Most of his reign was dominated by co-regents: from 913 until 919 he was under the regency of his mother, while from 920 until 945 he shared the throne withRomanos Lekapenos, whose daughterHelena he married, and his sons. Constantine VII is best known for theGeoponika (τά γεωπονικά), an importantagronomic treatise compiled during his reign, and three, perhaps four, books;De Administrando Imperio (bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον υἱὸν Ῥωμανόν),[1]De Ceremoniis (Περὶ τῆς Βασιλείου Τάξεως),De Thematibus (Περὶ θεμάτων Άνατολῆς καὶ Δύσεως), andVita Basilii (Βίος Βασιλείου), though his authorship of theVita Basilii is not certain.[2][3]
The epithetporphyrogenitus alludes to the Purple chamber of the imperial palace, decorated withporphyry, where legitimate children of reigning emperors were normally born. Constantine was also born in this room, although his mother Zoe had not been married to Leo at that time. Nevertheless, theepithet allowed him to underline his position as thelegitimate son, as opposed to all others, who claimed the throne during his lifetime. Sons born to a reigning Emperor held precedence in the Eastern Romanline of succession over elder sons notborn "in the purple".
Constantine was born inConstantinople on 17/18 May 905,[4] an illegitimate son of Leo VI before an uncanonical fourth marriage.[5] To help legitimize him, his mother gave birth to him in the Purple Room of the imperial palace, hence his nicknamePorphyrogennetos.[5] He waselevated to the throne as a two-year-old child by his father and uncle on 15 May 908 (Whitsunday).[6][7]
In early 913, as his uncleAlexander lay dying, he appointed a seven-manregency council for Constantine.[8] It was headed by the PatriarchNicholas Mystikos, the twomagistroiJohn Eladas andStephen, therhaiktorJohn Lazanes, the otherwise obscure Euthymius and Alexander's henchmen Basilitzes and Gabrielopoulos.[9] Following Alexander's death (6 June),[10] the new and shaky regime survived the attempted usurpation ofConstantine Doukas,[11] and Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos quickly assumed a dominant position among the regents.[12]
Patriarch Nicholas was presently forced to make peace withTsar Simeon ofBulgaria, whom he reluctantly recognized as Bulgarian emperor.[13] Because of this unpopular concession, Patriarch Nicholas was driven out of the regency by Constantine's motherZoe. She was no more successful with the Bulgarians, who defeated her main supporter, the generalLeo Phokas, in 917.[14]
In March 919, she was replaced as regent by theadmiralRomanos Lekapenos, who married his daughterHelena Lekapene to Constantine.[15] Romanos used his position to advance to the ranks ofbasileopatōr in April 919, tokaisar (Caesar) on 24 September 920, and finally to co-emperor on 17 December 920.[10] Thus, just short of reaching nominalmajority, Constantine was eclipsed by a senior emperor.[16]
Constantine's youth had been a sad one due to his unpleasant appearance, his taciturn nature, and his relegation to the third level of succession, behindChristopher Lekapenos, the eldest son of Romanos I Lekapenos.[17][3] Nevertheless, he was a very intelligent young man with a large range of interests, and he dedicated those years to studying the court's ceremony.
Romanos kept and maintained power until 16/20 December 944, when he was deposed by his sons, the co-emperorsStephen andConstantine.[18][19][a] Romanos spent the last years of his life in exile on the Island ofProte as a monk and died on 15 June 948.[18] With the help of his wife, Constantine VII succeeded in removing his brothers-in-law, and on 27 January 945, Constantine VII became sole emperor at the age of 39, after a life spent in the shadow.[18][21] Several months later, on 6 April (Easter), Constantine VII crowned his own sonRomanos II co-emperor.[21] Having never exercised executive authority, Constantine remained primarily devoted to his scholarly pursuits and delegated his authority to bureaucrats and generals, as well as to his energetic wife Helena Lekapene.[22]
In 947, Constantine VII ordered the immediate restitution of all peasant lands, without compensation; by the end of his reign, the condition of the landed peasantry, which formed the foundation of the whole economic and military strength of the Empire, was better off than it had been for a century.[23]
In 949, Constantine launched a new fleet of 100 ships (20dromons, 64chelandia, and 10 galleys) against theArab corsairs hiding inCrete, but like his father's attempt to retake the island in 911, this attempt also failed.
On the Eastern frontier things went better, even if with alternate success. In the same year, the Byzantines conqueredGermanicea, repeatedly defeated the enemy armies, and in 952 they crossed the upperEuphrates. But in 953, theHamdanidamirSayf al-Dawla retook Germanicea and entered the imperial territory. The land in the east was eventually recovered byNikephoros Phokas, who conqueredAdata, in northernSyria, in 958, and by the generalJohn Tzimiskes, who one year later capturedSamosata, in northernMesopotamia. An Arab fleet was also destroyed byGreek fire in 957.
