slide, and a few key linkages to facilitate technical passages. In 2000, Heckel announced a completely new keywork for its instrument and Fox introduced its own new key system based on input fromNew York Philharmonic contrabassoonist Arlan Fast. Both companies' improvements allow for improved technical facility as well as greater range in the high register.Benedikt Eppelsheim developed theContraforte, a "redesigned contrabassoon", in collaboration withGuntram Wolf in the early 2000s.
Most major orchestras use one contrabassoonist, either as a primary player or a bassoonist whodoubles, as do a large number ofsymphonic bands.
The contrabassoon is a supplementary orchestral instrument and is most frequently found in larger symphonic works, oftendoubling thebass trombone ortuba at the octave. Frequent exponents of such scoring wereBrahms andMahler, as well asRichard Strauss, andDmitri Shostakovich. The first composer to write a separate contrabassoon part in a symphony wasBeethoven, in hisFifth Symphony (1808) (it can also be heard providing the bass line in the brief "Janissary band" section of the fourth movement of hisSymphony No. 9, just prior to the tenor solo), althoughBach,Handel (in hisMusic for the Royal Fireworks),Haydn (e.g., in both of his oratoriosThe Creation andThe Seasons, where the part for the contrabassoon and the bass trombone are mostly, but not always, identical), andMozart had occasionally used it in other genres (e.g., in theCoronation Mass). Composers have often used the contrabassoon to comical or sinister effect by taking advantage of its seeming "clumsiness" and its sepulchral rattle, respectively. A clear example of this can be heard inPaul Dukas'The Sorcerer's Apprentice (originally scored for contrabasssarrusophone).Igor Stravinsky'sThe Rite of Spring is one of the few orchestral works that requires two contrabassoons.[6]
As a featured instrument, the contrabassoon can be heard in several works, most notablyMaurice Ravel'sMother Goose Suite, and at the opening ofPiano Concerto for the Left Hand.Gustav Holst gave the contrabassoon multiple solos inThe Planets, primarily in "Mercury, the Winged Messenger" and "Uranus, the Magician".[5]
Solo literature is somewhat lacking, although some modern composers such asGunther Schuller,Donald Erb,Michael Tilson Thomas,John Woolrich,Kalevi Aho,Ruth Gipps andDaniel Dorff have written concertos for this instrument (seebelow).Stephen Hough has written a trio for piccolo, contrabassoon and pianoWas mit den Tränen geschieht. Contrabassoon may theoretically play music for bassoon, which has much more solo repertoire, but the sonic and mechanical differences from the bassoon (and bassoon's comparative facility in the high register) mean that bassoon repertoire is not always suited to contra.
Most major symphony orchestras employ a contrabassoon, and many have programmed concerts featuring their contrabassoonist as soloist. For example,Michael Tilson Thomas: Urban Legend for Contrabassoon and Orchestra featuring Steven Braunstein,San Francisco Symphony;[7]Gunther Schuller: Concerto for Contrabassoon featuring Lewis Lipnick,National Symphony Orchestra;[8]John Woolrich: Falling Down featuringMargaret Cookhorn, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra;[9] Erb: Concerto for Contrabassoon featuring Gregg Henegar, London Symphony Orchestra;[10]Kalevi Aho: Concerto for Contrabassoon featuring Lewis LipnickBergen Symphony Orchestra[11]
One of the few contrabassoon soloists in the world is Susan Nigro,[12] she has released several CDs.
Henry Skolnick commissioned, premiered and recordedAztec Ceremonies for contrabassoon byGraham Waterhouse.[13]
A rare use of the instrument injazz was byGarvin Bushell, who sat in as a guest with saxophonistJohn Coltrane during his1961 recording sessions at the Village Vanguard.
As of 2019[update], there are nine firms which manufacture contrabassoons (in alphabetical order):
These firms once manufactured contrabassoons, but no longer do so.
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