Constantine had active diplomatic relationships with foreign courts, including those of thecaliph ofCordobaAbd ar-Rahman III and ofOtto I, Holy Roman Emperor. In the autumn of 957 Constantine was visited byOlga of Kiev, regent of theKievan Rus'. The reasons for this voyage have never been clarified; but she was baptised a Christian with the name Helena, and sought Christian missionaries to encourage her people to adoptChristianity. According to legends, Constantine VII fell in love with Olga, but she found a way to refuse him by tricking him into becoming hergodfather. When she was baptized, she said it was inappropriate for a godfather to marry his goddaughter.[24]
Constantine VII died at Constantinople on 9 November 959 and was succeeded by his sonRomanos II.[25][26] It was rumored that he had been poisoned by his son or his daughter-in-lawTheophano.[27]
A gardening calendar from theGeoponika, MS.Laur.Plut.59.32 f.171v
Constantine VII was recognized as a writer and scholar, surrounding himself with educated people of the Imperial Court.[2] He wrote, or had commissioned, the worksGeoponika ("On Agriculture", in Greek Τὰ γεωπονικά), a compilation ofagronomic works from earlier Greek andPunic texts that are otherwise lost;De Ceremoniis ("On Ceremonies", in Greek, Περὶ τῆς βασιλείου τάξεως), describing the kinds of court ceremonies (also described later in a more negative light byLiutprand of Cremona);De Administrando Imperio ("On the Administration of the Empire", bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ὑιὸν Ρωμανόν),[1] giving advice on running the Empire internally and on fighting external enemies; a history of the Empire covering events following the death of the chronographerTheophanes the Confessor in 817; andExcerpta Historica ("Excerpts from the Histories"), a collection of excerpts from ancient historians (many of whose works are now lost) in four volumes (1. De legationibus. 2. De virtutibus et vitiis. 3. De insidiis. 4. De sententiis). InThe Manuscript Tradition of Polybius, John Michael Moore (CUP, 1965) provides a useful summary of the commission by Porphyrogenitus of the Constantine Excerpts:
He felt that the historical studies were being seriously neglected, mainly because of the bulk of the histories. He therefore decided that a selection under fifty-three titles should be made from all the important historians extant in Constantinople; thus he hoped to assemble in a more manageable compass the most valuable parts of each author. ... Of the fifty-three titles into which the excerpts were divided, only six have survived:de Virtutibus et Vitiis; de Sententiis; de Insidiis; de Strategematis; de Legationibus Gentium ad Romanos; de Legationibus Romanorum ad Gentes. The titles of only about half the remaining forty-seven sections are known.[28]
Also amongst his historical works is a history eulogizing the reign and achievements of his grandfather,Basil I (Vita Basilii, Βίος Βασιλείου). These books are insightful and of interest to the historian, sociologist, and anthropologist as a source of information about nations neighbouring the Empire. They also offer a fine insight into the Emperor himself.
In his book,A Short History of Byzantium,John Julius Norwich refers to Constantine VII as "The Scholar Emperor".[29] Norwich describes Constantine:
He was, we are told, a passionate collector—not only of books and manuscripts but works of art of every kind; more remarkable still for a man of his class, he seems to have been an excellent painter. He was the most generous of patrons—to writers and scholars, artists and craftsmen. Finally, he was an excellent Emperor: a competent, conscientious and hard-working administrator and an inspired picker of men, whose appointments to military, naval, ecclesiastical, civil and academic posts were both imaginative and successful. He did much to develop higher education and took a special interest in the administration of justice.[30]
^Constantine Lekapenos is not given aregnal number because he never became senior emperor (even though he briefly usurped his father), as per Byzantine historiography.[20]
^The scene is clearly imaginary, as Constantine was only 8 years old at the time.
Constantine VII,De ceremoniis, ed. J. Reiske (2 vols., 1829, 1830). English translation 'The Book of Ceremonies' accompanying the Greek text in 2 volumes by Ann Moffatt and Maxeme Tall, Canberra 2012 (Byzantina Australiensia 18).
Constantine VII, 'Story of the Image of Edessa', tr. B. Slater, J. Jackson, in I. Wilson,The Turin Shroud (1978), pp. 235–251
Constantine VII,Three treatises on Imperial military expeditions, ed. tr. J.F. Haldon (1990).
Cross, S. H.; Sherbowizt-Wetzor, O. P., eds. (1953).The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America.ISBN9780915651320.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
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![Constantine VII dining with Simeon of Bulgaria.[b]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aConstantine_VII_dining_with_Tsar_Symeon_of_Bulgaria.jpg)
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![Romanos I with Constantine VII[c] and Christopher, 921–931.](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aRomanos_I%2c_Constantine_VII_%2526_Christopher.jpg)
